"Barriers and Advantages of Self-Sampling Tests, for HPV Diagnosis: A Qualitative Field Experience Before Implementation in a Rural Community in Ecuador".

Introduction: Cervical cancer screening has demonstrated high efficacy in reducing cervical cancer mortality worldwide. However, clinician sampling is often perceived as an uncomfortable procedure that could reduce screening uptake. Self-sampling methods for HPV diagnosis have shown high sensitivity, which could increase acceptance and screening rates among women. Purpose: This study aims to identify the perceived barriers and advantages of self-sampling methods versus clinician sampling for cervical cancer screening in a rural setting in Ecuador. Patients and Methods: A qualitative study was conducted. Seven focus group discussions took place in the rural Parish of El Valle in Azuay Province, Cuenca, Ecuador. Women native to this rural area were included in the study. FGDs were recorded and transcribed, and content analysis was performed to categorize and analyze the data. Results: A total of 45 women participated in the study. Clinician sampling was perceived as a painful and intrusive method. However, participants believed that it is more reliable compared to self-sampling methods, attributing this to the direct visualization of the cervix, which facilitates the detection of cervical pathologies. The perceived advantages of self-sampling included increased comfort, pain reduction, time savings, the ability to perform the test at home, and the potential for widespread availability through pharmacies or local traditional healers. Nevertheless, doubts about the test's reliability as well as the user's proficiency in self-testing posed barriers to the adoption of this technique. Conclusion: Self-sampling methods offer several advantages over clinician sampling, such as enhanced privacy, comfort, and accessibility to cancer screening. Barriers primarily revolved around users' proficiency in performing the test and the reliability of the results. Providing training for using self-sampling tests could address these barriers.

Barriers and facilitators to nutritional recommendations identified by participants of a cardiovascular rehabilitation program in a low resource context in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: Nutritional recommendations, a core component of cardiovascular rehabilitation, play a vital role in managing cardiovascular diseases. However, adherence to these recommendations is complex, particularly in low-resource settings. This study explored the barriers and facilitators influencing adherence to nutritional recommendations among participants in a low-resource cardiovascular rehabilitation program in Brazil. METHODS: A mixed-methods approach was employed. Sociodemographic data, the Mediterranean diet score, scale for assessing nutrition, and open-ended questions on adherence were collected. Those who completed the questionnaires (phase 1) were invited to participate in one focus group session (phase 2). The participants were characterized according to the responses provided in phase 1 (Mediterranean diet score and scale for assessing nutrition) in low adherence or high adherence to dietary practice. Descriptive statistics and thematic content analysis within the context of the theory of planned behavior were employed. RESULTS: Seventy-four participants completed phase 1, with 41.9% classified into low adherence and 27.0% in high adherence; of those, 17 participated in phase 2. Focus group findings revealed 9 themes/29 subthemes. Barriers included food prices, income, knowledge, routine, food access, family patterns, disease, work, anxiety, eating habits, and food planning. Facilitators included affordable food, health considerations, taste preferences, knowledge, family/professional support, government assistance, personal willpower, income stability, easy food access, media influence, and a quiet eating place. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings underscore the need for targeted interventions, including individualized meal planning, community engagement, and enhanced access to healthcare professionals, to optimize dietary adherence and improve cardiovascular outcomes.

Barriers and facilitators to anal cancer screening among people living with HIV in Puerto Rico.

BACKGROUND: Anal cancer (AC) disproportionally affects people living with HIV (PLWH). Although there are no consensus-based AC screening guidelines, experts recommend anal pap as a primary screening tool in settings where high-resolution anoscopy (HRA) is available. We aimed to assess barriers and facilitators to anal cancer screening in a sample of Hispanic PLWH in Puerto Rico. METHODS: To assess their knowledge and attitudes, we conducted a cross-sectional survey from 2020-2021 among PLWH in Puerto Rico (n = 212). Data was collected through a telephone interview that assessed information on sociodemographics, knowledge, and attitudes about AC, and the history of AC screening. The chi-square test, Fisher exact test, and logistic regression models were used to assess factors associated with screening uptake. RESULTS: Anal Pap and HRA awareness were 60.4% and 30.7%, respectively. Anal Pap and HRA uptake was 51.5% and 19.3%, respectively. The most common barriers for anal Pap and HRA were lack of knowledge about the test and lack of physician recommendation. MSM were more likely to have heard of anal Pap (OR: 2.15, 95% CI:1.30-3.54) than MSW. MSM (OR: 3.04, 95% CI: 1.79-5.19) and women (OR: 3.00, 95% CI: 1.72-5.20) were also more likely to have undergone anal Pap. Similarly, individuals with a history of genital warts were more likely to have heard of anal Pap and HRA and have undergone anal Pap and HRA. Awareness of where to go for concerns about anal health was positively associated with having received anal Pap and HRA. CONCLUSIONS: With emerging evidence on the effectiveness of screening and treatment for anal cancer, several organizations are steering toward generating consensus-based anal cancer screening recommendations. Our study provides foundational data on barriers and facilitators to anal cancer screening in Puerto Rico that will be critical to informing screening implementation in this US territory.

Exploring stakeholders perspectives on TB contact investigation in Cali, Colombia: a qualitative study.

Introduction: Contact investigation is a proven intervention for tuberculosis (TB) case finding and prevention. Although widely endorsed by national public health authorities and the World Health Organization, many countries struggle to implement it effectively. The objective of the study is to describe and characterize the barriers and facilitators of TB contact investigation in Cali, Colombia from the perspective and experience of the key stakeholders involved. Methods: We collected data from group discussions during two workshop sessions with clinic and public health staff involved in TB contact investigation (June 2019 and March 2020 respectively) and semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts (July 2019 to April 2020). We undertook an inductive thematic analysis with the RADaR technique to characterize the barriers and facilitators of the TB contact investigation process. Results: The two workshops included 21 clinics and 12 public health staff. We also conducted 26 semi-structured interviews with TB cases and their household contacts. Using thematic analysis, we identified four common themes: Healthcare Operations, Essential Knowledge, Time Limitations and Competing Responsibilities, and Interpersonal Interactions. The main barriers to conducting household visits were low data quality, stigma and mistrust, safety concerns for health workers, and limited resources. The main barriers to TB uptake by contacts were competing responsibilities, low TB risk perceptions among contacts, and difficulty accessing diagnostic tests for contacts. In contrast, good communication and social skills among health workers and accurate TB knowledge facilitated successful household visits and TB test uptake, according to key stakeholders. Conclusion: This study provides a deeper understanding of TB contact investigation barriers and facilitators in a high-prevalence urban setting in a middle-income country from the perspective and experience of key stakeholders. The study shed light on the barriers that hinder household contacts engagement and TB test uptake such as issues of systemic capacity and TB knowledge. Also, highlighted facilitators such as the importance of interpersonal communication skills among health workers in the public and private sector. The insights from this study can serve as a valuable resource for public health organizations seeking to enhance their contact investigation efforts and improve TB control in similar settings.

Barriers and facilitators for safe sex behaviors in students from universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH) through the COM-B model.

BACKGROUND: Unsafe sex is one of the main morbidity and mortality risk factors associated with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in young people. Behavioral change interventions for promoting safe sex have lacked specificity and theoretical elements about behavior in their designs, which may have affected the outcomes for HIV/AIDS and STI prevention, as well as for safe sex promotion. This study offers an analysis of the barriers and facilitators that, according to the university students who participated in the focus groups, impede or promote the success of interventions promoting healthy sexuality from the perspective of the actions stakeholders should undertake. In turn, this study proposes intervention hypotheses based on the Behavior Change Wheel which appears as a useful strategy for the design of intervention campaigns. METHODS: Two focus groups were organized with students from Universidad de Santiago de Chile (USACH). The focus groups gathered information about the perceptions of students about sex education and health, risk behaviors in youth sexuality, and rating of HIV/AIDS and STI prevention campaigns. In the focus groups, participants were offered the possibility of presenting solutions for the main problems and limitations detected. After identifying the emerging categories related to each dimension, a COM-B analysis was performed, identifying both the barriers and facilitators of safe sex behaviors that may help orient future interventions. RESULTS: Two focus groups were organized, which comprised 20 participants with different sexual orientations. After transcription of the dialogues, a qualitative analysis was performed based on three axes: perception about sex education, risk behaviors, and evaluation of HIV/AIDS and STI prevention campaigns. These axes were classified into two groups: barriers or facilitators for safe and healthy sexuality. Finally, based on the Behavior Change Wheel and specifically on its 'intervention functions', the barriers and facilitators were integrated into a series of actions to be taken by those responsible for promotion campaigns at Universidad de Santiago. The most prevalent intervention functions are: education (to increase the understanding and self-regulation of the behavior); persuasion (to influence emotional aspects to promote changes) and training (to facilitate the acquisition of skills). These functions indicate that specific actions are necessary for these dimensions to increase the success of promotional campaigns for healthy and safe sexuality. CONCLUSIONS: The content analysis of the focus groups was based on the intervention functions of the Behavior Change Wheel. Specifically, the identification by students of barriers and facilitators for the design of strategies for promoting healthy sexuality is a useful tool, which when complemented with other analyses, may contribute improving the design and implementation of healthy sexuality campaigns among university students.

Factors Affecting Age of Initial Specialty Clinic Evaluation Among Infants with Sickle Cell Disease in Kingston, Jamaica.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of newborn screening for sickle cell disease in eastern Jamaica by determining what proportion of screen-positive infants were registered with the Sickle Cell Unit by 2 months (60 days) of age and identifying parents' perceptions of facilitators and barriers impacting age at registration. STUDY DESIGN: This cross-sectional study used a mixed method approach. Ages at diagnosis confirmation and first clinic visit were recorded for screen-positive infants born between February 1, 2015, and November 15, 2017. All parents were invited to complete the survey, and early and late attendees were invited to participate in the qualitative aspect of the study. A researcher-designed questionnaire and an interview guide based on the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation, Behavior, and health belief models examined factors that may affect time to registration. Quantitative data were analyzed to yield descriptive statistics using Stata®v14. All interview data were coded. Similar codes were grouped together into themes. RESULTS: Most (97.7%) of the 133 screen-positive infants had their diagnosis confirmed. Only 40% had their first clinic visit by age 60 days. Denial of the diagnosis, poor communication, and the costs of treatment and transportation were perceived barriers to registration, whereas family support was a facilitator. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnosis confirmation was almost universal, but most infants did not attend clinic by 2 months of age. In-depth interviews have identified several facilitators and barriers that can be targeted to improve early registration.

Knowledge, Attitudes, and Beliefs About Colorectal Cancer Screening in Puerto Rico.

The purpose of this study was to describe the psychosocial factors influencing participation in colorectal cancer screening (CRCS) among Puerto Rican men and women. We conducted seven focus groups in metropolitan and rural areas of Puerto Rico (PR) with men and women (using gender specific groups) aged 50 to 80 years (n = 51) who were non-adherent to CRC guidelines. The focus group guide included questions related to colorectal cancer (CRC) and CRC screening knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs. We analyzed data using a modified grounded theory approach to identify emergent themes. Focus groups revealed seven major themes that represented barriers to CRCS: (1) lack of CRC knowledge, (2) lack of knowledge about colorectal cancer screening tests as well as the required preparation, (3) embarrassment, (4) low perceived benefit of CRCS and sense of fatalism, (5) transportation (mostly among participants in rural areas), (6) lack of time, and (7) financial burden. All participants understood the benefits of CRCS once the procedure was explained. Additionally, participants reported a lack of provider recommendation for CRCS. In this group of Puerto Rican participants who were non-adherent to CRCS, there were misconceptions about CRC, screening tests available, and preparation and testing procedures. Participants' low levels of knowledge and negative attitudes concerning CRCS and low reported provider recommendation were important deterrents to screening. These findings suggest the need for educational efforts to increase knowledge and attitudes about CRCS and improved patient-provider communication to reduce missed opportunities to recommend.

Barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening among under-screened women in Cuenca, Ecuador: the perspectives of women and health professionals.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer screening is a cost-effective method responsible for reducing cervical cancer-related mortality by 70% in countries that have achieved high coverage through nationwide screening strategies. However, there are disparities in access to screening. In Ecuador, although cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women, only 58.4% of women of reproductive age have ever been screened for cervical cancer. METHODOLOGY: A qualitative study was performed to understand the current barriers to screening and to identify strategies that could increase uptake in Azuay province, Ecuador. Seven focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with under-screened women and health professionals (HPs). The FGDs were recorded and transcribed. Content analysis was done using the socio-ecological framework to categorize and analyse the data. RESULTS: Overall, 28 women and 27 HPs participated in the study. The two groups perceived different barriers to cervical cancer screening. The HPs considered barriers to be mainly at the policy level (lack of a structured screening plan; lack of health promotion) and the individual level (lack of risk perception; personal beliefs). The women identified barriers mainly at organizational level, such as long waiting times, lack of access to health centres, and inadequate patient-physician communication. Both groups mentioned facilitators at policy level, such as national campaigns promoting cervical cancer screening, and at community and individual level, including health literacy and women's empowerment. CONCLUSIONS: The women considered access to health services the main barrier to screening, while the HPs identified a lack of investment in screening programmes and cultural patterns at the community level as major obstacles. To take an integrated approach to cervical cancer prevention, the perspectives of both groups should be taken into account. Additionally, new strategies and technologies, such as self-administered human papillomavirus (HPV) testing and community participation, should be implemented to increase access to cervical cancer screening.

Cervical cancer knowledge and barriers and facilitators to screening among women in two rural communities in Guatemala: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 80% of deaths due to cervical cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. In Guatemala, limited access to effective screening and treatment has resulted in alarmingly high cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates. Despite access to free-of-cost screening, women continue to face significant barriers in obtaining screening for cervical cancer. METHODS: In-depth interviews (N = 21) were conducted among women in two rural communities in Guatemala. Interviews followed a semi-structured guide to explore knowledge related to cervical cancer and barriers and facilitators to cervical cancer screening. RESULTS: Cervical cancer knowledge was variable across sites and across women. Women reported barriers to screening including ancillary costs, control by male partners, poor provider communication and systems-level resource constraints. Facilitators to screening included a desire to know one's own health status, conversations with other women, including community health workers, and extra-governmental health campaigns. CONCLUSIONS: Findings speak to the many challenges women face in obtaining screening for cervical cancer in their communities as well as existing facilitators. Future interventions must focus on improving cervical cancer-related knowledge as well as mitigating barriers and leveraging facilitators to promote screening.

Enfermeria basada en la evidencia: revisión de alcance

RESUMEN Objetivos: Identificar la evidencia científica sobre el concepto, desarrollo y función, de la Enfermería Basada en la Evidencia (EBE) y analizar críticamente esta herramienta, sus elementos facilitadores y barreras para su implementación. Material y Método: Revisión de alcance según propuesta del Joanna Briggs Institute. Se consideró el rango de tiempo entre 1997 y 2019 para recuperar artículos y revisiones en inglés, portugués y español. Se utilizaron descriptores del tesauro Medical Subject Headings y términos booleanos para aplicar las estrategias de búsqueda en 4 bases de datos: PubMed, EBSCOhost, Scopus y Science Direct. Se complementó la búsqueda con la técnica de bola de nieve aplicada a la lista de referencias de los artículos relevantes seleccionados. Para evaluar la validez y el impacto de los resultados de los artículos de revisión y cualitativos se aplicó el Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Español (CASPE), y para estudios observacionales el Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). Para establecer los niveles de evidencia se utilizó Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTPFCHC). Resultados: De 163.074 manuscritos iniciales, fueron seleccionados 44 para análisis y extraer datos referentes a: Historia de la EBE; Concepto y función de EBE; Etapas, barreras y facilitadores. Conclusiones: El concepto de EBE pone de manifiesto la necesidad de utilizar esta herramienta para planificar los cuidados mediante el uso del pensamiento crítico y reflexivo; la importancia de realizar el cuidado a la cabecera del paciente y cultivar un cuidado basado en la mejor evidencia, enmarcado, todo ello, en un contexto de humanización, así como considerar las barreras y facilitadores de esta herramienta.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the scientific evidence on the concept, development and function of Evidence-Based Nursing (EBN) and to critically analyze this tool, its facilitating elements and barriers for implementation. Material and Method: Scoping review according to the proposal of the Joanna Briggs Institute. The period between 1997 and 2019 was considered to retrieve articles and reviews in English, Portuguese and Spanish. Medical Subject Headings thesaurus descriptors and Boolean operators were used to apply search strategies in 4 databases: Pubmed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, Science Direct. The search was complemented with the snowball technique applied to the reference list of the relevant selected articles. The Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Español (CASPE) was used to assess the validity and impact of the articles review and qualitative results, and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) was used for the observational studies. To establish the levels of evidence, The Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTPFCHC) was used. Results: Out of 163,074 initial manuscripts, 44 were selected for analysis and data extraction regarding history of EBN; concept and function of EBN; stages, barriers and facilitators. Conclusions: The concept of EBN highlights the need to use this tool to plan nursing care through critical and reflective thinking; the importance of providing direct patient care and promoting care based on the best evidence, in a context of humanization and considering the tool's barriers and facilitators.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar as evidências científicas sobre o conceito, desenvolvimento e função da Enfermagem Baseada em Evidências (EBE) e analisar criticamente esta ferramenta, seus elementos facilitadores e as barreiras para sua implementação. Material e Método: Revisão do escopo de acordo com a proposta do Instituto Joanna Briggs. Considerou-se o período entre 1997 e 2019 para recuperar artigos e revisões em inglês, português e español. Foram utilizados descritores do tesauro Medical Subject Headings e operadores booleanos para aplicar estratégias de pesquisa en 4 bancos de dados diferentes: Pubmed, EBSCOhost, Scopus, Science Direct. A pesquisa foi complementada com a técnica de bola de neve aplicada à lista de referência dos artigos selecionados relevantes. O Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Español (CASPE) foi usado para avaliar a validade e o impacto da revisão dos artigos e os resultados qualitativos, e para os estudos de observação utilizou-se o Strengthening the Reporting of Observational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE). A Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTPFCHC) foi utilizada para establecer os níveis de evidência. Resultados: Dos 163.074 manuscritos iniciais, 44 foram selecionados para análise e extração de dados referentes à história da EBN; conceito e função da EBN; etapas, barreiras e facilitadores. Conclusões: O conceito de EBN destaca a necessidade de utilizar esta ferramenta de planejamento de cuidado, através do uso do pensamento crítico e reflexivo; a importância de realizar o cuidado à beira do leito do paciente e promover cuidados baseados nas melhores evidências, em um contexto de humanização e considerando as barreiras e facilitadores desta ferramenta.

Evaluación de una intervención educativa para mejorar el consumo de frutas, vegetales y la actividad física de docentes en tres centros educativos públicos en Costa Rica / Evaluation of an educational intervention to improve teachers' fruit and vegetable intake and physical activity practice in three public schools in Costa Rica

Resumen: Introducción: El modelo Póngale Vida ® para la prevención de la obesidad infantil reconoce a docentes de las escuelas como actores clave para esta labor, pero para ello se requiere fortalecer los conocimientos y las prácticas para la promoción de la alimentación saludable y la actividad física de los escolares. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la intervención educativa para mejorar la autoeficacia en consumo de frutas y vegetales y en actividad física en docentes de tres centros educativos públicos urbanos de Costa Rica. Metodología: Se aplicó y evaluó la propuesta educativa de Jara y Rivera (2011) con 70 docentes. Hubo evaluaciones antes y después de la aplicación de la intervención. Las variables evaluadas fueron demográficas, de estilo de vida y medición de la autoeficacia para actividad física y consumo de frutas y vegetales, valoraciones bioquímicas y antropométricas. A través de grupos focales, se identificó tanto facilitadores como barreras a nivel personal, familiar y laboral. Resultados: Posterior a la intervención, casi 25 % de docentes incrementó la práctica de actividad física y la autoeficacia para las prácticas de actividad física y consumo de frutas y vegetales. Las barreras identificadas fueron la doble carga de trabajo asociada al rol de género femenino, creencias limitantes y la falta de urgencia para la prevención de enfermedades. Conclusiones: La propuesta educativa favoreció el aumento de la autoeficacia en el consumo de frutas y vegetales, así como la práctica de actividad física de la población docente.

Abstract: Introduction: The Póngale Vida ® model for the prevention of childhood obesity recognizes schoolteachers as key actors in this work, but this requires strengthening their knowledge and practices to promote healthy eating and physical activity for school children. Objective: To evaluate an educational intervention to increase teacher's self-efficacy for fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity, within three public schools in Costa Rica. Methods: Jara and Rivera's educational proposal for intervention (2011) was implemented and evaluated with 70 teachers. There were evaluations before and after the intervention, it had demographic characteristics, lifestyle variables, self-efficacy measurements for physical activity and fruit and vegetables consumption; also, biochemical and anthropometric measures. Focus groups were used to identify facilitators and barriers at personal, family and work levels. Results: After the intervention, almost 25% of teachers increased their physical activity practices, as well as self efficacy for physical activity practice and fruits and vegetables consumption. The main barriers were a double work burden linked with feminine gender roles, limiting beliefs, and, lack of urgency in preventing diseases. Conclusions: The educational intervention contributed in increasing self-efficacy regarding eating fruit and vegetables and the practice of physical activity of participating teachers.

Differences in factors influencing the use of eRehabilitation after stroke; a cross-sectional comparison between Brazilian and Dutch healthcare professionals.

BACKGROUND: To improve the use of eRehabilitation after stroke, the identification of barriers and facilitators influencing this use in different healthcare contexts around the world is needed. Therefore, this study aims to investigate differences and similarities in factors influencing the use of eRehabilitation after stroke among Brazilian Healthcare Professionals (BHP) and Dutch Healthcare Professionals (DHP). METHOD: A cross-sectional survey study including 88 statements about factors related to the use of eRehabilitation (4-point Likert scale; 1-4; unimportant-important/disagree-agree). The survey was conducted among BHP and DHP (physical therapists, rehabilitating physicians and psychologists). Descriptive statistics were used to analyse differences and similarities in factors influencing the use of eRehabilitation. RESULTS: ninety-nine (response rate 30%) BHP and 105 (response rate 37%) DHP participated. Differences were found in the top-10 most influencing statements between BHP and DHP BHP rated the following factors as most important: sufficient support from the organisation (e.g. the rehabilitation centre) concerning resources and time, and potential benefits of the use of eRehabilitation for the patient. DHP rated the feasibility of the use of eRehabilitation for the patient (e.g. a helpdesk and good instructions) as most important for effective uptake. Top-10 least important statements were mostly similar; both BHP and DHP rated problems caused by stroke (e.g. aphasia or cognitive problems) or problems with resources (e.g. hardware and software) as least important for the uptake of eRehabilitation. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the use of eRehabilitation after stroke by BHP and DHP is influenced by different factors. A tailored implementation strategy for both countries needs to be developed.

On the limitations of barriers: Social visibility and weight management in Cuba and Samoa.

Obesity is an enduring global health challenge. Researchers have struggled to understand the barriers and facilitators of weight loss. Using a cross-cultural comparative approach, we move away from a barriers approach to analyze obesity and overweight through the lens of social visibility to understand the persistent failure of most obesity interventions. Drawing on ethnographic data from Cuba and Samoa collected between 2010 and 2017, we argue that social visibility is a framework for analyzing some of the reasons why people do not participate in weight management programs when they have high rates of health literacy and access to free or low-cost programming. Comparing these two places with very different histories of obesity interventions, we trace how weight management practices make people socially visible (in positive and negative ways), specifically analyzing how gender and economic inequalities shape the sociality of obesity. Our findings show that regardless of barriers and facilitators of weight loss at an individual and population level, the ways weight loss activities are incorporated into or conflict with the social dynamics of everyday life can have a profound effect on weight management. Employing visibility as a analytic framework de-individualizes weight responsibility, providing a contextual way to understand the difficulties people face when they manage their weight.

Barreiras e facilitadores para a atividade física em pessoas com déficit intelectual / Barriers and facilitators to physical activity people with intellectual disability

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as barreiras e os facilitadores da prática de atividade física (AF) no tempo livre e sua associação com essa prática em pessoas maiores de seis anos de ambos os sexos com déficit intelectual (DI) inseridas nas Associações de Pais e Amigos dos Excepcionais (APAES). A amostra foi composta por 1.191 pessoas com DI representadas pelos seus responsáveis. As barreiras e facilitadores para a prática de AF foram identificadas com questões fechadas em que o responsável respondia se o fator influenciava sempre (1), influenciava às vezes (2) ou não influenciava (3) na prática de AF. As questões foram separadas em três dimensões que correspondiam a onze fatores de ordem pessoal, sete de ordem ambiental e dez de ordem social. Verificou-se no aspecto pessoal sete facilitadores e duas barreiras, nos quais destaca-se o fato de sentir-se capaz como facilitador associado com a prática de AF e não possuir dinheiro como barreira; no aspecto ambiental seis facilitadores e uma barreira, sendo a companhia de pessoas próximas o principal facilitador pela associação com a prática de AF e a ausência de projetos sociais como barreira; e no aspecto social cinco facilitadores e uma barreira, no qual encontram-se a existência de locais próximos de casa e os profissionais estarem preparados para trabalhar com pessoas com DI os principais facilitadores e a falta de companhia como barreira. Conclui-se que as barreiras e facilitadores de AF para as pessoas com DI podem estar ligados ao estímulo que recebem, pois a companhia de outra pessoa foi o principal facilitador associado com a prática, isto pode ocorrer devido às limitações que a maioria possui no aspecto social. Oferta de locais com qualidade para prática de AF também facilitam a prática de AF, o que pode ser amenizado com o investimento em políticas públicas e projetos sociais de qualidade.

The objective of this study was to describe the barriers and facilitators of free time physical activity (PA), their influence both in this practice of people with intellectual deficit (ID) inserted in APAES / RS. The sample consisted of 1191 ID individuals represented by their legal representatives. The barriers and facilitators for the practice of PA were identified with closed questions in which the respondent answered whether the factor always influences (1), so-metimes influences (2) or does not influence (3) the practice of PA. The issues were separated into three dimensions: personal, environmental and social. As a result, seven facilitators and two barriers were observed in the personal aspect, in which the fact that they feel capable as a facilitator associated with the practice of PA and lack of money as a barrier; In the environmental aspect, six facilitators and a barrier, the company of close people being the main facilitator by the association with the practice of PA and non-existence of social projects as a barrier; And in the social aspect five facilitators and a barrier in which the existence of places close to their homes and professionals prepared to work with people with ID appear as the main facilitators and lack of companion as a barrier. It is concluded that some barriers and facilitators are linked to the stimulus that the people receive, since they can arouse the taste for PA if there is company, providing conditions for the practice due to the limitations that the majority has in the social aspect. Offering quality PA sites also facilitate, which can be provided by the investment in public policies and social projects.

[Implementation of a Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Schizophrenia in Colombia]. / Implementacion de la guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de adultos con esquizofrenia en Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To present overall strategies and activities for the implementation process of the recommendations contained in the clinical practice guideline for the management of adults with schizophrenia (GPC_E) published by the Colombian Ministry of Health and Welfare (MSPS). Prioritize the proposed recommendations, identify barriers and solving strategies to implement the GPC_E, and develop a monitoring and evaluation system for the key recommendations. METHOD: The Guideline Developer Group (GDG) included professionals with primary dedication to implementation issues that accompanied the entire process. During the GDG meetings implementation topics were identified and discussed, and later complemented by literature reviews concerning the experience of mental health guidelines implementation at national and international level. Additionally, feedback from the discussions raised during the socialization meetings, and joint meetings with the MSPS and the Institute of Technology Assessment in Health (IETS) were included. The prioritization of recommendations was made in conjunction with the GDG, following the proposed steps in the methodological guide for the development of Clinical Practice Guidelines with Economic Evaluation in the General System of Social Security in Colombian Health (GMEGPC) using the tools 13 and 14. the conclusions and final adjustments were discussed with the GPC_E leaders. RESULTS: The implementation chapter includes a description of the potential barriers, solution strategies, facilitators and monitoring indicators. The identified barriers were categorized in the following 3 groups: Cultural context, health system and proposed interventions. The issues related to solving strategies and facilitating education programs include community mental health, mental health training for health workers in primary care, decentralization and integration of mental health services at the primary care level, use of technologies information and communication and telemedicine. To monitor and evaluate o the implementation process, five (5) indicators were designed one (1) structure, two (2) process and two (2)outcome indicators. CONCLUSION: The GPC_E implementation within the Colombian General health System of Social Security (SGSSSC) poses multiple challenges. Potential barriers, enabling strategies and indicators for monitoring and evaluation described in this article, can provide efficient support to ensure the success of this process in the institutions that will adopt the guideline.

Implementación de la guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de adultos con esquizofrenia en Colombia / Implementation of a Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Adults With Schizophrenia in Colombia

Objetivos: Presentar las estrategias y actividades globales que permitan llevar a la práctica las recomendaciones contenidas en la guía (GPCE). Priorizar las recomendaciones, identificar potenciales barreras y facilitadores, plantear estrategias de solución y desarrollar un sistema de seguimiento y evaluación de la implementación de las recomendaciones contenidas en la GPCE. Método: Durante el proceso de elaboración de la GPCE, se incluyeron profesionales con dedicación primordial a implementación. En las reuniones identificaron estos tópicos y posteriormente se complementaron con revisiones de literatura sobre implementación de guías de esquizofrenia. Se tuvieron en cuenta las discusiones planteadas en las reuniones de socialización, y las reuniones conjuntas con el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social y el Instituto de Evaluación Tecnológica en Salud. Resultados: El capítulo de implementación de la GPCE incluye la descripción de las potenciales barreras, las estrategias de solución, los facilitadores y los indicadores de seguimiento, estos últimos categorizados por estructura, proceso y resultado. Las barreras identificadas se categorizaron en 3 grupos, haciendo referencia al contexto cultural, el sistema de salud y las intervenciones propuestas. Los temas referentes a estrategias de solución y facilitadoras incluyen programas de educación a la comunidad en salud mental, entrenamiento en salud mental a trabajadores de la salud de atención primaria, descentralización de los servicios de salud mental e integración a nivel primario, utilización de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación y telemedicina. Conclusión: La implementación de la GPCE dentro del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud en Colombia plantea múltiples retos. Las potenciales barreras, estrategias facilitadoras e indicadores de seguimiento y evaluación descritos en el presente artículo, pueden brindar un soporte eficiente para contribuir al éxito de este proceso en las instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud que adopten la guía.

Objectives: To present overall strategies and activities for the implementation process of the recommendations contained in the clinical practice guideline for the management of adults with schizophrenia (GPCE) published by the Colombian Ministry of Health and Welfare (MSPS). Prioritize the proposed recommendations, identify barriers and solving strategies to implement the GPCE, and develop a monitoring and evaluation system for the key recommendations. Method: The Guideline Developer Group (GDG) included professionals with primary dedication to implementation issues that accompanied the entire process. During the GDG meetings implementation topics were identified and discussed, and later complemented by literature reviews concerning the experience of mental health guidelines implementation at national and international level. Additionally, feedback from the discussions raised during the socialization meetings, and joint meetings with the MSPS and the Institute of Technology Assessment in Health (IETS) were included. The prioritization of recommendations was made in conjunction with the GDG, following the proposed steps in the methodological guide for the development of Clinical Practice Guidelines with Economic Evaluation in the General System of Social Security in Colombian Health (GMEGPC) using the tools 13 and 14. The conclusions and final adjustments were discussed with the GPCE leaders. Results: The implementation chapter includes a description of the potential barriers, solution strategies, facilitators and monitoring indicators. The identified barriers were categorized in the following 3 groups: Cultural context, health system and proposed interventions. The issues related to solving strategies and facilitating education programs include community mental health, mental health training for health workers in primary care, decentralization and integration of mental health services at the primary care level, use of technologies information and communication and telemedicine. To monitor and evaluate o the implementation process, five (5) indicators were designed one (1) structure, two (2) process and two (2) outcome indicators. Conclusion: The GPCE implementation within the Colombian General health System of Social Security (SGSSSC) poses multiple challenges. Potential barriers, enabling strategies and indicators for monitoring and evaluation described in this article, can provide efficient support to ensure the success of this process in the institutions that will adopt the guideline.