In situ interaction of pea peptides and bile salts under in vitro digestion: Potential impact on lipolysis.

The present work evaluated how a native pea protein isolate (PPI) affects the key roles carried out by bile salts (BS) in lipid digestion by means of the in vitro static INFOGEST protocol. Two gastric residence times were evaluated (10 and 60 min), and then the peptides obtained (GPPP) were mixed with BS at physiological concentration in simulated intestinal fluid to understand how they interact with BS both at the bulk and at the interface. Both GPPP give rise to a film with a predominant viscous character that does not constitute a barrier to the penetration of BS, but interact with BS in the bulk duodenal fluid. When the peptides flushing from the stomach after the different gastric residence times undergo duodenal digestion, it was found that for the longer gastric residence time the percentage of soluble fraction in the duodenal phase, that perform synergistically with BS micelles, was twice that of the lower residence time, leading to an increase in the solubilization of oleic acid. These results finally lead to a greater extent of lipolysis of olive oil emulsions. This work demonstrates the usefulness of in vitro models as a starting point to study the influence of gastric residence time of pea protein on its interaction with BS, affecting lipolysis. Pea proteins were shown to be effective emulsifiers that synergistically perform with BS improving the release and bioaccessibility of bioactive lipids as olive oil.

Probiotic and functional potential of lactic acid bacteria isolated from pulque and evaluation of their safety for food applications.

Pulque is a traditional Mexican non-distilled alcoholic beverage to which several beneficial functions are attributed, mainly associated with gastrointestinal health, which can be explained by the presence of probiotic bacteria in its microbiota. Therefore, the objective of this work was to evaluate the safety, probiotic activity, and functional characteristics of seven strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from pulque using the probiotic strain Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM as control. The LAB isolates were identified by 16S rRNA sequencing and MALDI Biotyper® MS as belonging to three different Lactobacillaceae genera and species: Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Levilactobacillus brevis and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei. Most strains showed resistance to gastric juice, intestinal juice and lysozyme (10 mg/L). In addition, all strains exhibited bile salt hydrolase (BSH) activity and antibacterial activity against the pathogenic strain Listeria monocytogenes. Additionally, cell surface characteristics of LAB were evaluated, with most strains showing good hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation, and co-aggregation towards enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and L. monocytogenes. In terms of safety, most of the strains were sensitive to the tested antibiotics and only the Lact. paracasei UTMB4 strain amplified a gene related to antibiotic resistance (mecA). The strains Lact. plantarum RVG2 and Lact. plantarum UTMB1 presented γ-hemolytic activity, and the presence of the virulence-related gene agg was identified only in UTMB1 strain. Regarding functional characterization, the tested bacteria showed good ß-galactosidase activity, antioxidant activity and cholesterol reduction Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and heat mapping, and considering the strain Lact. acidophilus NCFM as the probiotic reference, the strains Lacticaseibacillus paracasei UTMB4, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum RVG4 and Levilactobacillus brevis UTMB2 were selected as the most promising probiotic strains. The results of this study highlighted the probiotic, functional and safety traits of LAB strains isolated from pulque thus supporting the health benefits attributed to this ancestral beverage.

(1S,3R)-N-{(3S,10S,12S,13R,17R)-12-Hy-droxy-17-[(R)-5-hy-droxy-pentan-2-yl]-10,13-di-methyl-hexa-deca-hydro-1H-cyclo-penta-[a]phenanthren-3-yl}adamantane-1-carboxamide 0.25-hydrate.

The title compound, C35H57NO3·0.25H2O, was synthesized from de-oxy-cholic acid followed by a protection, a Mitsonobu substitution, a Staudinger reduction, formation of an amide and final reduction in the lateral chain. The compound crystallizes in the P1 space group with four steroid mol-ecules and one water mol-ecule in the triclinic cell unit. The crystal structure features O-H⋯O hydrogen bonding. The crystal studied was refined as a non-merohedral twin.

Solubilization of lipolysis products in mixed micelles is enhanced in presence of bile salts and Tween 80 as revealed by a model study (oleic acid) and emulsified chia-oil.

In the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in understanding the mechanisms involved in lipid digestion with the purpose of developing strategies to control this complex physiological process. Bile salts (BS) are natural bio-surfactants that play crucial functions in this process and may represent a key strategy to modulate the lipolysis. One of the main functions is the removal of lipolysis products present at the interface of lipid droplets by solubilizing them in BS micelles, thus avoiding the reaction inhibition. However, there are few studies that analyzed the effects that could have the emulsion components on the solubilization capacity of BS micelles. Thus, the main purpose of the present work was to evaluate the impact of a typical food emulsifier (Tween 80) on the fatty acid (FA) solubilization capacity of BS micelles by using a method recently developed, involving a combination of turbidity and dynamic light scattering (DLS) determinations. As FA solubilization into BS micelles may strongly affect the kinetics of lipolysis, the lipolysis of T80-stabilized oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions was also studied. The results showed that a higher concentration of the emulsifier in the duodenal medium causes the lipolysis rate to be maximum for a longer time. The mechanism involved could be the contribution of T80 to increase the solubilization of FA (and possibly other products of the lipolysis) in the duodenal medium, consequently affecting the potential bioavailability of fatty acids.

Dynamics and determinants of human plasma bile acid profiles during dietary challenges.

In recent years, bile acids (BA) have received great interest due to their pleiotropic biological activity and the presence of plasma membrane-bound and nuclear receptors. Moreover, BA in blood have been identified by metabolite screening approaches as biomarkers that are associated with various diseases and even with a human longevity phenotype. With the growing interest in the microbiota contribution to the health-disease trajectory, BA that undergo deconjugation and other modifications by bacteria in the large intestine have become a prime target as a microbiome diversity modifier. We here profiled BA by a quantitative and a semiquantitative approach in 15 healthy and phenotypically very similar young individuals for over a 36-h fasting period, an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT). We demonstrate a remarkable heterogeneity of the responses and describe the different dynamics of the plasma changes that likely originate from different routes by which BA enters the peripheral blood, and that may represent a direct secretion from the liver into the blood and a route that reaches the blood as a spill-over after passing from the gallbladder through the intestine and the portal system. We discuss the finding that an individual transport process involved in the passage of BA could be a critical determinant in the kinetics of plasma appearance and the overall phenotypic variability found.

Aquaporin gene transfer for hepatocellular cholestasis.

Bile secretion by hepatocytes is an osmotic process. The output of bile salts and other organic anions (e.g. glutathione), through the bile salt transporter BSEP/ABCB11 and the organic anion transporter MRP2/ABCC2, respectively, are considered to be the major osmotic driving forces for water secretion into bile canaliculi mainly via aquaporin-8 (AQP8) channels. The down-regulated canalicular expression of these key solute transporters and AQP8 would be a primary event in the establishment of hepatocellular cholestasis. Recent studies in animal models of hepatocellular cholestasis show that the hepatic delivery of AdhAQP1, an adenovector encoding for the archetypical water channel human aquaporin-1 (hAQP1), improves bile secretion and restores to normal the elevated serum bile salt levels. AdhAQP1-transduced hepatocytes show that the canalicularly-expressed hAQP1 not only enhances osmotic membrane water permeability but also induces the transport activities of BSEP/ABCB11 and MRP2/ABCC2 by redistribution in canalicular cholesterol-rich microdomains likely through interactions with the cholesterol-binding protein caveolin-1. Thus, the hepatic gene transfer of hAQP1 improves the bile secretory failure in hepatocellular cholestasis by increasing both biliary output and choleretic efficiency of key osmotic solutes, such as, bile salts and glutathione. The study of hepatocyte aquaporins has provided new insights into the mechanisms of bile formation and cholestasis, and may lead to innovative treatments for cholestatic liver diseases.

Technological properties of beneficial bacteria from the dairy environment and development of a fermented milk with the beneficial strain Lactobacillus casei MRUV6.

In this research paper we describe the technological properties of beneficial lactic acid bacteria (LAB) obtained from a dairy production chain and the development of a fermented milk produced with Lactobacillus casei MRUV6. Fifteen LAB isolates (Lactobacillus sp., Pediococcus sp. and Weissela sp.) presented acidifying abilities (pH ranges from 0.73 to 2.11), were able to produce diacetyl (except by 5 isolates) and exopolysaccharides, and two were proteolytic. L. casei MRUV6 was selected for producing a fermented milk, stored up to 35 d at 4 and 10°C. Counts on MRS agar with added vancomycin (10 mg/l) and MRS agar with added bile salts (1.5% w/v) ranged from 9.7 to 9.9 log CFU/g, independently of the tested conditions, indicating stability and intestinal resistance of L. casei MRUV6, despite some significant differences (P < 0.05). The study demonstrated the technological potential of a potential probiotic candidate strain, L. casei MRUV6, to be used as a starter culture in the dairy industry.

ABCB4 disease: Many faces of one gene deficiency.

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily B member 4 (ABCB4), also known as multidrug resistance protein 3 (MDR3), encoded by ABCB4, is involved in biliary phospholipid secretion, protecting hepatobiliary system from deleterious detergent and lithogenic properties of the bile. ABCB4 mutations altering canalicular ABCB4 protein function and expression may have variable clinical presentation and predispose to several human liver diseases. Well-established phenotypes of ABCB4 deficit are: progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 3, gallbladder disease 1 (syn. low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis syndrome), high ɣ-glutamyl transferase intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, chronic cholangiopathy, and adult biliary fibrosis/cirrhosis. Moreover, ABCB4 aberrations may be involved in some cases of drug induced cholestasis, transient neonatal cholestasis, and parenteral nutrition-associated liver disease. Recently, genome-wide association studies have documented occurrence of malignant tumours, predominantly hepatobiliary malignancies, in patients with ABCB4/MDR3 deficit. The patient's age at the time of the first presentation of cholestatic disease, as well as the severity of liver disorder and response to treatment are related to the ABCB4 allelic status. Mutational analysis of ABCB4 in patients and their families should be considered in all individuals with cholestasis of unknown aetiology, regardless of age and/or time of onset of the first symptoms.

In vitro bioaccessibility of Al, Cu, Cd, and Pb following simulated gastro-intestinal digestion and total content of these metals in different Brazilian brands of yerba mate tea.

Yerba mate tea contains various biochemically active substances. However, it can contain toxic metals. Thus, this work reports the total concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb and Al in the commercial products, as well as the concentrations in infusions prepared. The bioaccessibility of these metals in these infusions was determined for the first time by in vitro digestion. For Al, its bioaccessibility was estimated in the presence of other ingredients used in tea consumption. In addition, the concentrations of phenolic compounds in infusions were also determined. All metals studied were detected in the samples ranging from 76 ng g-1 (Cd) to 526 µg g-1 (Al). In general, Cd and Cu were the most bioaccessible metals, while Al was found in a relatively inert form. The addition of sugar and honey in infusions decreased the Al bioaccessibility. The relationship between the phenolic and the leaching of Al for the beverages was observed.

Dynamic Localization of Hepatocellular Transporters: Role in Biliary Excretion and Impairment in Cholestasis.

Bile flow generation is driven by the vectorial transfer of osmotically active compounds from sinusoidal blood into a confined space, the bile canaliculus. Hence, localization of hepatocellular transporters relevant to bile formation is crucial for bile secretion. Hepatocellular transporters are localized either in the plasma membrane or in recycling endosomes, from where they can be relocated to the plasma membrane on demand, or endocytosed when the demand decreases. The balance between endocytic internalization/ exocytic targeting to/from this recycling compartment is therefore the main determinant of the hepatic capability to generate bile, and to dispose endo- and xenobiotics. Furthermore, the exacerbated endocytic internalization is a common pathomechanisms in both experimental and human cholestasis; this results in bile secretory failure and, eventually, posttranslational transporter downregulation by increased degradation. This review summarizes the proposed structural mechanisms accounting for this pathological condition (e.g., alteration of function, localization or expression of F-actin or F-actin/transporter cross-linking proteins, and switch to membrane microdomains where they can be readily endocytosed), and the mediators implicated (e.g., triggering of "cholestatic" signaling transduction pathways). Lastly, we discussed the efficacy to counteract the cholestatic failure induced by transporter internalization of a number of therapeutic experimental approaches based upon the use of compounds that trigger exocytic targetting of canalicular transporters (e.g., cAMP, tauroursodeoxycholate). This therapeutics may complement treatments aimed to transcriptionally improve transporter expression, by affording proper localization and membrane stability to the de novo synthesized transporters.

Comparative interfacial in vitro digestion of protein and polysaccharide oil/water films.

The behaviour of proteins (ß-lactoglobulin (ßlg) and soy protein isolate (SPI)) and a surface active polysaccharide (hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, HPMC) o/w interfacial films under simulated gastrointestinal conditions using the interfacial tensiometer Octopus were compared and related to the performance of the emulsions (using the same emulsifiers) under in vitro digestion. The evolution of interfacial tension (γ) was used to investigate the effect of gastrointestinal fluids on o/w interfacial films. Clear differences were observed among these emulsifiers. During the gastric phase, HPMC showed the lowest change in γ values as compared to protein films. The most important changes occurred during the intestinal stage where it was observed an important decrease of γ associated with the rapid penetration of BS, followed by a lower rate of decrease attributable to the accumulation of FFA at the interface. In the last stage, the subphase was exchanged by buffer alone, to remove the reversibly adsorbed digestion products. SPI formed the most resistant interface to the remotion of digestion products, followed by HPMC and finally by ßlg. The results agree with the degree of lipolysis reported for the emulsions stabilized by these emulsifiers, which suggest that lipid digestion could be modulated by the ability of emulsifiers to prevent the BS activity (to adsorb at the O/W interface or remove the inhibitory digestion products from the interface). Thus, emulsifiers-BS interactions appears as a key factor in controlling the lipolysis.

Application of Fluorescence Emission for Characterization of Albendazole and Ricobendazole Micellar Systems: Elucidation of the Molecular Mechanism of Drug Solubilization Process.

Albendazole (ABZ) and ricobendazole (RBZ) are referred to as class II compounds in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System. These drugs exhibit poor solubility, which profoundly affects their oral bioavailability. Micellar systems are excellent pharmaceutical tools to enhance solubilization and absorption of poorly soluble compounds. Polysorbate 80 (P80), poloxamer 407 (P407), sodium cholate (Na-C), and sodium deoxycholate (Na-DC) have been selected as surfactants to study the solubilization process of these drugs. Fluorescence emission was applied in order to obtain surfactant/fluorophore (S/F) ratio, critical micellar concentration, protection efficiency of micelles, and thermodynamic parameters. Systems were characterized by their size and zeta potential. A blue shift from 350 to 345 nm was observed when ABZ was included in P80, Na-DC, and Na-C micelles, while RBZ showed a slight change in the fluorescence band. P80 showed a significant solubilization capacity: S/F values were 688 for ABZ at pH 4 and 656 for RBZ at pH 6. Additionally, P80 micellar systems presented the smallest size (10 nm) and their size was not affected by pH change. S/F ratio for bile salts was tenfold higher than for the other surfactants. Quenching plots were linear and their constant values (2.17/M for ABZ and 2.29/M for RBZ) decreased with the addition of the surfactants, indicating a protective effect of the micelles. Na-DC showed better protective efficacy for ABZ and RBZ than the other surfactants (constant values 0.54 and 1.57/M, respectively), showing the drug inclusion into the micelles. Entropic parameters were negative in agreement with micelle formation.

Dietas pós-eclosão suplementadas com fontes de gordura e acrescidas de taurina e glicina sobre a morfometria intestinal e o desempenho de frangos de corte de um a 21 dias / Post-hatch diets supplemented with sources of fat and added taurine and glycine on the intestinal morphology and performance of broilers at 1 to 21 days

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de dietas pós-eclosão suplementadas com diferentes fontes de gordura insaturada e adicionadas ou não de taurina e glicina sobre o desempenho produtivo, a biometria e a morfometria do intestino delgado de pintos de corte de um a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 480 pintos de corte machos de um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com e sem suplementação de taurina e glicina e quatro dietas (controle, óleo de peixe, de soja e de girassol), totalizando oito tratamentos com seis repetições de 10 aves cada. As rações experimentais foram fornecidas de zero a quatro dias de idade. O desempenho zootécnico foi avaliado ao alojamento e aos quatro, sete e 21 dias de idade. Nestas mesmas datas, foram sacrificadas duas aves por unidade experimental para biometria do intestino e histomorfometria da mucosa do intestino. A adição de diferentes fontes de gordura e a suplementação de glicina e taurina às dietas de transição não influenciaram o desempenho produtivo de um a 21 dias. A suplementação das dietas com glicina e taurina alterou a morfologia da mucosa intestinal, principalmente do duodeno, resultando em maior comprimento do vilo e relação vilo:cripta. Entretanto, parte dos efeitos positivos depende do tipo de óleo adicionado, mostrando que dietas pós-eclosão acrescidas de fontes de lipídios podem ser benéficas no desenvolvimento da capacidade funcional do intestino de frangos de corte.(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess post-hatch diets supplemented with different sources of unsaturated fat and added or not with taurine and glycine on the productive performance, biometry and morphology of small intestine of chicks from 1 to 21 days of age. Four hundred and eighty (480) one day old male broiler Cobb chicks were used. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4, with and without supplemental taurine and glycine and 4 diets (control, fish, soy and sunflower oil), totaling six treatments with six repetitions of 10 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied from 0 to 4 days old. The performance was evaluated in housing and 4, 7 and 21 days of age. On these same dates, 2 birds per experimental unit were sacrificed for gut biometrics and histomorphometry of intestinal mucosa. The addition of different sources of fat, glycine and taurine supplementation on transition diets did not influence productive performance from 1 to 21 days. Supplementation of diets with glycine and taurine altered the morphology of the intestinal mucosa, mainly of the duodenum, resulting in greater length of villi and villi: crypt ratio. However, the positive effects depend on the type of oil added, showing that post-hatch diets increased with lipid sources may be beneficial in the development of the functional capacity of the intestine of broilers.(AU)

Dietas pós-eclosão suplementadas com fontes de gordura e acrescidas de taurina e glicina sobre a morfometria intestinal e o desempenho de frangos de corte de um a 21 dias / Post-hatch diets supplemented with sources of fat and added taurine and glycine on the intestinal morphology and performance of broilers at 1 to 21 days

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do fornecimento de dietas pós-eclosão suplementadas com diferentes fontes de gordura insaturada e adicionadas ou não de taurina e glicina sobre o desempenho produtivo, a biometria e a morfometria do intestino delgado de pintos de corte de um a 21 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 480 pintos de corte machos de um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb. O delineamento foi inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com e sem suplementação de taurina e glicina e quatro dietas (controle, óleo de peixe, de soja e de girassol), totalizando oito tratamentos com seis repetições de 10 aves cada. As rações experimentais foram fornecidas de zero a quatro dias de idade. O desempenho zootécnico foi avaliado ao alojamento e aos quatro, sete e 21 dias de idade. Nestas mesmas datas, foram sacrificadas duas aves por unidade experimental para biometria do intestino e histomorfometria da mucosa do intestino. A adição de diferentes fontes de gordura e a suplementação de glicina e taurina às dietas de transição não influenciaram o desempenho produtivo de um a 21 dias. A suplementação das dietas com glicina e taurina alterou a morfologia da mucosa intestinal, principalmente do duodeno, resultando em maior comprimento do vilo e relação vilo:cripta. Entretanto, parte dos efeitos positivos depende do tipo de óleo adicionado, mostrando que dietas pós-eclosão acrescidas de fontes de lipídios podem ser benéficas no desenvolvimento da capacidade funcional do intestino de frangos de corte.(AU)

The aim of this study was to assess post-hatch diets supplemented with different sources of unsaturated fat and added or not with taurine and glycine on the productive performance, biometry and morphology of small intestine of chicks from 1 to 21 days of age. Four hundred and eighty (480) one day old male broiler Cobb chicks were used. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4, with and without supplemental taurine and glycine and 4 diets (control, fish, soy and sunflower oil), totaling six treatments with six repetitions of 10 birds each. The experimental diets were supplied from 0 to 4 days old. The performance was evaluated in housing and 4, 7 and 21 days of age. On these same dates, 2 birds per experimental unit were sacrificed for gut biometrics and histomorphometry of intestinal mucosa. The addition of different sources of fat, glycine and taurine supplementation on transition diets did not influence productive performance from 1 to 21 days. Supplementation of diets with glycine and taurine altered the morphology of the intestinal mucosa, mainly of the duodenum, resulting in greater length of villi and villi: crypt ratio. However, the positive effects depend on the type of oil added, showing that post-hatch diets increased with lipid sources may be beneficial in the development of the functional capacity of the intestine of broilers.(AU)

Differential proteomic analysis of outer membrane enriched extracts of Bacteroides fragilis grown under bile salts stress.

Bacteroides fragilis is the most commonly isolated anaerobic bacteria from infectious processes. Several virulence traits contribute to the pathogenic nature of this bacterium, including the ability to tolerate the high concentrations of bile found in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). The activity of bile salts is similar to detergents and may lead to membrane permeabilization and cell death. Modulation of outer membrane proteins (OMPs) is considered a crucial event to bile salts resistance. The primary objective of the current work was to identify B. fragilis proteins associated with the stress induced by high concentration of bile salts. The outer membrane of B. fragilis strain 638R was isolated after growth either in the presence of 2% conjugated bile salts or without bile salts. The membrane fractions were separated on SDS-PAGE and analyzed by ESI-Q/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 37 proteins were identified; among them nine were found to be expressed exclusively in the absence of bile salts whereas eight proteins were expressed only in the presence of bile salts. These proteins are related to cellular functions such as transport through membrane, nutrient uptake, and protein-protein interactions. This study demonstrates the alteration of OMPs composition in B. fragilis during bile salts stress resistance and adaptation to environmental changes. Proteomics of OMPs was also shown to be a useful approach in the identification of new targets for functional analyses.

Efecto de endosporas de Bacillus subtilis E-44 con actividad probiótica sobre indicadores fermentativos en órganos digestivos e inmunológicos de pollos de engorde / Effect of Bacillus subtilis E-44 strain endospores with probiotic activity on fermentative indicators in digestive and immune organs of broilers

El objetivo de este trabajo fue emplear endosporas de Bacillus subtilis con actividad probiótica sobre indicadores fermentativos en órganos digestivos e inmunológicos de pollos de engorde. Se estudiaron tres cepas de B. subtilis obtenidos en trabajos previos (C-31, C-34 y E-44). Las tres cepas resistieron condiciones de pH ácido y sobrevivieron a la presencia de sales biliares. La cepa E-44 tuvo mayor capacidad de crecimiento y producción de endosporas, escogiéndose para la realización de los estudios posteriores. Se realizó un experimento con pollos de engorde y tres tratamientos con endosporas: control sin endosporas; baja dosis con 1,0x10(6); dosis media con 1,0x10(7) y dosis alta con 1,0x10(8) UFC.mL-1.kg de alimento. En el ciego de los pollos, la cepa E-44 a la dosis alta produjo mayor acidez y mayores contenidos de ácidos láctico, butírico, propiónico, acético y ácidos grasos de cadena corta totales. El peso relativo de la bolsa de Fabricio y el bazo, así como la inhibición de la hemaglutinación, fueron mayores en los animales que recibieron endosporas con la dosis media a los 42 días. Se concluye que se produjo una mejoría en la respuesta del sistema inmune de los pollos con el empleo del cultivo de endosporas de B. subtilis E-44 evaluado.

The aim of this study was the use of endospores of Bacillus subtilis with probiotic activity on fermentative indicators in digestive and immune organs of broilers. Three B. subtilis strains isolated from previous studies (C-31, C-34 and E-44) were used. The three strains resisted acid pH conditions and survived the presence of bile salts. E-44 strain had greater capacity for growth and endospore production was chosen to carry out further studies. An experiment with broilers and three treatments were performed with endospores at different concentrations administered with food. Control: without endospores; low dose: 1.0x10(6); medium and high dose 1.0x10(7) and 1.0x10(8) CFU/mL per Kg of food respectively. Results showed that strain E-44 at high dose, in the ceca of the chickens produced higher acidity and higher content of lactic, butyric, propionic, acetic and total short chain fatty acids. The relative weight of the bursa of Fabricius and spleen, as well as hemagglutination inhibition, after 42 days of treatment, were greater in animals receiving endospores at the medium dose. We concluded that there was an improvement in the immune response of chickens with the use of endospores of B. subtilis E-44 strain at the given dose.

Obtención de sales biliares de magnesio mediante secado por aspersión / Magnesium bile salts obtained from spray drying

INTRODUCCIÓN: la industria farmacéutica cubana, desde la década del 60 del siglo XX, tiene entre sus líneas básicas de producción la obtención de ácidos biliares y sus derivados salinos a partir de la bilis bovina. Este proceso consiste en la saponificación de la bilis y la posterior precipitación del ácido cólico, el cual es transformado en la sal de magnesio mediante un proceso de reacción con hidróxido de magnesio. La materia prima activa obtenida es utilizada como ingrediente farmacéutico activo en la elaboración de tabletas para el tratamiento de desordenes gastrointestinales, así como en los síntomas producidos por un mal funcionamiento de la vesícula biliar. OBJETIVO: modificar el proceso de secado empleado en la actualidad mediante una variante de secado por aspersión. MÉTODOS: se estableció un procedimiento para el secado; se realizaron los estudios a escala de banco. Se compararon los resultados con el proceso tradicional; se realizaron evaluaciones química, física y tecnológicas; entre ellas por microscopia electrónica y espectroscopia infrarroja. RESULTADOS: al aplicar el procedimiento de secado por aspersión se obtuvo una materia prima similar en su composición a la obtenida en el procedimiento tradicional, pero con mejores características físico-químicas, lo que favoreció el proceso posterior de elaboración de la forma terminada. CONCLUSIONES: partiendo de los resultados podemos afirmar que el proceso tecnológico de secado por aspersión desarrollado para la elaboración de las sales biliares de magnesio garantiza la calidad del producto final y mejora las condiciones de trabajo y condiciones ambientales(AU)

INTRODUCTION: since the 60's, the Cuban pharmaceutical industry has as one basic production line the obtaining of the bile acids and its saline derivatives from bovine bile. This process consists of bile saponification and further precipitation of the cholic acid that changed into magnesium salt through a reaction process with magnesium hydroxide. The final active substance is used as active pharmaceutical ingredient to produce tablets for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders and of malfunctioning of the gallbladder. OBJECTIVE: to change the drying process currently in use by a spray drying variant. METHODS: a technological drying process was set. Bench scale studies were conducted. The results were then compared to those of the traditional process. Chemical, physical and technological evaluations were carried out, for example electronic microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. RESULTS: the results showed that the product obtained by spray drying was similar to that of the traditional process but with better physical and chemical characteristics. This helped in the further process of production of the finished form. CONCLUSIONS: based on the results, one may state that the technological process of spray drying for production of magnesium bile salts assures the quality of the final product and improves the work and environmental conditions(AU)

Bacterial colonization of the ileum in rats with obstructive jaundice

Qualitative and quantitative alterations in ileal flora during obstructive jaundice and the role of bile salts were evaluated in rats. Obstructive jaundice was associated with bacterial overgrowth in the ileum. This effect may be due to the reduced concentration of bile salts, since dietary supplementation reduced the small bowel aerobic bacterial flora.

As alterações qualitativas e quantitativas da flora ileal na obstrução biliar e o papel dos sais biliares foram avaliados em ratos. Em animais com obstrução biliar houve aumento da população ileal. Esse efeito é provavelmente causado pela ausência de sais biliares no lúmen ileal, uma vez que em animais cuja dieta foi suplementada com sais biliares houve redução da flora ileal.

Resistance of lactic acid bacteria pig" isolated in faeces and their antagonistic capacity against indicative microorganisms / Resistência de bactérias lácticas, isoladas de fezes de suínos e sua capacidade antagônica frente a microrganismos indicadores

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the faeces of nearly 40 healthy pigs, with different ages. The isolates were selected previously, based on the coloration in All Purpose Tween (APT) agar modified by the addition of 0,004% of purple bromocresol and 0,5% of calcium carbonate, on their morphology and on the coloration in gram and catalase activity. Approximately 50% of the isolated colonies presented morphology of Gram-positive cocos/bastonetes, negative catalase and yellow colonies when cultivated in modified APT agar, being classified as LAB. These isolates of pig faeces were compared by their ability to resist the pH 3.0, to grow in the presence of bile salts for 3 hours and by their antagonistic capacity against the indicative microrganisms (Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433). Only 18% of the isolates presented less than 1 Decimal Reduction (DR) when cultivated in the presence of pH 3.0. Nearly 36.5% reduced from 1 to 2 DR and 45.5% had more than 2 DR. No isolate had the capacity to grow in specific means with the adjusted pH for 3.0. About 36.5% of the isolates grew in cultivation medim modified with the addition of 0.3% of bile salts, 59% of isolates had decimal reduction smaller or equal to 2 and 4.5% presented decimal reduction larger th

Bactérias do ácido lático (BAL) foram isoladas das fezes de aproximadamente 40 suínos sadios e em diferentes idades. Os isolados foram previamente selecionados com base na coloração das colônias em ágar All Purpose Tween (APT) modificado pelo acréscimo de 0,004% de púrpura de bromocresol e 0,5% de carbonato de cálcio, morfologia, coloração em Gram e atividade de catalase. Das bactérias lácticas isoladas, aproximadamente 50% das colônias apresentaram morfologia de cocos/bastonetes Grampositivo, catalase negativa e colônias amareladas quando cultivadas em ágar APT modificado, sendo, portanto, classificadas como BAL. Estes isolados foram comparados pela sua habilidade em resistirem a pH 3,0, crescerem na presença de sais biliares por 3 horas e pela sua capacidade antagônica frente a microrganismos indicadores (Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433). Apenas 18% dos isolados obtiveram menos que 1 Redução Decimal (RD) quando cultivados na presença de pH 3,0. Cerca de 36,5% reduziram entre 1 e 2 RD e 45,5% tiveram mais que 2 RD. Nenhuma das cepas avaliadas teve capacidade de crescer em meios específicos com o pH ajustado para 3,0. Cerca de 36,5% dos isolados cresceram em meio de cultivo adicionado de 0,3% de sais biliares, 59% tiveram redução decimal menor ou igual a

Resistance of lactic acid bacteria pig" isolated in faeces and their antagonistic capacity against indicative microorganisms / Resistência de bactérias lácticas, isoladas de fezes de suínos e sua capacidade antagônica frente a microrganismos indicadores

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from the faeces of nearly 40 healthy pigs, with different ages. The isolates were selected previously, based on the coloration in All Purpose Tween (APT) agar modified by the addition of 0,004% of purple bromocresol and 0,5% of calcium carbonate, on their morphology and on the coloration in gram and catalase activity. Approximately 50% of the isolated colonies presented morphology of Gram-positive cocos/bastonetes, negative catalase and yellow colonies when cultivated in modified APT agar, being classified as LAB. These isolates of pig faeces were compared by their ability to resist the pH 3.0, to grow in the presence of bile salts for 3 hours and by their antagonistic capacity against the indicative microrganisms (Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433). Only 18% of the isolates presented less than 1 Decimal Reduction (DR) when cultivated in the presence of pH 3.0. Nearly 36.5% reduced from 1 to 2 DR and 45.5% had more than 2 DR. No isolate had the capacity to grow in specific means with the adjusted pH for 3.0. About 36.5% of the isolates grew in cultivation medim modified with the addition of 0.3% of bile salts, 59% of isolates had decimal reduction smaller or equal to 2 and 4.5% presented decimal reduction larger th

Bactérias do ácido lático (BAL) foram isoladas das fezes de aproximadamente 40 suínos sadios e em diferentes idades. Os isolados foram previamente selecionados com base na coloração das colônias em ágar All Purpose Tween (APT) modificado pelo acréscimo de 0,004% de púrpura de bromocresol e 0,5% de carbonato de cálcio, morfologia, coloração em Gram e atividade de catalase. Das bactérias lácticas isoladas, aproximadamente 50% das colônias apresentaram morfologia de cocos/bastonetes Grampositivo, catalase negativa e colônias amareladas quando cultivadas em ágar APT modificado, sendo, portanto, classificadas como BAL. Estes isolados foram comparados pela sua habilidade em resistirem a pH 3,0, crescerem na presença de sais biliares por 3 horas e pela sua capacidade antagônica frente a microrganismos indicadores (Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428, Escherichia coli ATCC 11229, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 e Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 19433). Apenas 18% dos isolados obtiveram menos que 1 Redução Decimal (RD) quando cultivados na presença de pH 3,0. Cerca de 36,5% reduziram entre 1 e 2 RD e 45,5% tiveram mais que 2 RD. Nenhuma das cepas avaliadas teve capacidade de crescer em meios específicos com o pH ajustado para 3,0. Cerca de 36,5% dos isolados cresceram em meio de cultivo adicionado de 0,3% de sais biliares, 59% tiveram redução decimal menor ou igual a