Anaerobic digestion of crude glycerol from biodiesel production for biogas generation: Process optimization and pilot scale operation.

Anaerobic digestion of wastes and wastewater is a complex process that can be affected by many operational parameters. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to optimize biogas production using crude glycerol (GLY) generated in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil without pretreatment or nutrient supplementation. The study was divided into two parts: the first phase consisted of an experimental design based on central composite design (CCD) with two variables (food to microorganism (F/M) ratio and cycle time) at five levels (F/M of 0.20; 0.51; 1.02; 1.53 and 2.04 gCOD/gVS; tc of 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days) focusing on optimizing the biogas production from crude GLY in lab-scale batch reactors (500 mL). The second phase was conducted on a pilot-scale biodigester (1.2 m3) based on the optimized variables obtained from the CCD. The optimized results showed that the F/M ratio of 2.04 gCOD/gVS and a cycle time (tc) of 6 days reached the highest specific methane production (SMP) of 46 LCH4/kgVS. However, the highest SMP of 14.7 LCH4/kgVSd was obtained during the operation of the pilot-scale biodigester for the optimized conditions of F/M ratio of 0.23 gCOD/gSV and a tc of 7 days. Therefore, pilot-scale biogas production from crude GLY was demonstrated to be feasible without the use of nutrients or GLY pretreatment at 0.15 LGLY/m3 d.

Toxic risk evaluation of effluents from a swine biodigester in the plant models Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa.

Pig farming is recognized as an activity with great polluting potential. The aim was to investigate possible environmental risks of effluents from the stabilization pond (SP) and the raw effluent (RE) from the biodigestion process of swine residues, in different concentrations in the models Lactuca sativa and Allium cepa. Seeds were germinated in different dilutions, 100% (C1), 50% (C2), 25% (C3), 12.5% (C4), 6.25% (C5), 3.12% (C6), 0.78% (C7), and 0.39% (C8). Distilled water was used as the negative control (CN) and trifluralin (0.84 g/L-1) as the positive control. Germination (GR), root growth (RG), cell cycle, and oxidative stress (OS) were analyzed. To assess OS, the activity of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the quantification of glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were analyzed. Data were submitted to ANOVA (one way), followed by the Kruskal-Wallis mean test (P ≤ 0.05). Chemical analysis showed high values of Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn. Dilutions (C1, C2, C3 RE) and (C1 and C2 SP) inhibited GR and RG of L. sativa and A. cepa than other concentrations. The mitotic index showed a reduction in C5 (RE), C6, and C7 (SP) of L. sativa and C3 and C4 (SP) of A. cepa in relation to CN and higher frequencies of chromosomal alterations. Regarding the OS, only the concentrations of SP treatment showed statistical difference in relation to the NC: in L. sativa model, GSH at (C5 and C8) concentrations and LPO (C7); in A. cepa model, SOD (C3 and C4), GST (C4, C5 and C6), GSH (C5 and C8), and CAT (C3 and C7). The alterations in metabolism are possibly related to the metals, such as zinc and copper, observed in high amounts in the raw waste. The results allowed us to conclude that the raw and stabilization pond effluents offer environmental risks, requiring caution and monitoring in the use of these effluents.

Biodigestion System Made of Polyethylene and Polystyrene Insulator for Dog Farm (on the Example of the Republic of Chile).

Anaerobic digestion is a system that can have a high environmental impact through the use of different wastes to obtain biogas and its consequent use for the generation of renewable energy. The objective of this study was to implement a polyethylene biodigester, using polystyrene for thermal insulation in a dog kennel, using canine feces collected in the same place during a period of 5 months to obtain biogas and energy. The results indicated that biogas production started on day 30 and stopped during the winter period with low temperatures; therefore, from day 54 onwards, equine manure was added to continue producing biogas. Although biogas was obtained, the biodigester did not function optimally, due to the fact that the materials used in its construction did not provide efficient insulation from the low external temperatures; the low C/N ratio of the canine feces, which led to a reduction in the processing of the methanogenic bacteria; and the low amount of feces collected for use. In general, the use of a biodigester can provide a tool for the biological processing and management of organic waste, yielding a cumulative source of renewable energy and ensuring environmental safety.

Eco-innovation assessment of biodigesters technology: an application in cassava processing industries in the south of Brazil, Parana state.

Eco-innovations are innovations capable of helping to reduce the environmental impacts of production processes. In this sense, the adoption of models that assess comprehensively, in an integrated manner and in different perspectives, the general performance of these innovations allows managers to guide their decisions. The object of this research is the use of an eco-innovation in the production processes of cassava, where the waste generated is treated by biodigesters. These cassava processing industries are located in southern Brazil, Paraná State, comprising a multiple case study. A literature review was also carried out to propose a set of indicators capable of assessing the overall impact of this eco-innovation in eight lines of action: (1) environmental, (2) social, (3) economic, (4) human resource training, (5) institutional development, (6) introduction of innovation, (7) unwanted occurrences, and (8) characteristics of environmental management. To compile and process the data, the computerized model INOVA-tec System was used. The objective was to employ the INOVA-tec System model as an instrument for evaluating eco-innovative processes in leading companies in its segment, looking for evidence to expand its usability to other realities in the agro-industry. The results show that the technology scenario is favorable to its dissemination; however, the low performance of the indicators together makes it underutilized.

El compostaje de cáscara de Musa paradisiaca L. para la producción de biogás y biometano como estrategia de preservación de la salud ambiental / Musa paradisiaca L. husk composting for biogas and biomethane production as a strategy for preserving environmental health

A medida que a se avanza en el siglo XXI, los sistemas de energía deben alejarse de los combustibles fósiles y aumentar la capacidad de las energías renovables si se quieren cumplir los objetivos de temperaturas máximas del Acuerdo de París. Sin embargo, debido a los desafíos en la adopción de tecnologías bajas en carbono, ciertas áreas de los sistemas energéticos globales son difíciles de controlar y descarburar. Por otra parte, el compostaje es una de las prácticas de gestión de residuos orgánicos más importantes que se puede utilizar para lograr la sostenibilidad del suelo y del medio ambiente. El compost tiene un mínimo impacto en algunas emisiones, y puede ayudar a controlar la huella de carbono y limitar los efectos ambientales negativos de los métodos de eliminación de desechos más deficientes. La investigación tuvo por objetivo determinar la calidad de producir biogás y biometano a partir de la cáscara de plátano (Musa paradisiaca L.). Metodológicamente se desarrolló una investigación aplicada, con nivel de investigación de tipo experimental. Las cáscaras de plátano se colectaron de la planta de compostaje de la Municipalidad Provincial de Leoncio Prado, Perú. De la muestra se prepararon cinco sub muestras para la producción de biogás y cinco muestras adicionales para la producción de biometano. Los sistemas mostraron una producción de 0,067 m3 BG/Kg ST de biogás y 0,059 m3CH4/Kg ST de biometano, que generó subproductos como el biol y biosol. Estos resultados presentaron una baja toxicidad al ser sometidos a pruebas germinativas, concluyéndose que solo el 11,5% de la cáscara introducida al biorreactor se degrado y de esta fracción solo el 2,8% se convirtió en biogás(AU)

As progress is being made in the 21st century, energy systems must move away from fossil fuels and increase the capacity of renewable energies if you want to meet the maximum temperatures objectives of the Paris Agreement. However, due to the challenges in the adoption of low carbon technologies, certain areas of global energy systems are difficult to control and decarbure. On the other hand, composting is one of the most important organic waste management practices that can be used to achieve soil and environmental sustainability. The compost has a minimum impact on some emissions, and can help control the carbon footprint and limit the negative environmental effects of the most deficient waste removal methods. The research aimed to determine the quality of producing biogas and biomethane from the banana peel (Musa paradisiaca L.). Methodologically, an applied investigation was developed, with experimental research level. The banana peels were collected from the composting plant of the Provincial Municipality of Leoncio Prado, Peru. From the sample, five sub samples were prepared for the production of biogas and five additional samples for biomethane production. The systems showed a production of 0.067 m3 bg/kg ST of biogas and 0.059 m3ch4/kg ST of biomethane, which generated by -products such as biol and biosol. These results presented a low toxicity when they were subjected to germinative evidence, concluding that only 11.5% of the shell introduced into the bioreactor was degraded and of this fraction only 2.8% became biogas(AU)

Avaliação da degradação de formol do efluente gerado no laboratório de anatomia por biorreatores anaeróbios e mapeamento dos pontos críticos de controle / Evaluation of formalin degradation of effluent generated in the anatomy laboratory by anaerobic bioreactors and mapping of critical control points

Diante das estratégias de ensino e aprendizagem adotadas na disciplina de Anatomia da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo (EERP/USP), que requer a conservação de peças cadavéricas em solução de formol, no Laboratório Multidisciplinar são gerados significantes volumes de efluentes contendo este composto. Considerando as características tóxicas dessa substância, tanto aos seres vivos quanto ao meio ambiente, torna-se imprescindível o gerenciamento e tratamento deste resíduo gerado antes do descarte na rede coletora de esgotos. Embora diferentes métodos, sejam eles químicos ou biológicos, possam ser utilizados para promover o tratamento prévio ao descarte de soluções contendo formol, o uso de tratamentos biológicos, como o reator anaeróbio, possibilita o tratamento de grandes volumes de resíduos, gera menor exposição ocupacional e possui reduzido custo do processo. No ano de 2017 a EERP/USP implementou o Reator Anaeróbio Horizontal de Leito Fixo (RAHLF), dimensionado para atender grandes volumes de efluentes com solução de formol gerados na unidade. Neste contexto, este estudo inédito em escala industrial, além de monitorar a eficiência da remoção da solução de formol dos efluentes gerados do sistema de biorreatores também caracterizamos os pontos críticos de controle do processo de tratamento do RAHLF, durante o período de fevereiro a junho e de setembro a novembro do ano de 2020. Os resultados na entrada do RAHLF apresentaram uma média de 480,19 ± 116,06 mg.L-1, com amplitude amostral de 238,37 mg.L-1 a 774,60 mg.L-1, já na saída do RAHLF demonstraram média de 1,39 ± 0,56 mg.L-1, com amplitude amostral de 0,04 mg.L-1 a 2,32 mg.L-1, evidenciando assim a eficiência na degradação do formol pelos biorreatores em média de 99,70%. A partir dos dados foi evidenciado que além do desempenho satisfatório do RAHLF para o pré-tratamento de água residuária contendo formol, o reator também apresentou estabilidade de operação durante o desenvolvimento do estudo. Com o conhecimento de todas as etapas e dos pontos críticos do processo foi possível a organização do fluxograma do processo, desde o local gerador até a disposição do efluente para a rede coletora de esgoto municipal. A partir do fluxograma, foi possível desenvolver protocolo de operação, visando minimizar ao máximo potenciais ocorrências de falhas durante o processo. Este estudo gerou conhecimento que contribui para melhor compreensão da biotecnologia anaeróbia implantada para alcançar a degradação da solução de formol no efluente do Laboratório Multidisciplinar da EERP/USP. A implantação e funcionamento adequado do biodigestor refletem o compromisso socioambiental da universidade com a sociedade e com o meio ambiente, na busca de ações que promovam tanto a saúde pública quanto a sustentabilidade ambiental. Os resultados constituirão também uma base de dados para outros gestores de biodigestores implantados na universidade, sendo de grande importância para a continuidade de investigações relacionadas com o tratamento dos efluentes em laboratórios de ensino

For the development of teaching and learning strategies adopted in the discipline of Anatomy at the University of São Paulo at College of Nursing in Ribeirão Preto (CNRP/USP), which requires the preservation of cadaveric parts in a formaldehyde solution, the Multidisciplinary Laboratory generates significant volumes of effluents containing this compound. Considering the toxic characteristics of this substance, both to living beings and to the environment, it is essential to manage and treat this wastewater before its disposal in the sewage collection system. Although different methods, whether chemical or biological, can be used to promote treatment prior to disposal of solutions containing formaldehyde, the use of biological treatments, such as the anaerobic reactor, allows the treatment of large volumes of waste, generates less occupational exposure and has reduced process cost. In 2017, EERP/USP implemented the Anaerobic Horizontal Fixed Bed Reactor (AHFBR), dimensioned to supply large volumes of wastewater with a formaldehyde solution generated at the unit. In this context, this unprecedented study on an industrial scale, in addition to monitoring the efficiency of the removal of the formaldehyde solution from the effluents generated from the bioreactor system, we also characterized the critical control points of the AHFBR treatment process, during the period from February to June and from September to November of 2020. The results of the affluent of the AHFBR presented an average of 480.19 ± 116.06 mg.L-1, with a sample range of 238.37 mg.L-1 to 774.60 mg. L-1, already in the effluent of the AHFBR obtained average of 1.39 ± 0.56 mg.L-1, with a sample range of 0.04 mg.L-1 to 2.32 mg.L-1, thus evidencing the efficiency in formaldehyde degradation by bioreactors on average of 99.70%. From the data, it evidenced that in addition to the satisfactory performance of the AHFBR for the pre-treatment of wastewater containing formaldehyde, the reactor also showed operating stability during the development of the study. With the knowledge of all the steps and critical points of the process, it was possible to organize the process flowchart, from the generating site to the disposal of the effluent to the municipal sewage collection network. From the flowchart, it was possible to develop an operation protocol, aiming to minimize as many potential occurrences of failures during the process as possible. This study generated knowledge that contributes to a better understanding of the anaerobic biotechnology implemented to achieve the degradation of the formaldehyde solution in the effluent of the Multidisciplinary Laboratory at CNRP/USP. The implantation and proper functioning of the biodigester reflect the university's socio-environmental commitment to society and the environment, in the search for actions that promote both public health and environmental sustainability. The results will also constitute a database for other managers of biodigesters implemented at the university, being of great importance for the continuity of investigations related to the treatment of effluents in teaching laboratories

Microbial communities in anaerobic digesters change over time and sampling depth.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a process resulting from the anaerobic metabolism of specific microorganisms that produce an eco-friendly type of energy and a stabilized soil fertilizer. We described the microbial communities and their changes in three depths of BioKöhler® biodigester, fed with cattle manure for 18 days, under anaerobic incubation at the psychrophilic temperature range (~ 20 °C). During the experiment, the maximum methane content in the raw biogas was 79.9%. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) showed significant differences among microbial communities in the bottom, medium, and upper depths. Considering all the periods of incubation, the microbial communities changed until the eighth day, and they remained stable from eighth to seventeenth days. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Synergistetes were the most abundant phyla in samples, representing approximately 41% of the total OTUs. The relative abundance of the phyla Euryarchaeota, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Verrucomicrobia changed from bottom to medium sampling points. Moreover, Crenarchaeota differed in frequencies from medium to upper, and Acidobacteria from bottom to upper samples. Lentisphaerae, Chloroflexi, and LD1 were different solely at the bottom, whereas OP9 and Tenericutes only in the medium. Psychrophilic AD performed in this work removed pathogens like Salmonella and Escherichia, as observed at the digestate analyzed. This type of treatment of raw manure besides producing eco-friendly energy efficiently also generates a stabilized and safe biomass that can be used as fertilizer in soils.

Producción de Biogás a partir de residuos orgánicos generados en el Hospital de Clínicas: Un estudio preliminar / Biogas production from organic waste generated at the Hospital of Clinics: A preliminary study

Introducción: La producción de biogás es un proceso natural que ocurre en forma espontánea en un entorno anaerobio, realizado por microorganismos como parte del ciclo biológico de la materia orgánica. Los biodigestores son sistemas diseñados para optimizar la producción de biogás a partir de desechos agrícolas, estiércol o efluentes industriales. Objetivo: Realizar un estudio preliminar de producción de biogás a partir de residuos orgánicos generados en el Hospital de Clínicas, año 2017. Metodología: Estudio cuasi experimental tipo grupo control no equivalente consistente en dos sistemas: en el sistema 1 se ha expuesto a la sombra, con 39 kilos de residuos de cocina, 3 kilos de estiércol, 5,5 de pH, 1 a 4 de residuo/agua durante 30 días. En el sistema 2, se ha expuesto a pleno sol, con 68 kilos de residuo de cocina, 10 kilos de estiércol, 7 de pH, 1 a 1 de residuo/agua, durante 30 días. Resultados: La producción de gas al mes en el sistema 2 fue de 4,6 litros no observándose producción alguna en el sistema 1 (p= 0,000). Con un promedio de producción de residuos de cocina en el Hospital de Clínicas de 22077±780 kilos al mes, se estima una producción de 1485± 61 litros de biogas (R2= 97,98 p= 0,000) mensuales. Conclusión: Los biodigestores permiten una obtención de energía limpia y de bajo costo a partir de una fuente renovable.

Introduction: Biogas production is a natural process that occurs spontaneously in an anaerobic environment, carried out by microorganisms as part of the biological cycle of organic matter. Biodigesters are systems designed to optimize the production of biogas from agricultural wastes, manure or industrial effluents. Objective: To carry out a preliminary study on the installation of organic biodigesters in the Hospital of Clinics in order to replace the use of energy in the form of liquefied cooking gas. Methodology: Quasi-experimental study of a non-equivalent control group consisting of two systems. In system 1, it has been exposed to shade, with 39 kilos of kitchen waste, 3 kilos of manure, 5.5 pH, 1 to 4 waste / water for 30 days. In system 2, it has been exposed to full sun, with 68 kilos of kitchen waste, 10 kilos of manure, 7 pH, 1 to 1 waste / water, for 30 days. Results: Gas production per month in system 2 was 4.6 liters, with no production observed in system 1 (p = 0.000). With an average production of kitchen waste at the Hospital of Clinics of 22077 ± 780 kilos per month, an estimated production of 1485 ± 61 liters of biogas (R2 = 97.98 p = 0.000) per month. Conclusion: biodigesters allow obtaining clean and low-cost energy from a renewable source.

Biodigestores como tecnologia social para promoção da saúde: Estudo de caso para saneamento residencial em áreas periféricas / Biodigesters as social technology for health promotion: Case study for residential sanitation in peripheral áreas

Esse artigo relaciona o panorama do saneamento no Brasil com enfoque no reaproveitamento dos resíduos orgânicos e do esgoto sanitário, através de modelos de saneamento ecológico, com intuito de promover a saúde. O biodigestor é um exemplo de tecnologia social que possibilita sanear e obter energia em forma de gás natural através da biodigestão anaeróbia para áreas rurais e periurbanas. No estudo, o biodigestor foi classificado entre sua aplicabilidade: rurais, industriais e residenciais. No entanto, no contexto brasileiro, as residências provenientes de ocupação desordenada e áreas rurais, geralmente, não possuem tratamento de esgoto adequado. Assim, foram levantados dados sobre diferentes modelos de biodigestores, através de estudo de caso dos sistemas biodigestores do Vale Encantado e Águas do Imperador. Foi dado foco aos biodigestores residenciais, como tecnologias sociais, a partir de estudo de caso da comunidade do Vale Encantado. Para a construção deste estudo, a metodologia foi: Revisão Bibliográfica, Revisão Documental, Pesquisa Qualitativa, Estudo de caso e Observação Participante com saída de campo. Pode-se demonstrar que é possível solucionar de forma descentralizada a disposição final dos resíduos orgânicos e esgoto doméstico, para 20 pessoas, com aplicação em um restaurante comunitário ( Vale Encantado), e para aproximadamente 3.000 pessoas, com aplicabilidade em uma comunidade ou área periurbana (Águas do Imperador). Conclui-se que os biodigestores são uma alternativa de tecnologia social para o saneamento, principalmente em regiões onde soluções convencionais não são uma possibilidade financeiramente viável. (AU)

(This article relates the panorama of sanitation in Brazil with a focus on the reuse of organic waste and sanitary sewage, through ecological sanitation models, in order to promote health. The biodigester is an example of social technology that makes it possible to sanitize and obtain energy in the form of natural gas through anaerobic biodigestion to rural and peri-urban areas. In the study, biodigester was classified among its applicability: rural, industrial and residential. However, in the Brazilian context, residences coming from disordered occupation and rural areas generally do not have adequate sewage treatment. Thus, data were collected on different models of biodigesters, through a case study of the biodigesters systems of Vale Encantado and Águas do Imperador. A focus was given to residential biodigesters, such as social technologies, based on a case study of the Vale Encantado community. For the construction of this study, the methodology was: Bibliographic Review, Documentary Review, Qualitative Research, Case Study and Participant Observation with field output. I t can be demonstrated that it is possible to solve in a decentralized way the final disposal of organic waste and domestic sewage, for 20 people, with application in a community restaurant (Vale Encantado), and for approximately 3,000 people, applicable in a community or peri-urban area (Waters of the Emperor). It is concluded that biodigesters are a social technology alternative for sanitation, especially in regions where conventional solutions are not a financially viable possibility. (AU)

Biogas from poultry waste-production and energy potential.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of heat treatment on poultry litter with different levels of reutilisation for potential generation of biogas in experimental biodigesters. Chicken litter used was obtained from two small-scale poultry houses where 14 birds m-2 were housed for a period of 42 days per cycle. Litter from aviary 1 received no heat treatment while each batch of litter produced from aviary 2 underwent a fermentation process. For each batch taken, two biodigesters were set for each aviary, with hydraulic retention time of 35 days. The efficiency of the biodigestion process was evaluated by biogas production in relation to total solids (TS) added, as well as the potential for power generation. Quantified volumes ranged from 8.9 to 41.1 L of biogas for aviary 1, and 6.7 to 33.9 L of biogas for aviary 2, with the sixth bed reused from both aviaries registering the largest biogas potential. Average potential biogas in m3 kg-1 of TS added were 0.022 to 0.034 for aviary 1 and 0.015 to 0.022 for aviary 2. Energy values ​​of biogas produced were calculated based on calorific value and ranged from 0.06 to 0.33 kWh for chicken litter without fermentation and from 0.05 to 0.27 kWh for chicken litter with fermentation. It was concluded that the re-use of poultry litter resulted in an increase in biogas production, and the use of fermentation in the microbiological treatment of poultry litter seems to have negatively influenced production of biogas.

Biogas production: litter from broilers receiving direct-fed microbials and an enzyme blend

The effect of additives used in the feed of broilers on anaerobic bio-digestion of poultry litter was evaluated. Four diets were used: NC: negative control; DFM: NC + 500 ppm direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis; ENZ: diet formulated with an enzyme blend (20 ppm phytase, 200 ppm protease and 200 ppm xylanase); DFM+E: ENZ + DFM. Substrates for the anaerobic bio-digestion were prepared with litter from each treatment, containing 4 % total solids (TS). These were used in 16 continuous bio-digesters with a 2 kg d1 load, to determine the production and potential biogas production and composition during an 85-day period. Influent and effluent samples were collected for the amounts of TS and volatile solids (VS), fiber fraction (neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF] and lignin), nutrients (N, P and K), and total and thermotolerant coliforms to be determined. For all treatments a reduction in the following effluents was observed as follows: TS (49, 48, 48 and 50 %) VS (70, 54, 55 and 62 %) NDF (91, 90, 95 and 96 %) ADF (89, 88, 93 and 94 %) and lignin (80, 76, 89 and 88 %). The efficiency of the treatment for coliforms in bio-digesters was higher than 90 % in the 85-day period in all treatment groups. There was a reduction in biogas and methane production when DFM (5500 and 4000 mL) and DFM + E (5800 and 4100 mL) were used, compared to treatments NC (6300 mL and 4400) and ENZ (6400 and 4500 mL). The potential production of reduced TS and VS was higher in ENZ (1:00 and 1.74 106 mL kg1) when compared to NC (0.88 and 1:02 106 mL kg1), DFM (0.80 and 1:40 106 mL kg1) and DFM + E (0.88 1:25 and 106 mL kg1). The additives did not affect the percentage of methane production, and all treatments showed values higher than 70 %. Adding enzymes to the diet of broilers influences the litter characteristics and, as a consequence, increases biogas production. The addition of DFM and DFM + E to broiler diets reduced biogas and methane production.

Biogas production: litter from broilers receiving direct-fed microbials and an enzyme blend

The effect of additives used in the feed of broilers on anaerobic bio-digestion of poultry litter was evaluated. Four diets were used: NC: negative control; DFM: NC + 500 ppm direct-fed microbials (DFM) containing Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis; ENZ: diet formulated with an enzyme blend (20 ppm phytase, 200 ppm protease and 200 ppm xylanase); DFM+E: ENZ + DFM. Substrates for the anaerobic bio-digestion were prepared with litter from each treatment, containing 4 % total solids (TS). These were used in 16 continuous bio-digesters with a 2 kg d1 load, to determine the production and potential biogas production and composition during an 85-day period. Influent and effluent samples were collected for the amounts of TS and volatile solids (VS), fiber fraction (neutral detergent fiber [NDF], acid detergent fiber [ADF] and lignin), nutrients (N, P and K), and total and thermotolerant coliforms to be determined. For all treatments a reduction in the following effluents was observed as follows: TS (49, 48, 48 and 50 %) VS (70, 54, 55 and 62 %) NDF (91, 90, 95 and 96 %) ADF (89, 88, 93 and 94 %) and lignin (80, 76, 89 and 88 %). The efficiency of the treatment for coliforms in bio-digesters was higher than 90 % in the 85-day period in all treatment groups. There was a reduction in biogas and methane production when DFM (5500 and 4000 mL) and DFM + E (5800 and 4100 mL) were used, compared to treatments NC (6300 mL and 4400) and ENZ (6400 and 4500 mL). The potential production of reduced TS and VS was higher in ENZ (1:00 and 1.74 106 mL kg1) when compared to NC (0.88 and 1:02 106 mL kg1), DFM (0.80 and 1:40 106 mL kg1) and DFM + E (0.88 1:25 and 106 mL kg1). The additives did not affect the percentage of methane production, and all treatments showed values higher than 70 %. Adding enzymes to the diet of broilers influences the litter characteristics and, as a consequence, increases biogas production. The addition of DFM and DFM + E to broiler diets reduced biogas and methane production.(AU)

Avaliação da produção de biogás de dejetos de suínos utilizando a metodologia de superfície de resposta / Evaluation of biogas production of swine waste using response surface methodology

O presente estudo avaliou as condições operacionais que podem maximizar a produção do biogás a partir do uso de biodigestores. Os ensaios experimentais foram conduzidos utilizando dejetos de suínos em fase de terminação, com concentração de sólidos totais na coleta de 70,6% p/v. Os experimentos avaliaram, segundo a metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR), a influência de cinco fatores: temperatura, concentração inicial de matéria orgânica e influência da adição de nutrientes inorgânicos (FeSO4×7H2O, NiSO4×6H2O e MnSO4×4H2O). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para a concentração de biomassa inicial de 395 a 595 g.L-1 e a temperatura de 33,5 a 44ºC. Em relação ao uso de nutrientes no processo de biodigestão anaeróbia, os resultados permitiram concluir que houve significativa redução no tempo de retenção hidráulica (TRH) e maior produtividade de biogás.

This study evaluated the operational conditions that maximize the production of biogas from the use of digesters. Experimental tests were conducted using termination phase swine wastes, with total solids in collecting 70.6% w/v. The experiments evaluated according to the response surface methodology (RSM), the influence of five factors: temperature, initial concentration of organic matter and influence of inorganic nutrients addition (FeSO4×7H2O, NiSO4×6H2O and MnSO4×4H2O). Better results were obtained for the initial concentration biomass of 395 to 595 g.L-1 and temperatures from 33.5 to 44ºC. Regarding the use of nutrients in the anaerobic digestion process, the results showed that there was significant reduction in hydraulic retention time and increased biogas productivity.

Utility of specific biomarkers to assess safety of swine manure for biofertilizing purposes.

Swine production is an important economic activity in Brazil, and there is interest in the development of clean production mechanisms to support sustainable agro-industrial activities. The biomass derived from swine manure has good potential to be used as a biofertilizer due to its high nutrient concentration. However, the land application of manure should be based on safety parameters such as the presence of pathogens that can potentially infect animals and people. This study was designed to assess the presence of porcine circovirus-2 (PCV2), porcine adenovirus (PAdV), rotavirus-A (RV-A) and Salmonella spp. in liquid manure, as well the infectivity of two genotypes of circovirus-2 (PCV2a and PCV2b) present in liquid manure. Three swine farms were evaluated: 1) a nursery production farm (manure analyzed before and after anaerobic biodigestion), 2) a grow-finish production farm (analyzed before and after anaerobic biodigestion), and 3) a second grow-finish production farm (raw manure-affluent). PCV2, PAdV and RV-A were present before and after anaerobic biodigestion (either affluent or effluent) at all farms. Salmonella spp. were detected at farm 1 (affluent and effluent) and farm 3 (raw manure-affluent) but not farm 2 (affluent and effluent). When the ability of the anaerobic biodigestion process to reduce viral concentration was evaluated, no significant reduction was observed (P>0.05). Both the PCV2a and PCV2b genotypes were detected, suggesting viral co-infection in swine production. The results revealed infectious PCV2 even after anaerobic biodigestion treatment. The presence of Salmonella spp. and enteric viruses, especially infectious PCV2, in the final effluent from the anaerobic biodigester system suggests that the process is inefficient for pathogen inactivation. Due to the prevalence and infectivity of PCV2 and considering the successful use of molecular methods coupled to cell culture for detecting infectious PCV2, we suggest that this virus can be used as a bioindicator in swine manure treatment systems to check the efficiency of pathogen inactivation and ensure the production of safe biofertilizers from swine manure.

Anaerobic digestion of vinasse: energetic application of biogas and acquisition of credits of carbon a case / Biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça: aproveitamento energético do biogás e obtenção de créditos de carbono estudo de caso

The increase of the ethanol production in Brazil leads to growing of vinasse (main by-product of sugar and alcohol industry), worsing the problem related to its destinantion. Vinasse is rich in nutrients and has a high content of organic matter, which justifies its intense ferti-irrigation use in sugar cane crop areas. Thus, the anaerobic digestion of vinasse by UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion) reactor emerges as an alternative treatment for this by-product, showing also an economic factor, the production of methane and its use. This work aimed to implement the system of anaerobic digestion of vinasse in UASB reactor and the use of energy generated by biogas. In this way, the design of UASB was based on organic volumetrical load of vinasse. The estimation of the baseline was based on the mass balance between the carbon present in the vinasse and CO2 emitted by the aerobic degradation of effluent into the environment. From the compute emissions, it was found that emissions from the baseline and the project implementation would be the same, and additionally it could be occur the production of electricity by biogas. In this way, biogas produced by anaerobic digestion has a competitive energy potential compared to other energy sources and presents additionality; however, carbon credits marked could not be a financial attractive in the development of this type of pro

A crescente produção de etanol no Brasil acarretou aumento na produção de vinhaça (principal subproduto da indústria sucroalcoleira), agravando o problema de sua destinação. A vinhaça é rica em nutrientes minerais e apresenta elevado teor de matéria orgânica, o que justifica sua intensa utilização na fertirrigação de áreas cultivadas com cana. Neste cenário, a biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça em reatores UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion) surge como uma alternativa de tratamento deste subproduto apresentando, ainda, um fator econômico: a produção de metano e seu aproveitamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade do sistema de digestão anaeróbia da vinhaça em reatores UASB, bem como o aproveitamento do biogás para geração de energia elétrica e obtenção de créditos de carbono. A estimativa da linha de base foi feita com base no balanço de massa entre o carbono presente na vinhaça e o CO2 emitido pela degradação aeróbia deste efluente no ambiente. Verificou-se que as emissões de linha de base e da implantação do projeto serão as mesmas, sendo que a adicionalidade é a produção de energia elétrica, uma vez que o biogás é uma fonte renovável de energia. Desta forma, pôde-se concluir que o biogás produzido pela biodigestão anaeróbia apresenta potencial energético competitivo com outras fontes energéticas e que o aproveitamento energético do biogás

Anaerobic digestion of vinasse: energetic application of biogas and acquisition of credits of carbon – a case / Biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça: aproveitamento energético do biogás e obtenção de créditos de carbono – estudo de caso

The increase of the ethanol production in Brazil leads to growing of vinasse (main by-product of sugar and alcohol industry), worsing the problem related to its destinantion. Vinasse is rich in nutrients and has a high content of organic matter, which justifies its intense ferti-irrigation use in sugar cane crop areas. Thus, the anaerobic digestion of vinasse by UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion) reactor emerges as an alternative treatment for this by-product, showing also an economic factor, the production of methane and its use. This work aimed to implement the system of anaerobic digestion of vinasse in UASB reactor and the use of energy generated by biogas. In this way, the design of UASB was based on organic volumetrical load of vinasse. The estimation of the baseline was based on the mass balance between the carbon present in the vinasse and CO2 emitted by the aerobic degradation of effluent into the environment. From the compute emissions, it was found that emissions from the baseline and the project implementation would be the same, and additionally it could be occur the production of electricity by biogas. In this way, biogas produced by anaerobic digestion has a competitive energy potential compared to other energy sources and presents additionality; however, carbon credits marked could not be a financial attractive in the development of this type of pro

A crescente produção de etanol no Brasil acarretou aumento na produção de vinhaça (principal subproduto da indústria sucroalcoleira), agravando o problema de sua destinação. A vinhaça é rica em nutrientes minerais e apresenta elevado teor de matéria orgânica, o que justifica sua intensa utilização na fertirrigação de áreas cultivadas com cana. Neste cenário, a biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça em reatores UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion) surge como uma alternativa de tratamento deste subproduto apresentando, ainda, um fator econômico: a produção de metano e seu aproveitamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade do sistema de digestão anaeróbia da vinhaça em reatores UASB, bem como o aproveitamento do biogás para geração de energia elétrica e obtenção de créditos de carbono. A estimativa da linha de base foi feita com base no balanço de massa entre o carbono presente na vinhaça e o CO2 emitido pela degradação aeróbia deste efluente no ambiente. Verificou-se que as emissões de linha de base e da implantação do projeto serão as mesmas, sendo que a adicionalidade é a produção de energia elétrica, uma vez que o biogás é uma fonte renovável de energia. Desta forma, pôde-se concluir que o biogás produzido pela biodigestão anaeróbia apresenta potencial energético competitivo com outras fontes e

Anaerobic digestion of vinasse: energetic application of biogas and acquisition of credits of carbon a case / Biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça: aproveitamento energético do biogás e obtenção de créditos de carbono estudo de caso

The increase of the ethanol production in Brazil leads to growing of vinasse (main by-product of sugar and alcohol industry), worsing the problem related to its destinantion. Vinasse is rich in nutrients and has a high content of organic matter, which justifies its intense ferti-irrigation use in sugar cane crop areas. Thus, the anaerobic digestion of vinasse by UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion) reactor emerges as an alternative treatment for this by-product, showing also an economic factor, the production of methane and its use. This work aimed to implement the system of anaerobic digestion of vinasse in UASB reactor and the use of energy generated by biogas. In this way, the design of UASB was based on organic volumetrical load of vinasse. The estimation of the baseline was based on the mass balance between the carbon present in the vinasse and CO2 emitted by the aerobic degradation of effluent into the environment. From the compute emissions, it was found that emissions from the baseline and the project implementation would be the same, and additionally it could be occur the production of electricity by biogas. In this way, biogas produced by anaerobic digestion has a competitive energy potential compared to other energy sources and presents additionality; however, carbon credits marked could not be a financial attractive in the development of this type of pro

A crescente produção de etanol no Brasil acarretou aumento na produção de vinhaça (principal subproduto da indústria sucroalcoleira), agravando o problema de sua destinação. A vinhaça é rica em nutrientes minerais e apresenta elevado teor de matéria orgânica, o que justifica sua intensa utilização na fertirrigação de áreas cultivadas com cana. Neste cenário, a biodigestão anaeróbia da vinhaça em reatores UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion) surge como uma alternativa de tratamento deste subproduto apresentando, ainda, um fator econômico: a produção de metano e seu aproveitamento. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a aplicabilidade do sistema de digestão anaeróbia da vinhaça em reatores UASB, bem como o aproveitamento do biogás para geração de energia elétrica e obtenção de créditos de carbono. A estimativa da linha de base foi feita com base no balanço de massa entre o carbono presente na vinhaça e o CO2 emitido pela degradação aeróbia deste efluente no ambiente. Verificou-se que as emissões de linha de base e da implantação do projeto serão as mesmas, sendo que a adicionalidade é a produção de energia elétrica, uma vez que o biogás é uma fonte renovável de energia. Desta forma, pôde-se concluir que o biogás produzido pela biodigestão anaeróbia apresenta potencial energético competitivo com outras fontes energéticas e que o aproveitamento energético do biogás

Viabilidade de ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos após passagem em biodigestor anaeróbio / Inactivation of trichostrongylid nematode eggs by anaerobic digestion of cattle slurry

Em um estudo realizado no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite (CNPGL) da EMBRAPA, em Coronel Pacheco, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, utilizou-se um biodigestor modelo indiano, com o objetivo de estimar o efeito inativante da fermentação anaeróbica em ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Amostras de fezes foram contidas em cilindros metálicos telados com malha de 22m e submersas no biodigestor por períodos de 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 e 56 dias. Os resultados do número de larvas recuperadas foi comparado com amostras padrão, submetidas a condições ótimas para o desenvolvimento dos ovos. Somente foram conseguidos níveis de motivação de ovos maiores que 80%, em amostras retidas por períodos superiores a 30 dias. Os efluentes de biodigestores podem veicular contaminação para culturas e pastagens fornecidas verdes, especialmente os oriundos de biodigestores mesofílicos operados com períodos de retenção menores que 30 dias.

An experiment was carried out at the National Dairy Cattle Research Center, of EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Research Organization), in Coronel Pacheco, Zona da Mata Region of Minas Gerais State. To estimate the rate of inactivity of gastro-intestinal worm eggs submitted to anaerobic conditions on a biodigester (Indian model), fecal samples were contained in metallic cylinders with 22m openings and submerged in the anaerobic digester for 7. 14. 21. 28 and 56 days. The number of larvae extracted from culture of the feces after digester passage was compared with cultures mantained in optimal conditions. Levels of inactivation of eggs were greater than 80% only in samples retained for more than 30 days in the biodigester. Effluents of anaerobic digester are potential contaminators of gastro-intestinal worm eggs to crops and fodders, specially in mesophilic digesters, with small chambers, in which the retention period is less than 30 days.

Viabilidade de ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos após passagem em biodigestor anaeróbio

An experiment was carried out at the National Dairy Cattle Research Center, of EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Research Organization), in Coronel Pacheco, Zona da Mata Region of Minas Gerais State. To estimate the rate of inactivity of gastro-intestinal worm eggs submitted to anaerobic conditions on a biodigester (Indian model), fecal samples were contained in metallic cylinders with 22m openings and submerged in the anaerobic digester for 7. 14. 21. 28 and 56 days. The number of larvae extracted from culture of the feces after digester passage was compared with cultures mantained in optimal conditions. Levels of inactivation of eggs were greater than 80% only in samples retained for more than 30 days in the biodigester. Effluents of anaerobic digester are potential contaminators of gastro-intestinal worm eggs to crops and fodders, specially in mesophilic digesters, with small chambers, in which the retention period is less than 30 days.

Em um estudo realizado no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite (CNPGL) da EMBRAPA, em Coronel Pacheco, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, utilizou-se um biodigestor modelo indiano, com o objetivo de estimar o efeito inativante da fermentação anaeróbica em ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Amostras de fezes foram contidas em cilindros metálicos telados com malha de 22m e submersas no biodigestor por períodos de 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 e 56 dias. Os resultados do número de larvas recuperadas foi comparado com amostras padrão, submetidas a condições ótimas para o desenvolvimento dos ovos. Somente foram conseguidos níveis de motivação de ovos maiores que 80%, em amostras retidas por períodos superiores a 30 dias. Os efluentes de biodigestores podem veicular contaminação para culturas e pastagens fornecidas verdes, especialmente os oriundos de biodigestores mesofílicos operados com períodos de retenção menores que 30 dias.

Viabilidade de ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos após passagem em biodigestor anaeróbio

An experiment was carried out at the National Dairy Cattle Research Center, of EMBRAPA (Brazilian Agricultural Research Organization), in Coronel Pacheco, Zona da Mata Region of Minas Gerais State. To estimate the rate of inactivity of gastro-intestinal worm eggs submitted to anaerobic conditions on a biodigester (Indian model), fecal samples were contained in metallic cylinders with 22m openings and submerged in the anaerobic digester for 7. 14. 21. 28 and 56 days. The number of larvae extracted from culture of the feces after digester passage was compared with cultures mantained in optimal conditions. Levels of inactivation of eggs were greater than 80% only in samples retained for more than 30 days in the biodigester. Effluents of anaerobic digester are potential contaminators of gastro-intestinal worm eggs to crops and fodders, specially in mesophilic digesters, with small chambers, in which the retention period is less than 30 days.

Em um estudo realizado no Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Gado de Leite (CNPGL) da EMBRAPA, em Coronel Pacheco, Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, utilizou-se um biodigestor modelo indiano, com o objetivo de estimar o efeito inativante da fermentação anaeróbica em ovos de nematódeos gastrintestinais de bovinos. Amostras de fezes foram contidas em cilindros metálicos telados com malha de 22m e submersas no biodigestor por períodos de 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 e 56 dias. Os resultados do número de larvas recuperadas foi comparado com amostras padrão, submetidas a condições ótimas para o desenvolvimento dos ovos. Somente foram conseguidos níveis de motivação de ovos maiores que 80%, em amostras retidas por períodos superiores a 30 dias. Os efluentes de biodigestores podem veicular contaminação para culturas e pastagens fornecidas verdes, especialmente os oriundos de biodigestores mesofílicos operados com períodos de retenção menores que 30 dias.