Bird Fauna Composition in a Protected Area in Southern Brazil.

The integrity of natural landscapes is affected by human actions, mainly by the intensification and expansion of agriculture. Factors such as fragment size and the structure of the environment can determine changes in the structure and composition of bird assemblages. In this study we evaluated the bird species composition in three structurally different forest environments, defined as the Core areas, Edge areas, and Buffer areas. The surveys were performed in the Natural Park of Sertão (NPS) and its surroundings in the southern limit of the Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil. To record species composition of birds, the point count method was used. The bird species were categorized according to feeding habits, habitat use, and sensitivity to forest fragmentation. A total of 131 species of birds distributed in 18 orders and 38 families were recorded. The species composition varied between the three areas and there was a significant difference in diversity between the Core and Edge areas and the Core and Buffer areas. Omnivorous species were found more in the Buffer areas than in the Core areas. Species that use the Broad habitat were more frequent in the Buffer and Edge areas than in the Core areas. Species that use the Forest habitat were found more in the Core areas than in the Buffer areas. Most recorded species (66%) have low sensitivity to forest fragmentation. The assemblage patterns found in this study, notably the differences among the three areas in diversity and species composition, can be explained by the ecological traits and the sensitivity levels of birds to forest fragmentation, which in turn seem to reflect different forest structures in the NPS and its surroundings. Although the Edge and Buffer areas have greater diversity, the Core areas showed great importance in maintaining species that are more sensitive to forest fragmentation. Even the largest fragments (such as the NPS), considering the regional context, may have bird species that are widely distributed and less sensitive to forest fragmentation. Forested habitat species may no longer occur or be restricted to the core area of the fragments. For conservation of bird fauna in the NPS, the maintenance of the core areas is essential, especially for those species that require a structurally preserved environment.

Historical knowledge, richness and relative representativeness of the avifauna of the largest native urban rainforest in the world

Stretching for more than 10,000 ha in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, Serra da Cantareira comprises the largest native urban rainforest in the World, harboring a rich and diverse Atlantic Forest avifauna. Despite its closeness to major urban areas, few bird surveys have been conducted there. In this article we present an updated compilation of all bird species recorded for Serra da Cantareira, including personal records from the authors. A total of 326 species have been recorded for Serra da Cantareira since 1901; of these, nine have not been sighted there for the last two decades. The number of bird species endemic to the Atlantic Forest is high (80), and seven of its species are globally threatened. According to multivariate analyses the species diversity at Serra da Cantareira is similar to other regions of the Atlantic Forest, such as Carlos Botelho and Intervales state parks, where the vegetation is also ombrophilous dense forest. We discuss local changes in the avifaunal composition over the last decades and suggest the incorporation of large forest remnants to the Cantareira State Park to mitigate the impact of the northern section of Rodoanel Mário Covas, a highway (SP-21) that will soon be operational and will negatively impact the biodiversity of Serra da Cantareira.(AU)

Historical knowledge, richness and relative representativeness of the avifauna of the largest native urban rainforest in the world

Stretching for more than 10,000 ha in the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo, southeastern Brazil, Serra da Cantareira comprises the largest native urban rainforest in the World, harboring a rich and diverse Atlantic Forest avifauna. Despite its closeness to major urban areas, few bird surveys have been conducted there. In this article we present an updated compilation of all bird species recorded for Serra da Cantareira, including personal records from the authors. A total of 326 species have been recorded for Serra da Cantareira since 1901; of these, nine have not been sighted there for the last two decades. The number of bird species endemic to the Atlantic Forest is high (80), and seven of its species are globally threatened. According to multivariate analyses the species diversity at Serra da Cantareira is similar to other regions of the Atlantic Forest, such as Carlos Botelho and Intervales state parks, where the vegetation is also ombrophilous dense forest. We discuss local changes in the avifaunal composition over the last decades and suggest the incorporation of large forest remnants to the Cantareira State Park to mitigate the impact of the northern section of Rodoanel Mário Covas, a highway (SP-21) that will soon be operational and will negatively impact the biodiversity of Serra da Cantareira.

Successional stage effect on the availability of tree cavities for cavity-nesting birds in an Atlantic Forest park from the state of São Paulo, Brazil / Efeito do estágio sucessional na disponibilidade de cavidades para aves que nidificam em ocos de árvores em um parque da Mata Atlântica do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract The availability of suitable cavities and substrate for hole construction can limit the populations of birds that rely on tree hollows to reproduce. Several studies have focused on the effects of types of habitats, and types of human disturbances on cavities abundance, but the effect of successional stages in the Atlantic Forest has been poorly addressed. In this study we aimed to compare the availability and biometric characteristics of tree cavities between primary and mid-successional stage sites in an Atlantic Forest area from southeastern Brazil. Based on nest characteristics described in the literature, we inferred if hollows present in secondary sites could harbor the large secondary-nester Atlantic Forest birds, with special attention to toucans and hawks. From September 2016 to April 2017, 96 cavities were sampled, 67 in the primary, and 29 in the secondary plots. Our data revealed that the communities of cavity-nester birds in mid-successional stage areas may be more affected by the reduced cavity availability than by cavities quality, as the number of cavities in these sites was less than half than that found in mature forests. We also provide evidences that the largest cavity nesters, such as the biggest hawks, might have limited nesting possibilities in mid-successional stage areas especially due to small cavity entrances, which may have important reflects in conservation strategies.

Resumo A disponibilidade de cavidades adequadas e o substrato para a escavação de ocos podem limitar as populações de aves que dependem das cavidades de árvores para se reproduzir. Vários estudos se concentraram nos efeitos dos tipos de habitats e em tipos de distúrbios antrópicas sobre a disponibilidade de cavidades, mas o efeito da sucessão ecológica na Mata Atlântica é muito pouco investigado. Neste estudo, buscamos comparar a disponibilidade e algumas características biométricas das cavidades de árvores entre áreas em estágio primário e secundário-médio na Mata Atlântica do sudeste do Brasil. Baseado nas características dos ninhos das espécies que ocorrem na área de estudo, também deduzimos se as cavidades que estão presentes em áreas secundárias poderiam abrigar as maiores aves que nidificam em cavidades, mas que são incapazes de escavá-las, com atenção especial aos tucanos e falcões. De setembro de 2016 a abril de 2017, 96 cavidades foram amostradas, 67 em áreas primárias e 29 em parcelas em locais de floresta secundária. Nossos dados revelaram que a comunidade de aves dependentes de ocos para nidificação em áreas em estágio médio de sucessão podem ser mais afetadas pela baixa disponibilidade de cavidades do que pela qualidade das cavidades, já que o número de cavidades nesses locais foi menos da metade do que o encontrado em florestas maduras. Também evidenciou-se que os nidificadores de cavidades de maior porte, como os grandes falcões, podem ter possibilidades de nidificação limitadas nas áreas de estágio médio de sucessão, especialmente devido ao tamanho reduzido das entradas de cavidades, o que pode ter importantes reflexos em estratégias de conservação.

Distribuição e conservação das aves na região do Cantão, Tocantins: ecótono Amazônia/Cerrado / Bird distribution and conservation on Cantão region, State of Tocatins: Amazon/Cerrado ecotone

A região do Cantão é uma transição entre a Amazônia e o Cerrado. Mesmo com a presença de duas unidades de conservação, o Parque Estadual do Cantão e a Área de Proteção Ambiental Ilha do Bananal/Cantão, a interferência humana é intensa. Inventários avifaunísticos realizados nestas áreas identificaram 418 espécies, sendo 382 neste estudo. Destas, 27 são endêmicas amazônicas e 9 do Cerrado. Quatro espécies são consideradas vulneráveis de extinção: Penelope ochrogaster, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, Cercomacra ferdinandi e Synallaxis simoni. Este estudo também adiciona ainda oito novas espécies para a lista total de espécies do bioma Cerrado. A região também se destaca pela presença de migratórias neárticas, sendo identificadas dez espécies, entre elas, Pluvialis dominica, Actites macularia, Falco peregrinus e Progne subis. Ainda que as unidades de conservação locais exerçam um importante papel na conservação destas espécies, diversas ameaças colocam em risco suas populações, principalmente o turismo desorganizado no Parque e a expansão da agropecuária na APA. Sugere-se a realização de ações de manejo e a ampliação das áreas de conservação priorizando as florestas, varjões e Ipucas (capões de mata natural) ainda bem preservados na região.

The Cantão region is a complex transition between Amazonia and Cerrado. Human interference is widespread even though the region is covered by two protected areas: the Cantão State Park and the Bananal Island/Cantão Environmental Protection Area. Bird inventories identified 418 species in the region, 382 on the present study. Of those, 27 are Amazonian and 9 Cerrado endemics. Four bird species are listed in the IUCN's red list as vulnerable: Penelope ochrogaster, Harpyhaliaetus coronatus, Cercomacra ferdinandi and Synallaxis simoni. This study also added eight species to the Cerrado biome list. The Cantão region is important for ten nearctic migrant species, including Pluvialis dominica, Actites macularia, Falco peregrinus and Progne subis. Habitat loss and deterioration caused by unsustainable tourism within the State Park, as well as cattle ranching and agriculture expansion within the Environmental Protected Area may have a strong impact on the populations of several bird species. We suggest that management actions should be focused on improving management and increasing coverage of protected areas to encompass marshlands and the Ipucas (natural forest patches) that are still well preserved in the region.