Insulin Therapy on Bone Macroscopic, Microarchitecture, and MechanicalProperties of Tibia in Diabetic Rats.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated tibia's macroscopic structure, mechanical properties, and bone microarchitecture in rats with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). METHODS: Eighteen animals were divided into three groups (n=6): Non-diabetic (ND), diabetic (D), and diabetic+insulin (DI). T1DM was induced by streptozotocin; insulin was administered daily (4IU). The animals were euthanized 35 days after induction. The tibiae were removed and analyzed using macroscopic, micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) and three-point bending. The macroscopic analysis measured proximal-distal length (PD), antero-posterior thickness (AP) of proximal (AP-P) and distal (AP-D) epiphysis, and lateral-medial thickness (LM) of proximal (LM-P) and distal (LM-D) epiphysis. Micro-CT analysis closed porosity, tissue mineral density, and cortical thickness. The three-point bending test measured maximum strength, energy, and stiffness. RESULTS: The macroscopic analysis showed that D presented smaller measures of length and thickness (AP and AP-P) than ND and DI. More extensive measurements were observed of LM and AP-D thickness in DI than in D. In micro-CT, DI showed larger cortical thickness than D. Mechanical analysis showed lower strength in D than in other groups. CONCLUSIONS: T1DM reduces bone growth and mechanical strength. Insulin therapy in diabetic rats improved bone growth and fracture resistance, making diabetic bone similar to normoglycemic animals.

How do bones grow? A mathematical description of the mechanobiological behavior of the epiphyseal plate.

Growth modulation is an emerging method for the treatment of skeletal deformities originating in the long bones or the vertebral bodies. It requires the controlled application of mechanical loads to the affected bone, causing an alteration of the growth and ossification process occurring in a cartilaginous region called epiphyseal growth plate or physis. In order to avoid the possibility of under- or over-correction, quantification of the applied forces is necessary. Pursuing this goal, here we propose a phenomenological model of mechanobiological effects on the epiphyseal growth plate, based on the observed similarity between the mechanobiologically induced growth and viscoelastic material behavior. The model incorporates mechanical loading effects on growth direction, growth rate and ossification speed; it also allows to evaluate the occurrence of transient effects. Model consistency was tested against a rather large set of experiments existing in the literature. A generic simplified geometrical model of bones was established for this. Analytical solutions for growth and ossification evolution were obtained for different loading conditions, allowing to test the ability of the model to describe bone growth under various kinds of mechanical loading conditions. Model-predicted changes regarding epiphyseal growth plate thickness as well as longitudinal growth speed are consistent with experiments in which static tension or compression were applied to long bones. Results suggest that when the mechanical load is sinusoidally variable, conflicting data existing in the literature could be explained by a previously unconsidered effect of the the applied load initial phase. The model can accurately fit data regarding torsional loads effects on growth. Mechanobiological data for humans is very scarce. For this reason, when possible, the model parameters values were estimated, for the proposed generic geometry, after growth measurements in animal models available in the literature. Although it is not possible to assert their validity for humans, the proposed model along with the obtained parameters values give a rational foundation to be used in more advanced computational studies.

A Rare Case of Desmoplastic Fibroma. Spontaneous Mandibular Regeneration with 3 Years Follow up - Case Report.

Desmoplastic fibroma is a benign, rare, but locally aggressive lesion. The intraosseous type rarely presents in the jaws. Desmoplastic fibroma represents the intraosseous counterpart of the soft tissue fibromatoses or desmoid tumor, affects predominantly young people with an affinity for the mandible. The aim of this article is to describe a rare case of spontaneous bone regeneration after resection of intraosseous type of Desmoplastic fibroma. We report a case of intraosseous Desmoplastic fibroma involving right body and ramus of the mandible of a 17 years old, male patient, that underwent surgical procedure by Risdon access to remove all lesion with 1 cm free margins and reconstructed with 2.4 mm plate. After 3 years follow up, spontaneous bone regeneration was found with no signs of recurrence of the lesion. In conclusion, cases of spontaneous bone regeneration after mandibular resection is rare and there are few studies and case report in the literature.

Relación morfológica entre el hueso hioides y la mandíbula en una muestra de esqueletos estudiados / Morphological relationship between the hyoid bone and the mandible in a sample of skeletons studied

Introducción: El crecimiento de los tejidos esqueléticos constituye una respuesta secundaria, compensatoria y mecánicamente obligada a cambiar las matrices funcionales. Cuando por alguna razón las matrices funcionales se ven afectadas en su crecimiento, los tejidos esqueléticos responden también con un grado de afectación dependiendo del momento en que esta se produzca. Entonces la mandíbula como parte del viscerocráneo debe presentar esa relación con el hueso hioides de forma directa. Objetivos: Asociar el comportamiento morfológico del hueso hioides con variables morfológicas de la mandíbula y verificar sí la morfología de los huesos pertenecientes a los esqueletos estudiados está determinada por el conjunto de tejidos blandos que los rodea y marcan el ritmo del proceso de remodelación de crecimiento. Material y Métodos: Se realizó la continuación del estudio osteológico en una muestra ósea de 82 esqueletos con mediciones morfométricas del hueso hioides y la mandíbula. Para evaluar la relación de la morfología del hueso hioides con respecto a la mandíbula, se utilizaron matrices de coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson en SPSS versión 22 de Window. Resultados: Se corrobora la relación de la morfología del hueso hioides con el crecimiento del viscerocráneo, debido a la correlación positiva y significativa entre varias variables morfológicas del hioides que se obtuvo, -tanto a nivel de su cuerpo como sus astas o cuernos mayores-, con la mandíbula. Conclusiones: Existe una asociación de la morfología del hueso hioides con respecto a la morfología de la mandíbula(AU)

Introduction: The growth of skeletal tissues constitutes a secondary, compensatory and mechanically obliged response to change the functional matrixes. When the growth of functional matrixes is affected for any reason, the skeletal tissues also respond with a degree of affectation depending on the moment in which it occurs. Then the mandible, as part of the viscerocranium, must present that relationship with the hyoid bone directly. Objective: To associate the morphological behavior of the hyoid bone with the morphological variables of the mandible and verify if the morphology of the bones belonging to the skeletons studied is determined by the set of soft tissues that surround them and set the pace of the growth remodeling process. Material and Methods: The continuation of the osteological study was carried out in a bone sample of 82 skulls by performing morphometric measurements of the hyoid bone and the mandible. Pearson's linear correlation coefficient matrices in SPSS Version 22 were used to evaluate the relationship between the morphology of the hyoid bone and the bones of the mandible. Results: The relationship between the morphology of the hyoid bone and the growth of the viscerocranium is corroborated by the positive and significant correlation between several morphological variables of the hyoid bone obtained - both at the level of its body and its greater horns -, and the mandible. Conclusions: These findings corroborate the association between the morphology of the hyoid bone and the growth of the mandible(AU)

High intensity sports promote the development of healthy bone tissue / Esportes de alta intensidade promovem o desenvolvimento de tecido ósseo saudável / Deportes de alta intensidad promueven el desarrollo del tejido óseo saludable

ABSTRACT Introduction: Physical exercise can promote the growth and development of bones and delay bone loss; it is more effective when started young. Objective: This paper analyzes the impact of human exercise on human bone health. Methods: A questionnaire survey was conducted on elementary school students, and basic physical fitness monitoring was conducted. The physical fitness monitoring indicators covered ten items such as height and weight. Results: After the questionnaire survey and physical examination, it was found that there are differences in various physiological indicators between students who exercise frequently compared with students who exercise less frequently. Conclusion: Physical exercise can promote skeletal tissue development, therefore, young people should increase the practice of physical exercise. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Introdução: O exercício físico pode promover o crescimento e desenvolvimento de ossos e postergar a perda óssea; é mais eficaz quando iniciado na infância. Objetivo: Este estudo analisa o impacto do exercício na saúde óssea humana. Métodos: Um questionário de sondagem foi conduzido com alunos do ensino básico; um monitoramento de preparo físico básico foi feito. Os indicadores do monitoramento de preparo físico cobriam dez itens, como altura e peso. Resultados: Após o questionário de sondagem e exame físico, verificou-se que havia diferenças em vários indicadores fisiológicos entre os alunos que faziam exercícios com frequência e aqueles que se exercitavam com menor frequência. Conclusão: O exercício físico pode promover o desenvolvimento do tecido esquelético. Portanto, jovens devem aumentar a prática de exercícios físicos. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.

RESUMEN Introducción: El ejercicio físico puede promover el crecimiento y desarrollo de huesos y retardar la pérdida ósea, y es más eficaz cuando iniciado en la infancia. Objetivo: Este estudio analiza el impacto del ejercicio físico en la salud ósea humana. Métodos: Se condujo una encuesta de sondeo con alumnos de la enseñanza básica y se hizo un monitoreo de la preparación física básica. Los indicadores del monitoreo de preparación física abarcaban diez ítems, como altura y peso. Resultados: Tras la encuesta de sondeo y examen físico, se verificó que había diferencias en varios indicadores fisiológicos entre los alumnos que hacían ejercicios con frecuencia y aquellos que se ejercitaban con menor frecuencia. Conclusión: El ejercicio físico puede promover el desarrollo del tejido esquelético. Por lo tanto, jóvenes deben aumentar la práctica de ejercicios físicos. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.

Relación morfológica entre el hueso hioides y el viscerocráneo en una muestra de esqueletos / Morphologic relationship between the hyoid bone and the viscerocranium in a sample of skeletons

Introducción: El movimiento corporal, obedece y produce actividad del músculo esquelético para lo cual debe existir un equilibrio muscular estático, a partir del cual se genere el desplazamiento de los elementos anatómicos, involucrados en él, ya sea como respuesta a la volición o a la percepción inconsciente al estímulo que lo demande. Objetivo: Asociar el comportamiento morfológico del hioides con ciertas variables morfológicas del viscerocráneo de esqueletos (excepto la mandíbula). Material y Métodos: Se realizó estudio osteológico en una muestra ósea de 82 esqueletos mediante mediciones morfométricas del hueso hioides y huesos del viscerocráneo. Se utilizaron matrices de coeficiente de correlación lineal de Pearson en SPSS 22 para evaluar la relación de la morfología del hioides con respecto a la morfología de los huesos de la cara. Variables morfológicas del viscerocráneo como ancho bicigomático (abc), ancho transversal externo del paladar óseo (pote), ancho sagital externo del paladar óseo (pose) y la altura del tercio medio de la cara (tmed). Resultados: Se obtuvo una gran correlación positiva y significativa de distintas variables morfológicas del hioides, -tanto de su cuerpo como de sus astas o cuernos mayores- con las variables morfológicas del viscerocráneo. Conclusiones: Se corrobora la asociación de la morfología del hueso hioides con el crecimiento de los huesos del viscerocráneo(AU)

Introduction: Body movement obeys and produces activity in the skeletal muscle for which there must be a static muscle equilibrium that produces the movement of the anatomic elements involved in it, either as a result of volition or as the unconscious perception of a stimulus. Objective: To associate the morphological behavior of the hyoid bone with some morphological variables of the viscerocranium of skeletons (except the jaw). Material and Methods: An osteological study was carried out in a bone sample of 82 skulls by performing morphometric measurements of the hyoid bone and the bones of the viscerocranium. Pearson's correlation coefficient and SPSS Version 22 were used to evaluate the relationship between the morphology of the hyoid bone and the facial bones. Morphological variables of the viscerocranium include: bizygomatic width (BW), external transverse width of the hard palate (ETWHP), external sagittal width of the hard palate (ESWHP), and the height of the middle third of the face (MTF). Results: A very strong positive correlation between different morphological variables of the hyoid bone, -both at the level of its antlers or greater horns- and the morphological variables of the viscerocranium was obtained. Conclusions: These findings corroborate the association between the hyoid bone and the growth of facial bones(AU)

Morfología cefalométrica de la sínfisis del mentón en individuos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador / Cephalometric morphology of chin symphysis in young individuals from the city of Quito-Ecuador

Resumen Introducción: La sínfisis del mentón aporta equilibrio, simetría y armonía al rostro. Por ser una estructura anatómica mandibular muy importante y altamente modificable en cirugía estética, se considera indispensable conocer su morfología y así obtener una correcta interacción en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y terapéutica médico-odontológica. Objetivo: Determinar la morfología sínfisis del mentón en jóvenes adultos de la ciudad de Quito- Ecuador, año 2019, mediante la identificación de las longitudes sagitales y coronales. Metodología: Este estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptivo-observacional, con temporalidad retrospectiva. Se calibraron, analizaron y trazaron 384 radiografías digitales laterales de adultos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador, año 2019 en el software AutoCAD-2019. Resultados: Existió una elevada frecuencia de la forma geométrica cuadrada (60%) con respecto a la rectangular (40%), adicionalmente se identificó que la figura cuadrada es más frecuente en individuos de sexo femenino y sujetos clase I (56%) y II (70%), además de todos los patrones de crecimiento vertical hipodivergentes (58%), normodivergentes (64%) e hiperdivergentes (57%). Conclusiones: La forma cuadrada de la sínfisis del mentón es mayor que la forma rectangular. Por la originalidad de los resultados, se sugiere realizar nuevos estudios que correlacionen la morfología mentoniana con las diferentes estructuras cráneo-maxilofaciales.

Abstract Introduction: The chin symphysis contributes to the balance, symmetry and harmony of the face. Since it is an important anatomical jaw structure and highly modifiable in aesthetic surgery, it is considered crucial to know its morphology and, thus, obtain a correct interaction in the diagnosis, prognosis and medical-dental therapy. Objective: To determine the symphysis morphology of the chin in young adults in the city of Quito, Ecuador, in the year 2019, through the identification of sagittal and coronal lengths. Methodology: This study had a quantitative approach, descriptive-observational type, with retrospective temporality. We calibrated, analyzed and plotted 384 lateral digital radiographs of young adults from the city of Quito-Ecuador, year 2019 in the software AutoCAD-2019. Results: There was a high frequency of the square geometric shape (60%) in comparison to the rectangular one (40%). Additionally, it was identified that the square figure is more frequent in female individuals and class I (56%) and II (70%) subjects, in addition to all the hypodivergent (58%), normodivergent (64%) and hyperdivergent (57%) vertical growth patterns. Conclusions: The square shape of the chin symphysis is larger than the rectangular shape. Due to the originality of the results, it is suggested to carry out new studies that correlate chin morphology with the different cranio-maxillofacial structures.

Organ histopathological associations with hyperostosis frontalis interna in humans / Asociaciones histopatológicas de órganos con hiperostosis frontal interna en humanos

SUMMARY: An increased thickening of the frontal bone by irregular laminar additions on the inner surface just deep to the dura mater have been known in the archaeological and medical record as hyperostosis frontalis interna (HFI). The distribution of this is idiosyncratically restricted to the frontal and has no known etiology. The prevalence among post-menopausal females and rarity in males suggests that it is hormonally driven. Here we report histopathological findings of particularly hormonally active organs (pituitaries, gonads and liver) from a geriatric cadaveric sample in which HFI is assessed. HFI was present in 50 % of males (7/14) and 95 % (21/22) of females. All males with HFI had testicular atrophy or had testes absent. Males with HFI category C or D had moderate to severe testicular atrophy. Decreased numbers of interstitial cells (Leydig cells) were present in 83.3 % of males with HFI. All but one female (21/22) from this study exhibited evidence of HFI, and ovarian pathologies were unevenly distributed (fibromas in two) and most exhibited signs of being healthy and post-menopausal. Liver pathologies had opposite patterns between the sexes, with more liver pathologies occurring among males without HFI (particularly passive congestion and bile stasis). The only exceptions were that the one case of liver neoplasia was found in a male with HFI and steotosis was found in two cases with HFI and one case without HFI. In females all cases of liver pathologies (steotosis, hepatitis, passive congestion, fibrosis, and bile stasis) were associated with HFI. It appears that gonadal pathology is most closely associated with HFI in males but not females, suggesting that the role of estradiol in this unusual growth of bone in geriatric humans may be worth investigating further.

RESUMEN: Un aumento del engrosamiento del hueso frontal, por adiciones laminares irregulares en la superficie interna, justo en la profundidad de la duramadre, se conoce en los registros arqueológicos y médicos como hiperostosis frontal interna (HFI). La distribución de ésta, se restringe idiosincráticamente al hueso frontal y no tiene etiología conocida. La prevalencia entre las mujeres posmenopáusicas y la rareza en los hombres sugiere que se debe a las hormonas. Aquí informamos los hallazgos histopatológicos de órganos hormonalmente activos (hipófisis, gónadas e hí- gado) de una muestra de cadáveres geriátricos en la que se evaluó HFI. La HFI estuvo presente en el 50 % de los hombres (7/14) y el 95 % (21/22) de las mujeres. Todos los hombres con HFI tenían atrofia testicular o no tenían testículos. En los hombres con HFI categoría C o D se observó atrofia testicular de moderada a grave. Hubo una disminución en el número de células intersticiales (células de Leydig) en el 83,3 % de los hombres con HFI. En 21de 22 mujeres se observó evidencia de HFI, y las patologías ováricas se distribuyeron de manera desigual (fibromas en dos) y la mayoría exhibió signos de estar sana y posmenopáusica. Las patologías hepáticas tenían patrones opuestos entre los sexos, con más patologías hepáticas entre los hombres sin HFI (particularmente congestión pasiva y estasis biliar). Las excepciones fueron que el único caso de neoplasia hepática se encontró en un varón con HFI y se presentó esteatosis en dos casos con HFI y un caso sin HFI. En las mujeres, todos los casos de patologías hepáticas (esteatosis, hepatitis, congestión pasiva, fibrosis y estasis biliar) se asociaron con HFI. Al parecer la patología gonadal está más estrechamente asociada con la HFI en los hombres que en las mujeres, lo que sugiere un rol del estradiol en este crecimiento inusual de hueso en hombres de avanzada edad. Sería importante realizar investigaciones más detalladas precisas respecto a la hiperostosis frontal interna.

Assessment of craniofacial and dental characteristics in individuals with treacher collins syndrome. A review.

Treacher Collins Syndrome (TCS) is a genetic disorder with predominantly autosomal dominant inheritance, associated with different mutations in specific genes. This review aimed to evaluate the facial, temporomandibular, zygomatic and bucco-dental phenotype in TCS individuals, and describe surgical and non-surgical solutions for each case in order to improve the quality of life of these individuals. A review of the literature on the craniofacial characteristics of the TCS was carried out, using the PICO strategy, and then a systematic search method was performed in Medline, Scopus, LILACS and SCIELO databases, identifying articles of impact and relevance until 10 June 2020, 240 articles were recovered and only 35 fulfilled the selection criteria. We found the main craniofacial and oral morphological characteristics of these individuals, and the possible functional alterations inducing repercussion in the stomatognathic apparatus. Among other characteristics, the most representative include hypoplasia in the zygomatic and mandibular complex, which can cause difficulty in breathing and feeding. In some cases, cleft palate and malocclusions such as anterior open bite may lead to Angle's Class II malocclusion, sometimes causing problems in the temporomandibular joint. In conclusion, individuals with TCS have specific craniofacial features including maxillary hypoplasia, altered orbital zones, mandibular retrognathia, and temporomandibular disorders. Oral deformities produce to a higher prevalence of caries and calculus formation because of poor hygiene due to the malformations present in these patients.

Abnormal Thyroid Hormone Status Differentially Affects Bone Mass Accrual and Bone Strength in C3H/HeJ Mice: A Mouse Model of Type I Deiodinase Deficiency.

C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice are deficient of type I deiodinase (D1), an enzyme that activates thyroid hormone (TH), converting thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3). Nevertheless, C3H mice present normal serum T3 and a gross euthyroid phenotype. To investigate if a global D1 deficiency interferes in the TH effects on bone, we compared bone growth, bone mass accrual and bone strength of C3H and C57BL/6J (B6) mice under abnormal TH status. Four-week-old female mice of both strains were grouped as Euthyroid, Hypothyroid (pharmacologically-induced), 1xT4 and 10xT4 (hypothyroid animals receiving 1- or 10-fold the physiological dose of T4 /day/16 weeks). Hypothyroidism and TH excess similarly impaired body weight (BW) gain and body growth in both mice strains. In contrast, whereas hypothyroidism only slightly impaired bone mineral density (BMD) accrual in B6 mice, it severely impaired BMD accrual in C3H mice. No differences were observed in serum and bone concentrations of T3 between hypothyroid animals of both strains. Interestingly, treatment with 10xT4 was less deleterious to BMD accrual in C3H than in B6 mice and resulted in less elevated T3 serum levels in B6 than in C3H mice, which is probably explained by the lower D1 activity in C3H mice. In addition, hypothyroidism decreased bone strength only in C3H but not in B6 mice, while TH excess decreased this parameter in both strains. These findings indicate that D1 deficiency contributes to the TH excess-induced differences in bone mass accrual in C3H vs. B6 mice and suggest that deiodinase-unrelated genetic factors might account for the different skeleton responses to hypothyroidism between strains.

Zoledronic acid effect on bone of growing rats / Efecto del ácido zoledrónico en el hueso de ratas en crecimiento

Zoledronic acid (ZA) is an antiresorptive drug used in children with bone diseases like osteogenesis imperfecta, juvenil osteoporosis, fibrous dysplasia and primary bone tumors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of ZA dose accumulation on growing bone during different periods of treatment in normal rats. Methods: A 4x2 factorial design was used to study the effect of the dose of ZA (D: 0-2.5-12.5-25 µg Z/kg body weight/s.c. weekly) and the length of treatment (T: 15-30 days) in normal female Sprague Dawley rats. Bone morphometric, histomorphometric, densitometric and biomechanical studies were performed. Results: Femoral length and cross-sectional area were affected by both D and T. A significant interaction between D and T was observed in length with a lower value at higher dose and 30 days of treatment. Growth plate of the tibia showed a decrease in total thickness with D and T. Histomorphometric and connectivity parameters of trabecular bone were significantly increased with D and several parameters were also affected by T. Cortical bone strength was increased only with T. Biomechanical parameters of trabecular bone showed significant interaction with greater effect at higher D and T. Conclusion: Even though a mild negative effect of the highest dose of ZA on linear and appositional growth was observed, the other bone parameters evaluated were improved. A careful risk/benefit analysis would lead us to conclude that the mild deleterious effects of ZA during growth are outweighed by the benefit obtained with treatment. (AU)

El ácido zoledrónico (AZ) es un fármaco antirresortivo utilizado en niños con enfermedades óseas como osteogénesis imperfecta, osteoporosis juvenil, displasia fibrosa y tumores óseos primarios. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los efectos de las dosis acumuladas de AZ en el hueso en crecimiento de ratas hembras normales durante diferentes períodos de tratamiento. Métodos: se utilizó un diseño factorial de 4x2 para estudiar el efecto de la dosis de AZ (D: 0-2,5-12,5-25 µg Z / kg de peso corporal /sc semanalmente) y el período de tratamiento (T: 15-30 días) en ratas Sprague Dawley. Se realizaron estudios óseos morfométricos, histomorfométricos, densitométricos y biomecánicos. Resultados: la longitud y el área de sección transversal del fémur se vieron afectadas tanto por D como por T. Se observó una interacción significativa entre D y T en la longitud obteniéndose un valor más bajo a la dosis más alta y a 30 días de tratamiento. El cartílago de crecimiento de la tibia mostró una disminución en el espesor total con D y T. Los parámetros histomorfométricos y de conectividad del hueso trabecular aumentaron significativamente con D y varios parámetros también se vieron afectados por T. La fortaleza ósea cortical aumentó solo con T. Los parámetros biomecánicos del hueso trabecular mostraron una interacción significativa con un mayor efecto a mayor D y T. Conclusión: a pesar que se observó un leve efecto negativo de la dosis más alta de AZ sobre el crecimiento lineal y aposicional, el resto de los parámetros óseos evaluados mejoraron. Un análisis cuidadoso del riesgo /beneficio permite concluir que los efectos negativos leves del AZ durante el crecimiento son superados por el beneficio obtenido con el tratamiento. (AU)

Desenvolvimento ósseo e densitometria radiográfica em codorna-japonesa (Coturnix japonica) / Bone development and radiographic densitometry in japanese-quail (Coturnix japonica)

O desenvolvimento ósseo nas aves é diferenciado e, radiograficamente, não existe uma placa de crescimento visível. A densitometria radiográfica (DR) é utilizada para avaliar e mensurar a densidade óssea. Foram utilizadas cinquenta e quatro codornas-japonesas (Coturnix japonica) de um dia de vida e de ambos os sexos. A cada três dias foram pesados dois animais e, em seguida, identificados, submetidos à eutanásia e radiografados. Foi utilizada uma escada de alumínio de vinte e um degraus para a mensuração densitométrica. Realizaram-se mensurações de comprimento do úmero, rádio, ulna, fêmur, tibiotarso e tarsometatarso; correlação do período de postura com a ocorrência de hiperostose poliostótica (HP) nos ossos longos; bem como avaliação densitométrica ao longo de 80 dias. Houve aumento na densidade óssea conforme crescimento em comprimento dos ossos em úmero, seguido pelo tibiotarso, ulna e fêmur, verificado principalmente no período de sete a 13 dias de vida. No úmero e no fêmur, houve significativo aumento de densidade óssea também entre 70 a 79 dias. A partir do 61º dia, foi identificada a presença de hiperostose poliostótica nos fêmures das fêmeas. A DR é uma técnica aplicável em C. japonica como um método acessível e de baixo custo. Os resultados confirmam um grande aumento mineral ao longo do crescimento e durante a postura, confirmando a presença de HP na espécie.

In birds, bone development is distinct and there is no radiographically obvious growth plate. Radiographic densitometry (RD) has been used to evaluate and measure bone density. Fifty-four one day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica), of both sexes, were used. Every three days, two animals were weighed, identified, euthanized and x-rayed. A 21-step aluminum step wedge was used for densitometric measurements. The length of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus was measured. Bone density increased as the bones grew in length in humerus followed by tibiotarsus, ulna and femur between 7 and 13 days of age. The humerus and femur increased also between 70-79 days. From day 61 it was possible to identify polyostotic hyperostosis in female femurs. Radiographic densitometry is an accessible and low cost method applicable in C. japonica. The results confirm a large mineral deposition increasing during growth and also during the laying phase, confirming the presence of polyostotic hyperostosis in this specie.

Decreased levels of vitamin D3 and supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in broilers

ABSTRACT: An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of decreased levels of vitamin D3 in the premix and 1,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside (1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside) supplementation on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in 42d old broilers. Seven-d-old male chickens Cobb500® were distributed in a randomized design with six treatments: a control diet with inclusion of vitamin D3 in the premix, without supplementation of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, and five diets with decreased levels of vitamin D3 (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% about the control) plus the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, 50g ton-1 of diet. The main results were to reduce the tenor of Vitamin D3 in the premix when the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside did not affect (P>0.05) the performance, carcass yield and bone quality variables. However, performance (feed intake, gain weight, feed conversion), yield (warm carcass weight) and bone quality (dry weight, length, mineral matter and breaking strength) of broilers fed with diets without vitamin D3 in the premix and with addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, which was the single source of vitamin D, had as a result very low (P 0.05) values comparing to the control. For the purposes of the present research, it was concluded that is possible the reduction of vitamin D3 tenor in the premix up to 75% when the diet of male broilers is supplemented with 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside. However, the use of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside as a single source of vitamin D, as tested here, is not recommended for broilers diets.

RESUMO: Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da diminuição dos níveis de vitamina D3 no premix e a suplementação de 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3-glicosídeo (1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo) sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade óssea em frangos de corte de 42 dias. Machos Cobb500® de sete dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos: uma dieta controle com inclusão de vitamina D3 no premix, sem suplementação de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo, e cinco dietas com níveis decrescentes de vitamina D3 (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% e 0% em relação ao controle) mais a adição de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo (50g ton-1 de dieta). Entre os principais resultados, foi observado que a redução do teor de vitamina D3 no premix quando adicionado 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo não afetou (P>0,05) o desempenho, o rendimento da carcaça e as variáveis da qualidade óssea. No entanto, as variáveis do desempenho e o rendimento (consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso da carcaça quente) e da qualidade dos ossos (peso seco, comprimento, matéria mineral e resistência à ruptura) de frangos alimentados com dietas sem vitamina D3 no premix, com a adição de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo como a única fonte de vitamina D, teve como resultado valores muito baixos (P 0,05) em comparação ao controle. Para os propósitos da presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que é possível a redução do teor de vitamina D3 no premix até 75% quando a dieta de frangos de corte machos é suplementada com 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo. No entanto, o uso de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo como única fonte de vitamina D, conforme testado aqui, não é recomendado para dietas de frangos de corte.

Decreased levels of vitamin D3 and supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in broilers / Diminuição dos níveis de vitamina D3 e suplementação com 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3 glicosídeo sobre o desempenho, o rendimento da carcaça e a qualidade dos ossos em frangos de corte

An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of decreased levels of vitamin D3 in the premix and 1,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside (1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside) supplementation on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in 42d old broilers. Seven-d-old male chickens Cobb500® were distributed in a randomized design with six treatments: a control diet with inclusion of vitamin D3 in the premix, without supplementation of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, and five diets with decreased levels of vitamin D3 (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% about the control) plus the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, 50g ton-1 of diet. The main results were to reduce the tenor of Vitamin D3 in the premix when the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside did not affect (P>0.05) the performance, carcass yield and bone quality variables. However, performance (feed intake, gain weight, feed conversion), yield (warm carcass weight) and bone quality (dry weight, length, mineral matter and breaking strength) of broilers fed with diets without vitamin D3 in the premix and with addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, which was the single source of vitamin D, had as a result very low (P 0.05) values comparing to the control. For the purposes of the present research, it was concluded that is possible the reduction of vitamin D3 tenor in the premix up to 75% when the diet of male broilers is supplemented with 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside. However, the use of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside as a single source of vitamin D, as tested here, is not recommended for broilers diets.

Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da diminuição dos níveis de vitamina D3 no premix e a suplementação de 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3-glicosídeo (1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo) sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade óssea em frangos de corte de 42 dias. Machos Cobb500® de sete dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos: uma dieta controle com inclusão de vitamina D3 no premix, sem suplementação de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo, e cinco dietas com níveis decrescentes de vitamina D3 (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% e 0% em relação ao controle) mais a adição de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo (50g ton-1 de dieta). Entre os principais resultados, foi observado que a redução do teor de vitamina D3 no premix quando adicionado 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo não afetou (P>0,05) o desempenho, o rendimento da carcaça e as variáveis da qualidade óssea. No entanto, as variáveis do desempenho e o rendimento (consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso da carcaça quente) e da qualidade dos ossos (peso seco, comprimento, matéria mineral e resistência à ruptura) de frangos alimentados com dietas sem vitamina D3 no premix, com a adição de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo como a única fonte de vitamina D, teve como resultado valores muito baixos (P 0,05) em comparação ao controle. Para os propósitos da presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que é possível a redução do teor de vitamina D3 no premix até 75% quando a dieta de frangos de corte machos é suplementada com 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo. No entanto, o uso de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo como única fonte de vitamina D, conforme testado aqui, não é recomendado para dietas de frangos de corte.(AU)

Desenvolvimento ósseo e densitometria radiográfica em codorna-japonesa (Coturnix japonica) / Bone development and radiographic densitometry in japanese-quail (Coturnix japonica)

O desenvolvimento ósseo nas aves é diferenciado e, radiograficamente, não existe uma placa de crescimento visível. A densitometria radiográfica (DR) é utilizada para avaliar e mensurar a densidade óssea. Foram utilizadas cinquenta e quatro codornas-japonesas (Coturnix japonica) de um dia de vida e de ambos os sexos. A cada três dias foram pesados dois animais e, em seguida, identificados, submetidos à eutanásia e radiografados. Foi utilizada uma escada de alumínio de vinte e um degraus para a mensuração densitométrica. Realizaram-se mensurações de comprimento do úmero, rádio, ulna, fêmur, tibiotarso e tarsometatarso; correlação do período de postura com a ocorrência de hiperostose poliostótica (HP) nos ossos longos; bem como avaliação densitométrica ao longo de 80 dias. Houve aumento na densidade óssea conforme crescimento em comprimento dos ossos em úmero, seguido pelo tibiotarso, ulna e fêmur, verificado principalmente no período de sete a 13 dias de vida. No úmero e no fêmur, houve significativo aumento de densidade óssea também entre 70 a 79 dias. A partir do 61º dia, foi identificada a presença de hiperostose poliostótica nos fêmures das fêmeas. A DR é uma técnica aplicável em C. japonica como um método acessível e de baixo custo. Os resultados confirmam um grande aumento mineral ao longo do crescimento e durante a postura, confirmando a presença de HP na espécie.(AU)

In birds, bone development is distinct and there is no radiographically obvious growth plate. Radiographic densitometry (RD) has been used to evaluate and measure bone density. Fifty-four one day-old Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica), of both sexes, were used. Every three days, two animals were weighed, identified, euthanized and x-rayed. A 21-step aluminum step wedge was used for densitometric measurements. The length of the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibiotarsus and tarsometatarsus was measured. Bone density increased as the bones grew in length in humerus followed by tibiotarsus, ulna and femur between 7 and 13 days of age. The humerus and femur increased also between 70-79 days. From day 61 it was possible to identify polyostotic hyperostosis in female femurs. Radiographic densitometry is an accessible and low cost method applicable in C. japonica. The results confirm a large mineral deposition increasing during growth and also during the laying phase, confirming the presence of polyostotic hyperostosis in this specie.(AU)

Decreased levels of vitamin D3 and supplementation with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in broilers / Diminuição dos níveis de vitamina D3 e suplementação com 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3 glicosídeo sobre o desempenho, o rendimento da carcaça e a qualidade dos ossos em frangos de corte

ABSTRACT: An experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of decreased levels of vitamin D3 in the premix and 1,25-dyhydroxyvitamin D3-glycoside (1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside) supplementation on performance, carcass yield and bone quality in 42d old broilers. Seven-d-old male chickens Cobb500® were distributed in a randomized design with six treatments: a control diet with inclusion of vitamin D3 in the premix, without supplementation of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, and five diets with decreased levels of vitamin D3 (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 0% about the control) plus the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, 50g ton-1 of diet. The main results were to reduce the tenor of Vitamin D3 in the premix when the addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside did not affect (P>0.05) the performance, carcass yield and bone quality variables. However, performance (feed intake, gain weight, feed conversion), yield (warm carcass weight) and bone quality (dry weight, length, mineral matter and breaking strength) of broilers fed with diets without vitamin D3 in the premix and with addition of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside, which was the single source of vitamin D, had as a result very low (P<0.05) values comparing to the control. For the purposes of the present research, it was concluded that is possible the reduction of vitamin D3 tenor in the premix up to 75% when the diet of male broilers is supplemented with 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside. However, the use of 1,25(OH)2D3-glycoside as a single source of vitamin D, as tested here, is not recommended for broilers diets.

RESUMO: Um experimento foi realizado para avaliar o efeito da diminuição dos níveis de vitamina D3 no premix e a suplementação de 1,25-dihidroxivitamina D3-glicosídeo (1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo) sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e qualidade óssea em frangos de corte de 42 dias. Machos Cobb500® de sete dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com seis tratamentos: uma dieta controle com inclusão de vitamina D3 no premix, sem suplementação de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo, e cinco dietas com níveis decrescentes de vitamina D3 (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% e 0% em relação ao controle) mais a adição de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo (50g ton-1 de dieta). Entre os principais resultados, foi observado que a redução do teor de vitamina D3 no premix quando adicionado 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo não afetou (P>0,05) o desempenho, o rendimento da carcaça e as variáveis da qualidade óssea. No entanto, as variáveis do desempenho e o rendimento (consumo de ração, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar, peso da carcaça quente) e da qualidade dos ossos (peso seco, comprimento, matéria mineral e resistência à ruptura) de frangos alimentados com dietas sem vitamina D3 no premix, com a adição de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo como a única fonte de vitamina D, teve como resultado valores muito baixos (P<0,05) em comparação ao controle. Para os propósitos da presente pesquisa, concluiu-se que é possível a redução do teor de vitamina D3 no premix até 75% quando a dieta de frangos de corte machos é suplementada com 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo. No entanto, o uso de 1,25(OH)2D3-glicosídeo como única fonte de vitamina D, conforme testado aqui, não é recomendado para dietas de frangos de corte.

Morfología cefalométrica de la sínfisis del mentón en individuos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador

Introducción: La sínfisis del mentón aporta equilibrio, simetría y armonía al rostro. Por ser una estructura anatómica mandibular muy importante y altamente modificable en cirugía estética, se considera indispensable conocer su morfología y así obtener una correcta interacción en el diagnóstico, pronóstico y terapéutica médico-odontológica. Objetivo: Determinar la morfología sínfisis del mentón en jóvenes adultos de la ciudad de Quito- Ecuador, año 2019, mediante la identificación de las longitudes sagitales y coronales. Metodología: Este estudio tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo, tipo descriptivo-observacional, con temporalidad retrospectiva. Se calibraron, analizaron y trazaron 384 radiografías digitales laterales de adultos jóvenes de la ciudad de Quito-Ecuador, año 2019 en el software AutoCAD-2019. Resultados: Existió una elevada frecuencia de la forma geométrica cuadrada (60%) con respecto a la rectangular (40%), adicionalmente se identificó que la figura cuadrada es más frecuente en individuos de sexo femenino y sujetos clase I (56%) y II (70%), además de todos los patrones de crecimiento vertical hipodivergentes (58%), normodivergentes (64%) e hiperdivergentes (57%). Conclusiones: La forma cuadrada de la sínfisis del mentón es mayor que la forma rectangular. Por la originalidad de los resultados, se sugiere realizar nuevos estudios que correlacionen la morfología mentoniana con las diferentes estructuras cráneo-maxilofaciales.

Introduction: The chin symphysis contributes to the balance, symmetry and harmony of the face. Since it is an important anatomical jaw structure and highly modifiable in aesthetic surgery, it is considered crucial to know its morphology and, thus, obtain a correct interaction in the diagnosis, prognosis and medical-dental therapy. Objective: To determine the symphysis morphology of the chin in young adults in the city of Quito, Ecuador, in the year 2019, through the identification of sagittal and coronal lengths. Methodology: This study had a quantitative approach, descriptive-observational type, with retrospective temporality. We calibrated, analyzed and plotted 384 lateral digital radiographs of young adults from the city of Quito-Ecuador, year 2019 in the software AutoCAD-2019. Results: There was a high frequency of the square geometric shape (60%) in comparison to the rectangular one (40%). Additionally, it was identified that the square figure is more frequent in female individuals and class I (56%) and II (70%) subjects, in addition to all the hypodivergent (58%), normodivergent (64%) and hyperdivergent (57%) vertical growth patterns. Conclusions: The square shape of the chin symphysis is larger than the rectangular shape. Due to the originality of the results, it is suggested to carry out new studies that correlate chin morphology with the different cranio-maxillofacial structures.

Effects of excess maternal thyroxin on the bones of rat offspring from birth to the post-weaning period

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate, in rat offspring, bone changes induced by excess maternal thyroxin during pregnancy and lactation, and to assess the reversibility of these changes after weaning. Material and methods Twenty Wistar rats were distributed in two groups, hyperthyroid and control, that were treated daily with L-thyroxin (50 mcg/animal) and placebo, respectively. The treatment was initiated seven days before mating and continued throughout pregnancy and lactation. From every female of each of the two groups, two offspring were euthanized after birth, two at 21 days of age (weaning), and two at 42 days of age (21 days after weaning). In newborns, the length of pelvic and thoracic limbs were measured, and in the other animals, the length and width of the femur and humerus were measured. Bones were dissected, decalcified, embedded in paraffin, and analyzed histomorphometrically. Results Excess maternal thyroxin significantly reduced the length of the pelvic limb in neonates. In 21-day-old individuals, excess maternal thyroxine reduced the length and the width of the femur and the humerus. It also increased thickness of the epiphyseal plate and the percentage of trabecular bone tissue. In 42-day-old individuals, there were no significant differences between groups in relation to the parameters evaluated in the previous periods. Conclusion Excess maternal thyroxine reduced growth in suckling rats both at birth and at weaning, and it also increased the percentage of trabecular bone tissue in 21-day-old animals. These changes, however, were reversible at 42 days, i.e., 21 days after weaning. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2016;60(2):130-7.

Available phosphorus in diet of meat quail in the growth phase / Fósforo disponível na ração de codornas de corte em fase de crescimento

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the requirement of available phosphorus (aP) for meat quails in the growth phase (22 to 42 days old). A total of 650 birds were used, the levels of available phosphorus distributed in randomized block in a factorial design 5 x 2 (levels of aP x gender) with six replications of 13 birds per pen. The available phosphorus levels were studied: 0.11, 0.21, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.51%. We evaluated the feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, the amount of calcium, phosphorus and tibia ash of birds. No effect (p>0.05) interaction between the levels of aP and gender or the isolated effect of gender. It was found that aP levels only affected the body weight gain of quail (p0.05) by aP studied. Except tibia ash all bone variables were influenced for interaction (p0.01) among the factors and gender. For quail females recommended level of 0.51% available phosphorus in the diet, given the best results, and for males was not possible to recommend a level of available phosphorus

Este experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a exigência de fósforo disponível (Pd) para codornas de corte na fase de crescimento (22 a 42 dias de idade). Foram utilizadas 650 aves, sendo os níveis de fósforo disponível distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (níveis de Pd x sexo) com seis repetições de 13 aves por parcela. Os níveis de fósforo disponível estudados foram: 0,11; 0,21; 0,31; 0,41 e 0,51%. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o teor de cálcio, fósforo e cinzas na tíbia das aves. Não foi observado efeito (p>0,05) da interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e sexo ou o efeito isolado de sexo para o desempenho das aves. Verificou-se que os níveis de Pd influenciaram somente o ganho de peso das codornas (p0,05). Com exceção das cinzas na tíbia, todas as variáveis ósseas foram influenciadas pela interação (p

Fósforo disponível na ração de codornas de corte em fase de crescimento

SUMMARY This experiment was conducted to evaluate the requirement of available phosphorus (aP) for meat quails in the growth phase (22 to 42 days old). A total of 650 birds were used, the levels of available phosphorus distributed in randomized block in a factorial design 5 x 2 (levels of aP x gender) with six replications of 13 birds per pen. The available phosphorus levels were studied: 0.11, 0.21, 0.31, 0.41 and 0.51%. We evaluated the feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion, the amount of calcium, phosphorus and tibia ash of birds. No effect (p>0.05) interaction between the levels of aP and gender or the isolated effect of gender. It was found that aP levels only affected the body weight gain of quail (p0.05) by aP studied. Except tibia ash all bone variables were influenced for interaction (p0.01) among the factors and gender. For quail females recommended level of 0.51% available phosphorus in the diet, given the best results, and for males was not possible to recommend a level of available phosphorus.

RESUMO Este experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a exigência de fósforo disponível (Pd) para codornas de corte na fase de crescimento (22 a 42 dias de idade). Foram utilizadas 650 aves, sendo os níveis de fósforo disponível distribuídos em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 (níveis de Pd x sexo) com seis repetições de 13 aves por parcela. Os níveis de fósforo disponível estudados foram: 0,11; 0,21; 0,31; 0,41 e 0,51%. Avaliou-se o consumo de ração, o ganho de peso, a conversão alimentar, o teor de cálcio, fósforo e cinzas na tíbia das aves. Não foi observado efeito (p>0,05) da interação entre os níveis de fósforo disponível e sexo ou o efeito isolado de sexo para o desempenho das aves. Verificou-se que os níveis de Pd influenciaram somente o ganho de peso das codornas (p0,05). Com exceção das cinzas na tíbia, todas as variáveis ósseas foram influenciadas pela interação (p 0,01) entre os fatores e pelo sexo. Para codornas de corte fêmeas recomenda-se o nível 0,51% de fósforo disponível na ração, tendo em vista os melhores resultados obtidos, e para os machos não foi possível recomendar um nível de fósforo disponível.