Ferulic acid as major antioxidant phenolic compound of the Tetragonisca angustula honey collected in Vera Cruz - Itaparica Island, Bahia, Brazil

Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.

Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.

Ferulic acid as major antioxidant phenolic compound of the Tetragonisca angustula honey collected in Vera Cruz - Itaparica Island, Bahia, Brazil / Ácido ferúlico como principal composto fenólico antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula coletado em Vera Cruz - Ilha de Itaparica, Bahia, Brasil

Abstract The antioxidant activity of Tetragonisca angustula honey (TAH) and its ethanolic extract (TAEE) were investigated. The total levels of phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) were also evaluated. The results for TPC were 19.91 ± 0.38 and 29.37 ± 1.82 mg GAE g-1 and for TFC 0.20 ± 0.02 and 0.14 ± 0.01 mg QE g-1 of TAH and TAEE, respectively. Antioxidant activities were 73.29 ± 0.49% and 93.36 ± 0.27% in the DPPH● assay and 71.73 ± 4.07% and 97.86 ± 0.35% in ABTS●+ for TAH and TAEE, respectively. The total reducing activity was determined by the method of reducing power (PR) and iron ion (Fe III) and the results varied in PR from 151.7 ± 25.7 and 230.7 ± 25.2 mg GAE L-1, for TAH and TAEE respectively and for (Fe III) in EC50 0.284 in TAEE and 0.687 in TAH. Chemical analysis by HPLC-DAD of the ethanolic extract (TAEE) revealed the presence of ferulic acid as majority phenolic component in the extract. The 1H NMR analysis confirmed this structure and showed the also presence of glucose, citric acid, succinic acid, proline and hydrocarbon derivatives. In addition, the botanical origin was also investigated and showed a multifloral characteristic, having found 19 pollen types with a botanical predominance of the Anacardiaceae family, with Tapirira pollen occurring as predominant (42.6%) and Schinus as secondary (25.7%). The results showed that T. angustula honey is an interesting source of antioxidant phenolic compounds due to its floral origin and can act as a protector of human health when consumed.

Resumo A atividade antioxidante do mel de Tetragonisca angustula (TAH) e seu extrato etanólico (TAEE) foram investigados. Os níveis totais de fenólicos (TPC) e flavonóides (TFC) também foram avaliados. Os resultados para TPC foram 19,91 ± 0,38 e 29,37 ± 1,82 mg GAE g-1 e para TFC 0,20 ± 0,02 e 0,14 ± 0,01 mg QE g-1 de TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. As atividades antioxidantes foram 73,29 ± 0,49% e 93,36 ± 0,27% no ensaio DPPH● e 71,73 ± 4,07% e 97,86 ± 0,35% no ABTS●+ para TAH e TAEE, respectivamente. A atividade redutora total foi determinada pelo método de poder redutor (PR) e íon ferrico (Fe III) e os resultados variaram em PR de 151,7 ± 25,7 e 230,7 ± 25,2 mg GAE L-1, para TAH e TAEE respectivamente e para (Fe III) em EC50 0,284 em TAEE e 0,687 em TAH. A análise química por HPLC-DAD do extrato etanólico (TAEE) revelou a presença de ácido ferúlico como componente majoritário no extrato. A análise de RMN 1H confirmou esta estrutura e mostrou a presença de glicose, ácido cítrico, ácido succínico, prolina e derivados de hidrocarbonetos no TAEE. Além disso, a origem botânica também foi investigada e apresentou característica multifloral, tendo encontrado 19 tipos polínicos com predomínio botânico da família Anacardiaceae, sendo o pólen Tapirira predominante (42,6%) e o Schinus secundário (25,7%). Os resultados mostraram que o mel de T. angustula é uma interessante fonte de compostos fenólicos antioxidantes devido à sua origem floral e pode atuar como protetor da saúde humana quando consumido.

Fiat secundum artem: Botánica, Fotografía experimental y Ecocriticismo visual / Fiat secundum artem: Botany, Experimental Photography and Visual Ecocriticism

Se plantea el concepto de ecocriticismo visual a través de la fotografía experimental tomando como referente formal las plantas, uno de los principales objetos de estudio de la Botánica. Para ello, se presentan una serie de trabajos artísticos que recurren al empleo híbrido de diversas técnicas propias de la fotografía experimental como son el argirotipo, la cianotipia y las transferencias con disolventes, entre otras. El objetivo es conseguir una sensibilización social y una cura de la ceguera para las plantas (“plant blindness”) a través de la apreciación estética, desligada de un pragmatismo económico y egoísta propio del Antropoceno, abordando diversos aspectos ligados a la sostenibilidad como la emergencia climática, las energías limpias y la aplicación de tecnologías que comprometen la calidad medioambiental.(AU)

The concept of visual ecocriticism is proposed through experimental photography, taking plants as a formal reference, one of the main objects of study in Botany. To do this, a series of artistic works are presented that resort to the hybrid use of various techniques of experimental photography, such as the argyrotype, cyanotype and solvent transfers, among others. The objective is to achieve social awareness through aesthetic appreciation, detached from economic and selfish pragmatism, typical of the Anthropocene of various aspects linked to sustainability such as climatic emergency, clean energy and the application of technologies that compromise environmental quality.(AU)

Two new species of the genus Leptomyxa (Goodey, 1915) - Leptomyxa botanica n. sp. and Leptomyxa monrepos n. sp. from the soil habitats of Northwestern Russia.

Amoebae of the genus Leptomyxa have variable morphologies and can only be reliably identified using molecular data. However, species distinction based on the 18S rRNA gene sequence is difficult due to the very low level of sequence divergence among morphologically different species. The database for other genes is much smaller, and genomic data on Leptomyxa is almost absent. In this study, we describe two new terrestrial species of the genus Leptomyxa isolated from Northwestern Russia, Leptomyxa botanica n. sp. and Leptomyxa monrepos n. sp. Both species easily adopt an expanded fan-shaped form and have a complex structure of the nucleolar material. Phylogenetic analyses show a derived status of these two species. They form a clade with Leptomyxa valladaresi. Our tree confirms that the 18S rRNA gene sequences of Leptomyxa species are split into two large clades. The morphological synapomorphies of these clades are not obvious. This analysis is complicated by the lack of reliable morphological data on many sequenced strains and probable misidentification of some isolates.

Knowledge coproduction to improve assessments of nature's contributions to people.

Sustainability science needs new approaches to produce, share, and use knowledge because there are major barriers to translating research into policy and practice. Multiple actors hold relevant knowledge for sustainability including indigenous and local people who have developed over generations knowledge, methods, and practices that biodiversity and ecosystem assessments need to capture. Despite efforts to mainstream knowledge coproduction, less than 3% of the literature on nature's contributions to people (NCP) integrates indigenous and local knowledge (ILK). Approaches and tools to better integrate scientific and ILK knowledge systems in NCP assessments are urgently needed. To fill this gap, we conducted interviews with ILK experts from Abancay and Tamburco, Peru, and convened focus groups and workshops during which participatory mapping, a serious game, a Bayesian belief network based on ILK were introduced. We inventoried 60 medicinal plants used to treat different illnesses, and analyzed the spatial distribution of the 7 plants that contribute the most to a good quality of life, and delineated their nonmedicinal uses. Based on the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services conceptual framework, we defined dimensions of a good quality of life according to indigenous and local worldviews. Medicinal plants contributed strongly to health and household security, among other contributions. Climate change and overexploitation were the main perceived threats to medicinal plants, despite the existence of formal and customary institutions to regulate trade. Our approach was flexible enough to integrate diverse forms of knowledge, as well as qualitative and quantitative information from, for example, the Bayesian belief network.

Coproducción de conocimiento para mejorar la evaluación de las contribuciones de la naturaleza para las personas Resumen La ciencia de la sostenibilidad necesita nuevos enfoques para producir, compartir y utilizar los conocimientos, ya que existen grandes obstáculos para trasladar la investigación a la política y la práctica. Varios actores poseen conocimientos relevantes para la sostenibilidad, incluidos los pueblos originarios y locales que han desarrollado conocimientos, métodos y prácticas a lo largo de generaciones, que deben reflejarse en las evaluaciones de la biodiversidad y los ecosistemas. A pesar de los esfuerzos por integrar la coproducción de conocimientos, <3% de la bibliografía sobre las contribuciones de la naturaleza a las personas (CNP) integra los conocimientos autóctonos y locales (CAL). Se necesitan urgentemente enfoques y herramientas para integrar mejor los sistemas de conocimiento científico y los conocimientos autóctonos y locales en las evaluaciones de los CNP. Para llenar este vacío, realizamos entrevistas con expertos en CAL de Abancay y Tamburco, Perú, y convocamos grupos focales y talleres durante los cuales se introdujeron el mapeo participativo, un juego serio y una red de creencia bayesiana basada en CAL. Inventariamos 60 plantas medicinales utilizadas para tratar diferentes enfermedades y analizamos la distribución espacial de las siete especies de plantas que más contribuyen a una buena calidad de vida y delineamos sus usos no medicinales. A partir del marco conceptual de la Plataforma Intergubernamental Científico-Normativa sobre Diversidad Biológica y Servicios de los Ecosistemas, definimos las dimensiones de una buena calidad de vida según las cosmovisiones autóctonas y locales. Las plantas medicinales contribuían en gran medida a la salud y a la seguridad de los hogares, entre otras aportaciones. El cambio climático y la sobreexplotación fueron las principales amenazas percibidas para las plantas medicinales a pesar de la existencia de instituciones tradicionales que regulan el mercado. Nuestra estrategia fue lo suficientemente flexible para integrar el conocimiento diverso, así como la información cualitativa y cuantitativa, como por ejemplo la red de creencia bayesiana.

A. K. Wollstonecraft: una ilustradora botánica del siglo XIX en la isla de Cuba. Principales datos biográficos y una aproximación a su obra Specimens of the plants and fruits of the Island of Cuba (1826) / A. K. Wollstonecraft: a botanical illustrator from the 19th century on the island of cuba. Main biographical notes and an approximation to her work specimens of the plants and fruits of the island of cuba (1826)

Nancy Anne Kingsbury Wollstonecraft nació en octubre de 1781. Los primeros datos que tenemos sobre ella la sitúan en Estados Unidos, desde donde viajaría a Matanzas (Cuba), residiendo varios años allí y trabajando en una gran obra de botánica ilustrada, hasta su muerte, el 16 de mayo de 1828. La obra de Nancy Anne Kingsbury Wollstonecraft -a partir de ahora, A. K. Wollstonecraft- comprende observaciones sobre más de cien especies vegetales de la Isla de Cuba, datos sobre la etimología de su nomenclatura, usos y aplicaciones de las plantas, así como datos sobre los hechos históricos que la rodean y sus propias reflexiones personales. Esto convierte a esta obra en un manuscrito extraordinario que transita entre la ciencia, el arte y el relato de viajes. En este artículo se presentan las principales referencias de los datos biográficos conocidos hasta el momento y un análisis introductorio a su obra botánica ilustrada.(AU)

Nancy Anne Kingsbury Wollstonecraft was born in October 1781. The first information we have about her places her in the United States, where she would travel to Matanzas (Cuba), residing there for several years and working on a great manuscript on illustrated botany, until her death. death, May 16, 1828. The work of Nancy Anne Kingsbury Wollstonecraft -A. K. Wollstonecraft- includes observations on more than one hundred types of plants on the Island of Cuba through botanical classification, it also includes data on the etymology of its nomenclature, uses and applications, and data on the historical facts that surrounding their own personal reflections; which makes this work an extraordinary manuscript that travels through science, art, and travelogues. This paper explores the main references of the biographical data known to date and an introductory analysis of her illustrated botanical work.(AU)

Camellia sinensis, a natural product to support the treatment of medical and stomatological conditions / Camellia sinensis, un producto natural de apoyo al tratamiento de afecciones médicas y estomatológicas - revisión sistemática

Introduction: The tea plant, Camellia sinensis, is one of the most popular non-alcoholic beverages in the world. The main components of Camellia sinensis include amino acids, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, flavins and purine alkaloids (xanthines). For this reason, in the field of medicine, Camellia sinensis has been used as an anticancer, anxiolytic, antidiabetic, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, chemopreventive, cytotoxic and apoptogenic, genoprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, hemato-protective, and in wound healing, among other uses. Objective: To carry out a systematic review of the use of C. sinensis as supportive therapy in the treatment of oral disorders. Materials and Methods: This systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines. The search was carried out in the PubMed, ScienceDirect and Google Academic databases. Articles from studies of Camellia sinensis were reviewed and those from a secondary source, such as literature review articles, were excluded Results: A total of 12 full-text articles were selected for review, in which the properties of Camellia sinensis are detailed. Conclusions: According to the bibliography reviewed, C. sinensis exhibits anticariogenic properties, applications in the treatment of dental erosion, applications in the treatment of gingivitis and bacterial plaque, and applications in the prevention of oral cancer; however, more controlled clinical trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety of use.

Introducción: La planta del té es una de las bebidas no alcohólicas más populares en todo el mundo. Entre los principales componentes de Camellia sinensis tenemos los aminoácidos, ácidos grasos, compuestos fenólicos, flavinas y alcaloides de purina (xantinas). Por ello en medicina, la Camellia sinensis se ha utilizado como anticancerígeno, ansiolítico, antidiabético, antiobesidad, antiinflamatorio, analgésico, antipirético, quimiopreventivo, citotóxico y apoptógeno, genoprotector, hepatoprotector, nefroprotector, hematoprotector, cicatrizantes de heridas, entre otros. Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática del uso de C. sinensis como apoyo en el tratamiento de afecciones bucales. Materiales y Métodos: Esta revisión sistemática se llevó a cabo siguiendo los lineamientos PRISMA. La búsqueda se realizó en las bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct y Google Academic. Se revisaron los artículos de estudios de Camellia sinensis y se excluyeron aquellos de fuente secundaria, como los de revisión de la literatura. Resultados: Se seleccionaron un total de 12 artículos de texto completo para la revisión. En los que se detalla las propiedades de la Camellia sinensis. Conclusión: De acuerdo a la bibliografía revisada, la C. sinensis exhibió efecto anticariogénico, aplicación en el tratamiento de la erosión dental, aplicación en el tratamiento de gingivitis y placa bacteriana, y aplicación en la prevención del cáncer bucal, sin embargo, se necesitan realizar más ensayos clínicos controlados que confirmen su efectividad y seguridad de uso.

Del Chamanismo al Galenismo: un acercamiento a la curaduría de la nueva sala permanente del museo de la Academia Nacional de Medicina / From Shamanism to Galenism: an approach to the curatorship of the new permanent room of the museum of the National Academy of Medicine

La nueva sala 'Del Chamanismo Al Galenismo' del Museo Ricardo Rueda González inaugurada en noviembre del año 2022, da inicio al museo con el fin de narrar una historia de la medicina desde el contexto local. Aquí se evidencia la experiencia humana compartida del sufrimiento y la esperanza entendidas como enfermedad y tratamiento que fue representada en el mundo prehispánico, durante la colonia y el en siglo XIX.

The new room 'From Shamanism to Galenism' of the Ricardo Rueda González Museum, inaugurated in November 2022, opens the museum with the aim of narrating a history of medicine from the local context. Here the shared human experience of suffering and hope understood as illness and treatment that was represented in the pre-Hispanic world, during the colony and in the 19th century is evidenced.

"Instrução sobre a escolha, preparação e remessa das sementes e cebolas das plantas, que se mandarem vir de África e do Brasil" / "Instruction on the selection, preparation and shipment of seeds and bulbs of plants, which are ordered to be brought from Africa and Brazil"

Resumo Manuscrito inédito, datado de 1802, que trata dos métodos a utilizar na recolha e remessa de sementes, tubérculos e bulbos das colônias da África e do Brasil para o Complexo de História Natural da Ajuda, em Portugal.

Abstract Unpublished manuscript, dated 1802, dealing with methods to be used in collecting and shipping seeds, tubers and bulbs from colonies in Africa and Brazil to the Natural History Complex of Ajuda, in Portugal.

Tributo a la vida y obra de Juan Eloy Valenzuela y Mantilla, el primer médico de Bucaramanga / Tribute to the life and work of Juan Eloy Valenzuela y Mantilla, the first physician of Bucaramanga

En este escrito se hace breve mención a la Real Expedición Botánica de la Nueva Granada como escuela de botánica de Eloy Valenzuela, a su mentor, el protomédico gaditano José Celestino Mutis, al protagonismo de Valenzuela en los aspectos sociales de los pobladores de la Villa de Bucaramanga en el siglo XVIII. También se muestran las enfermedades más frecuentes de la época y los remedios con que eran socorridos los pacientes.

This paper does a brief mention of the Royal Botanical Expedition of New Granada as Eloy Valenzuela's school of botany. Shows José Celestino Mutis, the Spanish protomedical mentor of Valenzuela, and describes the Valenzuela's leading role in the social aspects of the inhabitants of the Villa de Bucaramanga in the 18th century. The most frequent diseases of the time and the remedies with which patients were helped are shown.

Pteridofitas: helechos y licófitos de El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos en el contexto actual / Pteridophytes: Ferns and lycophytes of El mundo vegetal de los Andes peruanos in the current context

Resumen Los helechos y licófitos mencionados en El mundo Vegetal de los Andes peruanos de Weberbauer brindan una breve información de su riqueza y sustento a las observaciones ambientales para cada categoría de su esquema fitogeográfico del Perú. Este estudio actualiza tanto el concepto y características de los pteridofitos mencionados en el capítulo Unidades Sistemáticas, como la nomenclatura de los 126 nombres de los taxones mencionados en la obra. Además, se ofrece una breve historia del estudio del grupo en el Perú, para proveer el contexto de la inclusión de estas plantas por Weberbauer. Y se mencionan las colecciones que Weberbauer realizara del grupo y, en particular, las citadas como ejemplos. Se ofrece un perfil de las tareas por realizar para completar la labor biogeográfica iniciada por Weberbauer.

Abstract Ferns and lycophytes were mentioned by Weberbauer in his El mundo Vegetal de los Andes peruanos to provide a hint of the richness of the group and to support his natural history observations for each category of his phytogeographic description of Peru. This contribution updates concepts and features of these plants as discussed in the chapter on "Systematic Units" and updates the 126 names of taxa cited in his book. To this end, we provide a brief history of the development of Peru's pteridoflora studies in the context of Weberbauer's work. We also document Weberbauer's pteridophyte collections linked to the verification of the taxa of his examples. A framework for future research is provided to complete the biogeographic endeavor that begun with his work and highlights the need to relocate his plant collections as witnesses of his legacy.

A Estação Biológica do Alto da Serra: um "tesouro da natureza", 1918-1938 / Alto da Serra Biological Station: a "treasure of nature", 1918-1938

Resumo O artigo explora aspectos da história da Estação Biológica do Alto da Serra, de 1918 a 1938, quando esteve sob a gestão do botânico Frederico Carlos Hoehne. A perspectiva da história das ciências balizou a análise, que considerou as especificidades da Estação Biológica e as distintas formas de pesquisa, circulação e interação. O estudo indica que o propósito de proteção e guarda da natureza articulou-se a um projeto de Nação e vinculou-se a um debate crescente sobre a conservação de áreas verdes. Complementarmente, a análise das práticas científicas demonstra a importância das visitas ao local, estrategicamente divulgadas por Hoehne para conferir credibilidade e angariar apoio à iniciativa.

Abstract This article explores aspects of the history of Alto da Serra Biological Station between 1918 and 1938, when it was under the management of the botanist Frederico Carlos Hoehne. Taking a history of science perspective, the analysis considers details of the biological station and the different forms of research, circulation, and interaction. The study indicates that the purpose of protecting and safeguarding nature was coordinated with a nation-building project and linked to a growing debate about the conservation of green areas. Additionally, the analysis of the scientific practices demonstrates the importance of visits to the site, which were strategically communicated by Hoehne to lend the initiative credibility and garner support.

Legados de la audacia: Caldas, Humboldt y el conocimiento sobre las quinas, 1801-1821 / Legacies of boldness: Caldas, Humboldt and knowledge about cinchonas, 1801-1821

Resumen El artículo reflexiona sobre la circulación de conocimiento en torno a las plantas de quina. Francisco José de Caldas y Alexander von Humboldt se interesaron por su taxonomía, distribución, comercio, explotación, producción y conservación. Las observaciones del primero fueron mejores, pero sus aportes fueron silenciados por el segundo y por otros actores como José Celestino Mutis. Caldas cambió desde una posición pasiva y de aceptada subalternidad, hasta una de reclamo, pero sus argumentos no tuvieron mayor difusión, en parte porque sus resultados no favorecían intereses comerciales y carecía de redes. Caldas usó dispositivos similares a los de Humboldt para apropiar y sistematizar conocimientos sobre las quinas, silenciando a varias fuentes.

Abstract This article examines the circulation of knowledge about Cinchona plants. Francisco José de Caldas and Alexander von Humboldt were interested in their taxonomy, distribution, trade, exploitation, production and conservation. The former's observations were better, but his contributions were silenced by Humboldt and other actors such as José Celestino Mutis. Caldas changed from a passive position of accepted subordination to one of self-advocacy, but his arguments were not widely publicized, in part because his results did not favor commercial interests and he lacked connections. Caldas used similar techniques to Humboldt to appropriate and systematize knowledge about cinchonas, silencing various sources.

speciesLink: rich data and novel tools for digital assessments of biodiversity / speciesLink: dados valiosos e ferramentas inovadoras para avaliações digitais da biodiversidade

Abstract speciesLink is a large-scale biodiversity information portal that exists thanks to a broad collaborative network of people and institutions. CRIA's involvement with the scientific community of Brazil and other countries is responsible for the significant results achieved, currently reaching more than 15 million primary biodiversity data records, 95% of which are associated with preserved specimens and about 25% with high-quality digital images. The network provides data on over 200,000 species, of which over 110,000 occur in Brazil. This article describes thematic networks within speciesLink, as well as some of the most useful tools developed. The importance and contributions of speciesLink are outlined, as are concerns about securing stable budgetary support for such biodiversity data e-infrastructures. Here we review the value of speciesLink as a major source of biodiversity information for research, education, informed decision-making, policy development, and bioeconomy.

Resumo speciesLink é um portal de informações em larga escala sobre biodiversidade, que existe graças a uma ampla rede colaborativa de pessoas e instituições. O envolvimento do CRIA com a comunidade científica do Brasil e de outros países é responsável pelos resultados expressivos alcançados, atingindo atualmente mais de 15 milhões de registros de dados primários de biodiversidade, sendo 95% associados a espécimes preservados e cerca de 25% a imagens digitais de alta qualidade. A rede fornece dados sobre mais de 200.000 espécies, das quais mais de 110.000 ocorrem no Brasil. Este artigo descreve as redes temáticas do speciesLink, bem como algumas das ferramentas mais úteis desenvolvidas. A importância e as contribuições do speciesLink são destacadas, assim como as preocupações em garantir um apoio financeiro estável para e-infraestruturas de dados sobre biodiversidade. Aqui revisamos o valor do speciesLink como uma das principais fontes de informação sobre biodiversidade para pesquisa, educação, tomada de decisão, desenvolvimento de políticas e bioeconomia.

La recepción del léxico de la taxonomía botánica de Linneo en los diccionarios del español / The reception of the lexicon from linnaeus’s botanical taxonomy in spanish language dictionaries

El objetivo de este estudio es describir y analizar la recepción del léxico de la taxonomía botánica de Linneo en los diccionarios de la lengua española de los siglos XVIII y XIX. Para ello, en primer lugar, se ha partido de los términos relativos a clases, órdenes y géneros linneanos presentes en la obra Parte práctica de botánica del caballero Carlos Linneo (1784-1788) de Antoni Palau y Verdera, el asimilador de la obra del botánico sueco al español. En segundo lugar, se han cotejado estos términos en los diccionarios generales del español de los siglos XVIII y XIX para averiguar cuántos de ellos se registraron, cuánto tiempo perduraron en los diccionarios y en cuáles se atestigua su primera documentación lexicográfica. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que el Diccionario Nacional (1846-1847) de Ramón Joaquín Domínguez fue el primer diccionario en español en incorporar las palabras de la clasificación botánica de Linneo y que, en general, dichas voces se mantuvieron, en mayor o menor proporción, en diferentes diccionarios hasta el Diccionario general y técnico hispano-americano (1918) de Manuel Rodríguez-Navas y Carrasco. La fuente de consulta de Domínguez no fue la obra de Palau (1784-1788) sino el Dictionnaire national (1843) de Louis-Nicolas Bescherelle, diccionario francés del que copia literalmente el lemario y las definiciones. El diccionario de la Real Academia Española apenas se hizo eco de este léxico.(AU)

The aim of this study is to describe and analyze the reception of the lexicon from Linnaeus’s botanical taxonomy in Spanish language dictionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries. Firstly, terms related to linnaean classes, orders, and genera were collected from Parte práctica de botánica del caballero Carlos Linneo (1784-1788), by Antonio Palau y Verdera, the promoter of the Swedish botanist’s work into Spanish. Secondly, these terms were analyzed in general dictionaries of Spanish of 18th and 19th centuries to determine the number of terms registered, time of prevalence in dictionaries, and first lexicographical insertion. Results show that the Diccionario Nacional (1846-1847) by Ramón Joaquín Domínguez was the first dictionary that introduced the Linnaeus’s botanical taxonomy and that terms proposed by Domínguez were generally used in successive dictionaries, including the Diccionario general y técnico hispano-americano (1918), by Manuel Rodríguez-Navas y Carrasco . Domínguez’s source documentation was not Palau y Verdera’s work, but the Dictionnaire national (1843) by Louis-Nicolas Bescherelle, a French dictionary from which Domínguez literally copies lemmas and definitions. The Royal Spanish Academy’s Spanish Dictionary barely registered this lexicon.(AU)

Evaluación de una clave taxonómica, para la identificación de los géneros de helechos (Monilophyta), en Guatemala / Evaluation of a taxonomic key, for the identification of fern genera (Monilophyta), in Guatemala

El desarrollo de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación han llevado a un cambio en la manera en que se realizan las actividades de diferentes disciplinas, incluso de las más tradicionalistas, como la taxonomía botánica. Se documentó la revisión y validación colaborativa de la primera versión de una clave dicotómica para la identificación taxonómica de los géneros de helechos en Guatemala. Con este esfuerzo, se fundamentó la elaboración de una clave mejorada, su segunda versión, la cual se espera sea accesible para usuarios entrenados en morfología botánica, pero no especializados en la taxonomía específica de los helechos. La segunda versión supera las dificultades que fueron analizadas sobre la primera, y agrega contenido útil para la identificación más precisa de los géneros. Se presentan, además, los siguientes documentos suplementarios en versión electrónica: la versión más actualizada de la clave dicotómica, una lista anotada de la taxonomía supra específica de helechos en Guatemala y una lista de algunos sinónimos taxonómicos de los nombres científicos actuales, respecto a los utilizados en la Flora Mesoamericana. Esta experiencia representa un avance en la transformación de la botánica taxonómica, ya que trasciende de ser una disciplina practicada por pocos, donde prevalece sobre todo el criterio de una autoridad casi incuestionable, a una práctica colaborativa, donde el conocimiento se difunde desde la formulación y revisión de los instrumentos taxonómicos. Se espera que todos estos documentos puedan continuar siendo actualizados de manera dinámica, como un avance de la aplicación de las nuevas tecnologías a la taxonomía botánica.

The procedures of several scientific disciplines are changing with the spreading of new information and communication technologies, even the most traditional, like botanical taxonomy. Here we document the review and validation, by collaborative efforts, on the first version of the taxonomic key for the identification of the fern genera in Guatemala. An upgraded version was composed which is easier to follow and more precise. It is intended to be accessible for a wide range of interested people, more than just the fern specialists. Along with this paper, electronic supplementary documents are published too, including the most recent version of the key, an annotated list of taxonomic categories of ferns of Guatemala in the supra-specific levels, and some lists of taxonomic synonymy of the currently valid names, with reference to the old names used in Flora Mesoamericana. With this experience a new milestone has been reached by the national taxonomy, getting over the old paradigm in which taxonomy was an exclusive practice, endeavored by few authorities, to become a more inclusive discipline, embracing the development and revision of its instruments. In the future, we hope to maintain updated all these documents in a more dynamic way, applying new technologies to the taxonomic botany practices.

Effect of light and sucrose on photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic micropropagation of Physalis angulata / Efeito da luz e sacarose na micropropagação fotoautotrófica e fotomixotrófica de Physalis angulata

The biotechnological interest in genus Physalis has increased in the last decades, however, there are still few micropropagation studies of this genus. The objective of this study was to evaluate P. angulata photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic micropropagation with gas exchange under seven light spectra and five concentrations of sucrose. Lighting were yellow, blue, white, red, green, red + blue LEDs and natural light filtered by mesh. Sucrose concentrations were 0, 7.5, 15, 22.5 and 30 g.L-1. Phytotechnical, anatomical features and photopigment contents were evaluated through stem and root segment length, leaf number, leaf area, chlorophyll a and b contents, carotenoids, adaxial epidermis, palisadic and spongy parenchyma and abaxial epidermis. The data were compared by Scott-Knott's mean test and principal components analysis using the R software. Comparing the variables within lighting types, it was observed that only the screen treatment, screen-filtered natural illumination, obtained assessment in all variables. Comparing the levels of sucrose, it was observed that the treatment 15 g.L-1 sucrose obtained the highest number of averages with maximum evaluation. It was concluded that the natural light filtered by screen with 50% of shading allowed the photoautotrophic micropropagation of P. angulata. Better development results were observed in photomixotrophic micropropagation with 15 g.L-1 of sucrose.

O interesse biotecnológico em Physalis aumentou nas últimas décadas, porém, ainda existem poucos trabalhos de micropropagação desse gênero. Objetivou-se avaliar sua micropropagação fotoautotrófica e fotomixotrófica com troca gasosa sob sete tipos de iluminação e cinco concentrações de sacarose. Foram utilizados LEDs amarelo, azul, branco, vermelho, verde, vermelho + azul e luz natural filtrada por malha. As concentrações de sacarose foram 0, 7,5, 15, 22,5 e 30 g.L-1. Características fitotécnicas, anatômicas e teor de fotopigmentos foram avaliados através de comprimento de segmento de caule e raíz, número de folhas, área foliar, teores de clorofilas a e b, carotenoides, epiderme adaxial, parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso e epiderme abaxial. Os dados foram comparados por teste de média Scott-Knott e análise de componentes principais utilizando-se o software R. Comparando-se as variáveis dentro de tipos de iluminação, observou-se que apenas o tratamento screen, iluminação natural filtrada por malha, obteve avaliação máxima em todas as variáveis. Comparando-se os níveis de sucrose, observou-se que o tratamento 15 g.L-1 sacarose obteve o maior número de médias com avaliação máxima. Concluiu-se que a luz natural filtrada por tela com 50% de sombreamento permitiu a micropropagação fotoautotrófica de P. angulata. Observou-se melhores resultados de desenvolvimento na micropropagação fotomixotrófica com 15 g.L-1 de sacarose.

Orthomene (Menispermaceae) in the Brazilian Amazon / Orthomene (Menispermaceae) na Amazônia brasileira

Orthomene comprises four species distributed from Central to South America, of which three occur in phytogeographic domains of Brazil. In Brazil, Amazonia is the main center of diversity for the genus. This work is a taxonomic treatment of Orthomene in Brazil and involved analyzing field collections (between January 2017 and July 2018), types and botanical specimens from 32 national and foreign herbaria. The three species in the study area are Orthomene hirsuta,Orthomene prancei and Orthomene schomburgkii. The latter is the most common and widely distributed species of the genus in the country. An identification key, descriptions, illustrations, distribution data, and additional comments for each species are provided. (AU)

Orthomene possui quatro espécies, distribuídas desde a América Central até a América do Sul, sendo que três ocorrem nos domínios fitogeográficos brasileiros. No Brasil, a Amazônia brasileira é considerada o principal centro de diversidade do gênero. O tratamento taxonômico envolveu a análise de material coletado (entre janeiro de 2017 e julho de 2018), tipos e amostras dos espécimes de Orthomene depositados em 32 herbários nacionais e estrangeiros. O gênero está representado na área de estudo por três espécies: Orthomene hirsuta,Orthomene prancei e Orthomene schomburgkii, sendo esta última a mais comum e amplamente distribuída nas regiões brasileiras de sua ocorrência. São apresentadas uma chave de identificação, descrições e ilustrações das espécies, bem como dados adicionais sobre distribuição geográfica e comentários sobre as mesmas.(AU)

Joaquim Monteiro Caminhoá: um médico ilustrado do Império do Brasil, 1858-1896 / Joaquim Monteiro Caminhoá: an exemplary doctor of the Brazilian Imperial period, 1858-1896

Resumo O personagem Joaquim Monteiro Caminhoá foi um dos mais importantes homens de ciência que atuaram no Império do Brasil, tendo inclusive uma carreira consolidada e reconhecida internacionalmente. Sua trajetória histórica, contudo, ainda não foi devidamente estudada, existindo lacunas que estimulam reflexões. Este artigo resulta de uma pesquisa cujo objetivo é examinar as produções científicas elaboradas pelo estudioso e analisá-las com a atenção voltada para o contexto social mais amplo em que foram concebidas. As suas produções são testemunhos importantes de comprovação da existência de produção científica no Império do Brasil na segunda metade do século XIX e revelam a riqueza do pensamento ilustrado brasileiro.

Abstract Joaquim Monteiro Caminhoá was one of the most important men of science during the Brazilian Imperial period, with an established career and international recognition. But his historical trajectory has not been properly studied, and it features gaps which can lead to reflections. This article is the result of research examining the scientific production compiled by this scholar and analyzing it with attention to the broader social context in which it was conceived. Caminhoá's production is important proof that scientific production was present in the Brazilian Imperial period during the second half of the nineteenth century, and reveals the richness of thought of this Brazilian scholar.

Bioprospecção no cerrado: fitoquímica foliar de Justicia Nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard (Acanthaceae) ocorrente em cerrado goiano / Foliar Phytochemistry of Justicia Nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard (Acanthaceae) occurrent in cerrado from Goias

O gênero Justicia L. pode ser considerado o maior gênero de Acanthaceae, com cerca de 600 espécies. No gênero Justicia são relatados a presença de lignanas, flavanóides, terpenóides e alcaloides, que possuem grande importância na farmacologia. Neste estudo, o objetivo consistiu em observar e registrar as principais classes de metabólitos secundários das estruturas foliares da espécie Justicia nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard, ocorrente na área de Preservação Ambiental na Unidade Experimental do Centro Universitário de Anápolis ­ GO. Foram reunidas porções de folhas jovens (proporção de tamanho menor) e adultas (proporção de tamanho maior), sendo preferivelmente extraídas descensionalmente do terceiro nó, identificadas logo abaixo da extremidade da espécime, coletou-se amostras de 10 espécimes de J. nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard ao longo do córrego da área experimental do Centro Universitário de Anápolis. Materiais que foram adquiridos com o objetivo de realizar a prospecção fitoquímica e levantamento dos óleos essenciais. Para a análise qualitativa das classes de metabólicos secundários mais ocorrentes na espécie, utilizou-se metodologias descritas nas literaturas da ciência da fitoquímica. Entre os resultados, foram obtidos nas folhas novas e adultas, cumarinas, taninos, heterosídeos antraquinônicos, flavonóides, cardioativos e saponínicos. Entre o levantamento dos óleos essenciais foram obtidos 49 integrantes mais ocorrentes da literatura analisada.

The genus Justicia L. can be considered the largest genus of Acanthaceae, with about 600 species. In the Justicia genus, the presence of lignans, flavonoids, terpenoids and alkaloids are reported, which are of great importance in pharmacology. The objective of this study was to observe and record the main classes of secondary metabolites of the leaf structures of the species Justicia nodicaulis (Nees) Leonard, occurring in the area of Environmental Preservation at the University Center of Anápolis - GO. Portions of young leaves (proportion of smaller size) and adults (larger size ratio) were collected, preferably being extracted descendingly from the third node, identified just below the end of the specimen, samples were collected from 10 specimens of J. nodicaulis (Nees ) Leonard along the creek of the experimental area of the University Center of Anápolis. Materials that were purchased for the purpose of performing the phytochemical prospecting and survey of the essential oils. For the qualitative analysis of the classes of secondary metabolites most present in the species, we used methodologies described in the literature of the science of phytochemistry. Among the results, new and adult leaves, coumarins, tannins, anthraquinone heterosides, flavonoids, cardioactive and saponin were obtained. Between the survey of the essential oils, 49 members were obtained more occurring in the analyzed literature.