You can't nudge into vaccination: Comparing the effects of nudge types and Covid-19 vaccination attitudes on vaccine willingness.

Nudges can be an effective strategy to promote vaccination. However, it is necessary to better identify the characteristics of nudges that produce the strongest effects and how they interact with individuals' attitudes. Here we sequentially test the effectiveness of three nudge characteristics (framing, nudge type, and presentation modality) and the role of participants' attitudes toward Covid-19 vaccination, social solidarity and authoritarianism in vaccination decisions. In studies 1-4, participants were presented with a nudge manipulating a target characteristic (e.g. positive/negative framing, nudge type) and measuring willingness to vaccinate and related variables compared a control nudge. Study 5 used a single combined nudge reflecting the combination of successful nudges in previous studies. Results over all studies show that nudging has unreliable effects while vaccine attitudes are more reliably linked to all measures of vaccines willingness. These results suggest that attitudes play a more reliable role on effective adoption of vaccinations.

Responses in cognitive hierarchy games are correlated with academic performance and the cognitive reflection test.

Economics and Finance undergraduate students from four cohorts played LUPI, a game rewarding the person submitting the lowest unique positive integer, for a small bonus in an exam. Some months later, they played this game again with financial incentives and took a cognitive reflection test (CRT). We find that submitted responses to different configurations of LUPI are correlated with short-term (i.e., exam grade) and medium-term (i.e., final grade and GPA) academic performance, as well as the score in the CRT.

Dual Process Theory: Embodied and Predictive; Symbolic and Classical.

Dual Process Theory is currently a popular theory for explaining why we show bounded rationality in reasoning and decision-making tasks. This theory proposes there must be a sharp distinction in thinking to explain two clusters of correlational features. One cluster describes a fast and intuitive process (Type 1), while the other describes a slow and reflective one (Type 2). A problem for this theory is identifying a common principle that binds these features together, explaining why they form a unity, the unity problem. To solve it, a hypothesis is developed combining embodied predictive processing with symbolic classical approaches. The hypothesis, simplified, states that Type 1 processes are bound together because they rely on embodied predictive processing whereas Type 2 processes form a unity because they are accomplished by symbolic classical cognition. To show that this is likely the case, the features of Dual Process Theory are discussed in relation to these frameworks.

Heuristics in Judgment Tasks with Unrecognized Elements.

According to published studies in the field, random choice and random estimation are the only options for tackling judgment and decision-making tasks where the elements from which to infer a required criteria are not recognized. In Campitelli and Labollita (2010), participants were asked to estimate the nationality and Elo rating of chess players based on their surnames. In the present study I re-analyze those 123 participants from Campitelli and Labollita (2010) who declared not to have recognized any player. Even in this scenario of null recognition, they managed to correctly infer the Russian players' nationality and Elo ratings; it is likely that successful and ecologically rational heuristics were used. I found evidence of new structured probabilistic environments external to the lab, likely to have generated a number of undirected and involuntary associations in the memories of the participants, who may have used them in their heuristics to infer the criteria requested. The results support the models of limited rationality: despite the scarcity of available information, the fact that the heuristics did not guarantee success, and the risk of overestimating the heuristics' effectiveness while underestimating their own biases, participants still favored them over random guesswork, thus suggesting an adaptive use. I invite a revision of what is considered "good reasoning" when applied to problems in environments of uncertainty that call for satisfactory, rather than optimal, solutions. This research provides the basis for new studies in the field of heuristics under previously unexplored conditions, and a new perspective for the analysis of prior works, towards a better understanding of the relationship between cognition and the environment.

A conceptual framework for understanding the perspectives on the causes of the science-practice gap in ecology and conservation.

Applying scientific knowledge to confront societal challenges is a difficult task, an issue known as the science-practice gap. In Ecology and Conservation, scientific evidence has been seldom used directly to support decision-making, despite calls for an increasing role of ecological science in developing solutions for a sustainable future. To date, multiple causes of the science-practice gap and diverse approaches to link science and practice in Ecology and Conservation have been proposed. To foster a transparent debate and broaden our understanding of the difficulties of using scientific knowledge, we reviewed the perceived causes of the science-practice gap, aiming to: (i) identify the perspectives of ecologists and conservation scientists on this problem, (ii) evaluate the predominance of these perspectives over time and across journals, and (iii) assess them in light of disciplines studying the role of science in decision-making. We based our review on 1563 sentences describing causes of the science-practice gap extracted from 122 articles and on discussions with eight scientists on how to classify these sentences. The resulting process-based framework describes three distinct perspectives on the relevant processes, knowledge and actors in the science-practice interface. The most common perspective assumes only scientific knowledge should support practice, perceiving a one-way knowledge flow from science to practice and recognizing flaws in knowledge generation, communication, and/or use. The second assumes that both scientists and decision-makers should contribute to support practice, perceiving a two-way knowledge flow between science and practice through joint knowledge-production/integration processes, which, for several reasons, are perceived to occur infrequently. The last perspective was very rare, and assumes scientists should put their results into practice, but they rarely do. Some causes (e.g. cultural differences between scientists and decision-makers) are shared with other disciplines, while others seem specific to Ecology and Conservation (e.g. inadequate research scales). All identified causes require one of three general types of solutions, depending on whether the causal factor can (e.g. inadequate research questions) or cannot (e.g. scientific uncertainty) be changed, or if misconceptions (e.g. undervaluing abstract knowledge) should be solved. The unchanged predominance of the one-way perspective over time may be associated with the prestige of evidence-based conservation and suggests that debates in Ecology and Conservation lag behind trends in other disciplines towards bidirectional views ascribing larger roles to decision-makers. In turn, the two-way perspective seems primarily restricted to research traditions historically isolated from mainstream conservation biology. All perspectives represented superficial views of decision-making by not accounting for limits to human rationality, complexity of decision-making contexts, fuzzy science-practice boundaries, ambiguity brought about by science, and different types of knowledge use. However, joint knowledge-production processes from the two-way perspective can potentially allow for democratic decision-making processes, explicit discussions of values and multiple types of science use. To broaden our understanding of the interface and foster productive science-practice linkages, we argue for dialogue among different research traditions within Ecology and Conservation, joint knowledge-production processes between scientists and decision-makers and interdisciplinarity across Ecology, Conservation and Political Science in both research and education.

Por que pagar uma academia e não a frequentar?: Uma análise sob a perspectiva da psicologia econômica / Why pay an academy and not attend?: An analysis from the perspective of economic psychology

Com o objetivo de compreender o processo decisório de indivíduos que contratam os serviços de uma academia de ginástica e musculação, mas não a frequentam, o presente artigo contextualiza o crescimento do setor e inclui as transformações comportamentais observadas durante esse processo, enquanto apresenta resultados de análises correlatas anteriores. Em seguida, são realizadas breves revisões teóricas de psicologia econômica e tomada de decisão para embasar a elaboração do questionário e entrevista aplicados a donos e clientes de academias. Os dados primários são então analisados através de uma metodologia qualitativa exploratória, e os resultados são apresentados relacionando-os às teorias previamente apresentadas. Os resultados obtidos reafirmam o comportamento irracional de consumo além de demonstrar a importância de operadores emocionais como prazer e dor, além da necessidade de atenção exclusiva por parte do cliente.(AU)

In order to understand the decisionmaking process of individuals who hire the services of a fitness gym, but do not frequent same, this article analyzes growth in this sector and includes the behavioral changes observed during this process, while presenting results of previous related analyzes. After that a brief theoretical review of economic psychology and decision making is presented to support the preparation of the questionnaire and the interview applied to gym owners and clients. The primary data are then analyzed using an exploratory qualitative method and the results are presented according to the theories presented previously. The results reaffirm the irrational behavior of consumption as well as demonstrating the importance of emotional operators such as pleasure and pain, and the need for exclusive attention on the part of the client.(AU)

Por que pagar uma academia e não a frequentar? Uma análise sob a perspectiva da psicologia econômica / Why pay an academy and not attend? An analysis from the perspective of economic psychology

Com o objetivo de compreender o processo decisório de indivíduos que contratam os serviços de uma academia de ginástica e musculação, mas não a frequentam, o presente artigo contextualiza o crescimento do setor e inclui as transformações comportamentais observadas durante esse processo, enquanto apresenta resultados de análises correlatas anteriores. Em seguida, são realizadas breves revisões teóricas de psicologia econômica e tomada de decisão para embasar a elaboração do questionário e entrevista aplicados a donos e clientes de academias. Os dados primários são então analisados através de uma metodologia qualitativa exploratória, e os resultados são apresentados relacionando-os às teorias previamente apresentadas. Os resultados obtidos reafirmam o comportamento irracional de consumo além de demonstrar a importância de operadores emocionais como prazer e dor, além da necessidade de atenção exclusiva por parte do cliente.

In order to understand the decisionmaking process of individuals who hire the services of a fitness gym, but do not frequent same, this article analyzes growth in this sector and includes the behavioral changes observed during this process, while presenting results of previous related analyzes. After that a brief theoretical review of economic psychology and decision making is presented to support the preparation of the questionnaire and the interview applied to gym owners and clients. The primary data are then analyzed using an exploratory qualitative method and the results are presented according to the theories presented previously. The results reaffirm the irrational behavior of consumption as well as demonstrating the importance of emotional operators such as pleasure and pain, and the need for exclusive attention on the part of the client.

A tomada de decisão diante da racionalidade limitada: revisão da literatura / Decision-making in the face of bounded rationality: a literaturereview

O estudo da tomada de decisão tem uma longa história que abrange uma variedade de perspectivas e posições filosóficas, em meio a muita controvérsia. No desenvolvimento das abordagens descritivas, aproximou-se de como decisões são tomadas, a partir de diferentes perspectivas, com ênfase no comportamento humano, no desempenho organizacional etc.O presente trabalho, de cunho expositivo,baseia-se na premissa de que para entender“completamente” e melhorar a tomada de decisão, os processos cognitivos subjacentes ao decisor devem ser examinados. Diante desta perspectiva da centralidade, ou no mínimo dar elevância, do processamento de informações por humanos, e da ausência de literatura nacional que cumpra este papel, e da dispersão da mesma em textos internacionais, este artigo faz uma revisão da literatura e apresenta uma síntese dos quadros teóricos que lidam com o objeto diante da ideia da racionalidade limitada. A saber:heurísticas e vieses, heurísticas rápidas e frugais,processamento dual, modelos cognitivos, framinge sensemaking.

The study of decision making has a long history that encompasses a variety of perspectives and philosophical positions, amid much controversy. In the development of descriptive approaches, approximating how decisions are actually taken, from different perspectives, with emphasis on human behavior, organizational performance etc. This work was expositive, based on the premise that to understand “completely” and to improve the decision making, cognitive processes underlying the decision-maker should be examined. Given the centrality of this perspective, or at least the relevance of informationprocessing in humans, and the absence of national literature that fulfills this role, and the dispersingof theme in international text, this articlemakes a literature review and provides an overview of theoretical frameworks that deal with the object before the notion of bounded rationality. Namely: heuristics and biases, fast and frugal heuristics, dual processing, cognitive models, framing and sensemaking.

El impacto de la racionalidad limitada en el proceso informacional de toma de decisiones organizacionales / Impact of bounded rationality upon the informational process of organizational decision making

Se aborda la racionalidad limitada en el proceso de decisión como una de las principales características de los decisores y se examinan las particularidades que esta presenta y cómo incide en el comportamiento y estilos de decisión de estos. Se analizan, a su vez, los diferentes estadios emocionales que experimentan los decisores y se profundiza sobre las peculiaridades e importancia de la toma de decisiones individuales y grupales. Se valora el impacto que tiene la racionalidad limitada para la organización y las posibles estrategias para orientarse mejor ante esta realidad. Se utiliza el análisis documental para el desarrollo del estudio y se proponen acciones que pueden favorecer el proceso de toma de decisiones organizacionales a partir de un mejor uso y manejo de la información. Se valora que, aunque la racionalidad limitada es inevitable, las organizaciones pueden crear condiciones para que esta no afecte de forma considerable los procesos de decisión, mediante el uso de sistemas de información, de gestión de información, del conocimiento, de inteligencia organizacional, de sistemas de apoyo para la toma de decisiones y de adecuados recursos y procesos informacionales(AU)

Bounded rationality is approached as one of the main components of the decision making process. An examination is made of its distinguishing features and the way it affects the behavior and styles of decision makers. An analysis is also conducted of the various emotional stages experienced by decision makers, with emphasis on the specific characteristics and importance of individual and group decision making. An assessment is made of the impact of bounded rationality upon organizations, and the possible strategies to achieve better orientation in the face of such reality. The study was based on document analysis, and actions are proposed which may help improve organizational decision making by means of a better use and handling of information. It is shown that though bounded rationality is inevitable, organizations may create the conditions required to reduce its impact on decision making processes, through the use of information systems, information management, knowledge management, organizational intelligence, decision making support systems, and appropriate information resources and processes(AU)

El impacto de la racionalidad limitada en el proceso informacional de toma de decisiones organizacionales / Impact of bounded rationality upon the informational process of organizational decision making

Se aborda la racionalidad limitada en el proceso de decisión como una de las principales características de los decisores y se examinan las particularidades que esta presenta y cómo incide en el comportamiento y estilos de decisión de estos. Se analizan, a su vez, los diferentes estadios emocionales que experimentan los decisores y se profundiza sobre las peculiaridades e importancia de la toma de decisiones individuales y grupales. Se valora el impacto que tiene la racionalidad limitada para la organización y las posibles estrategias para orientarse mejor ante esta realidad. Se utiliza el análisis documental para el desarrollo del estudio y se proponen acciones que pueden favorecer el proceso de toma de decisiones organizacionales a partir de un mejor uso y manejo de la información. Se valora que, aunque la racionalidad limitada es inevitable, las organizaciones pueden crear condiciones para que esta no afecte de forma considerable los procesos de decisión, mediante el uso de sistemas de información, de gestión de información, del conocimiento, de inteligencia organizacional, de sistemas de apoyo para la toma de decisiones y de adecuados recursos y procesos informacionales

Bounded rationality is approached as one of the main components of the decision making process. An examination is made of its distinguishing features and the way it affects the behavior and styles of decision makers. An analysis is also conducted of the various emotional stages experienced by decision makers, with emphasis on the specific characteristics and importance of individual and group decision making. An assessment is made of the impact of bounded rationality upon organizations, and the possible strategies to achieve better orientation in the face of such reality. The study was based on document analysis, and actions are proposed which may help improve organizational decision making by means of a better use and handling of information. It is shown that though bounded rationality is inevitable, organizations may create the conditions required to reduce its impact on decision making processes, through the use of information systems, information management, knowledge management, organizational intelligence, decision making support systems, and appropriate information resources and processes

Psicologia cognitiva e consumo: o impacto da quantidade de informações na configuração de objetivos / Cognitive psychology and consumption: the impact of the amount of information on goal framing

O efeito de configuração de objetivos refere-se ao achado de que distintas formas de apresentação de um mesmo conteúdo de comunicação tendem a gerar diferentes graus de persuasão nos consumidores. Esse resultado parece um reflexo de respostas automáticas (intuitivas) dadas pelo consumidor frente a menores quantidades de informação. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um experimento que investigou o impacto da quantidade de informações no efeito de configuração de objetivos. Participaram do experimento 296 estudantes universitários, designados a quatro grupos constituídos em função das variáveis configuração (ganhos e perdas) e quantidade de informações (expandidas e resumidas). Os resultados evidenciaram um efeito de configuração apenas entre as versões resumidas do texto, sendo a configuração de ganhos considerada a mais convincente.

Goal framing effect refers to the finding that different ways of presenting the same content of communication tend to generate different degrees of persuasion among consumers. It seems to be a reflex from automatic (intuitive) responses given by consumers regarding low amounts of information. This research shows the results of an experiment investigating the impact of the amount of information on goal framing effect. In a between-subject design experiment, 296 undergraduates were split in four conditions, being exposed to different text frames (gains and losses) and amounts of information (extended and abbreviated). The results have shown goal framing effect only for the abbreviated versions of the text, being gain frame the most persuasive.

Psicologia cognitiva e consumo: o impacto da quantidade de informações na configuração de objetivos / Cognitive psychology and consumption: the impact of the amount of information on goal framing

O efeito de configuração de objetivos refere-se ao achado de que distintas formas de apresentação de um mesmo conteúdo de comunicação tendem a gerar diferentes graus de persuasão nos consumidores. Esse resultado parece um reflexo de respostas automáticas (intuitivas) dadas pelo consumidor frente a menores quantidades de informação. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de um experimento que investigou o impacto da quantidade de informações no efeito de configuração de objetivos. Participaram do experimento 296 estudantes universitários, designados a quatro grupos constituídos em função das variáveis configuração (ganhos e perdas) e quantidade de informações (expandidas e resumidas). Os resultados evidenciaram um efeito de configuração apenas entre as versões resumidas do texto, sendo a configuração de ganhos considerada a mais convincente.(AU)

Goal framing effect refers to the finding that different ways of presenting the same content of communication tend to generate different degrees of persuasion among consumers. It seems to be a reflex from automatic (intuitive) responses given by consumers regarding low amounts of information. This research shows the results of an experiment investigating the impact of the amount of information on goal framing effect. In a between-subject design experiment, 296 undergraduates were split in four conditions, being exposed to different text frames (gains and losses) and amounts of information (extended and abbreviated). The results have shown goal framing effect only for the abbreviated versions of the text, being gain frame the most persuasive.(AU)

Evolución, particularidades y carácter informacional de la toma de decisiones organizacionales / Evolution, particularities and informational character of the organizational decision making

Se profundiza sobre los elementos teóricos asociados al proceso de toma de decisiones en las organizaciones, dígase su origen y evolución, así como su marcada importancia en los contextos organizacionales. De igual forma se abordan las principales características de este proceso, enfatizando en sus componentes: situación problémica, decidor, información y contexto. Se examina la racionalidad limitada como uno de sus elementos distintivos y se valora el carácter informacional de la toma de decisiones, validando posibles espacios de actuación, funciones y roles para los especialistas de información en el desarrollo del proceso de decisión.

Theoretical elements related to the origin, evolution and significance of decision-making as organizational process are examined. It is emphasized the essential characteristics of the problem situation, information and context components. Also, the bounded rationality is examined as one of its distinctive elements. The informational nature of the decision-making process is explained. Some considerations about information professional role and his contribution to this organizational process are exposed.