RESUMO
Cryptic diversity is extremely common in widespread Amazonian anurans, but especially in nurse frogs of the genus Allobates. There is an urgent need to formally describe the many distinct but unnamed species, both to enable studies of their basic biology but especially to facilitate conservation of threatened environments in which many are found. Here, we describe through integrative taxonomy a new species of the Allobates tapajos species complex from the upper Madeira River, southwestern Amazonia. Species delimitation analyses based on molecular data are congruent and delimit five candidate species in addition to A. tapajos sensu stricto. The new species is recovered as sister to A. tapajos clade F, a candidate species from Teles-Pires River, southeastern Amazonia. The new species differs from nominal congeners in adult and larval morphology and in male advertisement call. Egg deposition sites differ between east and west banks of the upper Madeira River, but there is no evidence of corresponding morphologic or bioacoustic differentiation. The new species appears to be restricted to riparian forests; its known geographic range falls entirely within the influence zone of reservoirs of two large dams, which underscores the urgent need of a conservation assessment through long-term monitoring. This region harbors the richest assemblage of Allobates reported for Brazilian Amazonia, with six nominal species and four additional candidate species awaiting formal description.
Assuntos
Anuros , Rios , Animais , Masculino , Anuros/genética , Brasil , Larva , Oriente MédioRESUMO
Introducción: Coccyzus ferrugineus es el ave endémica menos estudiada de la Isla del Coco se desconocen muchos aspectos sobre su historia natural y comportamiento, siendo de las especies menos conocidas en Costa Rica. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento reproductivo, de forrajeo, y el uso de hábitat de C. ferrugineus para generar información para la toma de decisiones de conservación de la especie. Métodos: Se hicieron observaciones directas de comportamiento (forrajeo, cortejo, vocalización, alimentación y cópula) durante dos periodos de observación (mañana y tarde), en parcelas entre los 0-400 m de altitud, clasificando el estrato de vegetación (bajo-medio-alto) para estudiar el uso de hábitat. Se presenta una descripción del comportamiento de forrajeo y del ciclo reproductivo. Resultados: Se demuestra que C. ferrugineus utiliza todo el gradiente altitudinal de la Isla del Coco, desde el nivel del mar hasta los 400 m de altitud en el bosque nuboso, para reproducirse y su época reproductiva está marcada por el inicio de la época seca. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las categorías de comportamiento establecidas y la hora del día (Fisher, P > 0.05). Sin embargo sí se mostró diferencias significativas para las categorías de comportamiento y el estrato vertical (Fisher, P < 0.05) demostrando que utiliza todo el estrato vertical de la estructura vegetal. Conclusiones: Este estudio representa la base para el conocimiento de la biología reproductiva e historia natural de C. ferrugineus, es urgente realizar más estudios sobre esta especie para poder protegerla y conservar el ecosistema terrestre de la Isla del Coco.
Introducción: Coccyzus ferrugineus is the least studied endemic bird of Isla del Coco, many aspects of its natural history and behavior remain unknown, being one the least known species in Costa Rica. Objective: To describe the reproductive behavior, foraging and habitat use of C. ferrugineus to generate information for making conservation decisions for the species. Methods: Direct behavioral observations (foraging, courtship, vocalization, feeding and intercourse) were made in plots between 0-400 m above sea level, during two observation periods (morning and afternoon). A description of the foraging behavior and the reproductive cycle is presented. Results: C. ferrugineus uses the entire altitudinal gradient of the island to reproduce, from sea level to 400 m altitude in the cloud forest. Its reproductive season is marked by the beginning of the dry season. No significant differences were found between the established behavior categories and the time of day (Fisher, P> 0.05). However, significant differences were shown for the behavioral categories and the vertical stratum (Fisher, P <0.05) demonstrating that it uses the entire vertical stratum of the vegetation structure. Conclusions: This study represents the basis for the knowledge of the reproductive biology and natural history of C. ferrugineus, it is urgent to carry out more studies on this species to be able to protect it and conserve the terrestrial ecosystem of Isla del Coco.
Assuntos
Animais , Aves , Passeriformes/classificação , Reprodução , Costa RicaRESUMO
The Chestnut-capped Blackbird, Chrysomus ruficapilus (Vieillot, 1819), is a common bird species in flooded areas of South America. Data on its reproductive parameters have been reported mainly for rice paddies from Uruguay and southern Brazil, where reproductive phenology might have been influenced by the chronology of agricultural activities. Here we provide reproductive data for a population in a natural marshland from São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. A total of 45 active nests were monitored between December 2017 and April 2018. Clutch size was 2.8 ± 0.44. Incubation and nestling periods were respectively 11.8 ± 0.39, and 12.3 ± 0.75 days, and overall nesting success was 65%. The reproductive season lasted about five months, which is longer than that observed in rice paddies from southern Brazil. This suggests that the reproductive phenology has been underestimated before. Although clutch sizes were bigger in our study population than that from rice paddies from southern Brazil, nest survival was higher in the artificial habitat, suggesting that the Chestnut-capped Blackbird can obtain benefits from nesting in artificial habitats.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Passeriformes/fisiologia , Reprodução , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Tamanho da Ninhada , Áreas Alagadas , BrasilRESUMO
The Chestnut-capped Blackbird, Chrysomus ruficapilus (Vieillot, 1819), is a common bird species in flooded areas of South America. Data on its reproductive parameters have been reported mainly for rice paddies from Uruguay and southern Brazil, where reproductive phenology might have been influenced by the chronology of agricultural activities. Here we provide reproductive data for a population in a natural marshland from São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil. A total of 45 active nests were monitored between December 2017 and April 2018. Clutch size was 2.8 ± 0.44. Incubation and nestling periods were respectively 11.8 ± 0.39, and 12.3 ± 0.75 days, and overall nesting success was 65%. The reproductive season lasted about five months, which is longer than that observed in rice paddies from southern Brazil. This suggests that the reproductive phenology has been underestimated before. Although clutch sizes were bigger in our study population than that from rice paddies from southern Brazil, nest survival was higher in the artificial habitat, suggesting that the Chestnut-capped Blackbird can obtain benefits from nesting in artificial habitats.
Assuntos
Animais , Comportamento Sexual Animal , Passeriformes/fisiologia , Reprodução , Tamanho da Ninhada , Brasil , Áreas AlagadasRESUMO
Differences in nest attendance between genders in seabirds may be related to morphological differences. Southern giant petrel is a dimorphic species with gender-specific foraging behavior. The objective of this study was to investigate sex-related differences in nest attendance during the breeding period of southern giant petrels by presence/absence patterns of both sexes during incubation and compare use of the colony after nest failure. Fourteen birds were tagged with digitally coded radio-transmitters in a colony at Elephant Island, Antarctica, in the beginning of 2009/2010 breeding season. Females were present during 18 periods (min. 3 days, max. 9 days) and males only in five periods (min. 2 days, max. 13 days). The difference in mean number of radio signals per day between females (4330; s.e. 313.5) and males (2691; s.e. 248.6) was highly significant (t = 4.3; d.f. = 199; P < 0.001; Fig. 4 ). As consequence of the severe weather conditions that year, all tagged birds failed to reproduce. After abandonment of the nests, the presence of both genders decreased drastically, although the tagged individuals stayed in the area. Under severe weather conditions female Southern Giant Petrels continue breeding while males abandon the nest earlier.
Assuntos
Aves/fisiologia , Comportamento de Nidação/fisiologia , Tempo (Meteorologia) , Sistemas de Identificação Animal , Animais , Feminino , Masculino , TelemetriaRESUMO
More than 90% of birds are socially monogamous, although genetic studies indicate that many are often not sexually monogamous. In the present study, DNA fingerprinting was used to estimate the genetic relationships between nestlings belonging to the same broods to evaluate the mating system in the socially monogamous macaw, Ara ararauna. We found that in 10 of 11 broods investigated, the nestlings showed genetic similarity levels congruent with values expected among full-sibs, suggesting that they shared the same parents. However, in one brood, the low genetic similarity observed between nestlings could be a result of intraspecific brood parasitism, intraspecific nest competition or extra-pair paternity. These results, along with available behavioral and life-history data, imply that the blue-and-yellow macaw is not only socially, but also genetically monogamous. However, the occurrence of eventual cases of extra-pair paternity cannot be excluded.
RESUMO
More than 90 percent of birds are socially monogamous, although genetic studies indicate that many are often not sexually monogamous. In the present study, DNA fingerprinting was used to estimate the genetic relationships between nestlings belonging to the same broods to evaluate the mating system in the socially monogamous macaw, Ara ararauna. We found that in 10 of 11 broods investigated, the nestlings showed genetic similarity levels congruent with values expected among full-sibs, suggesting that they shared the same parents. However, in one brood, the low genetic similarity observed between nestlings could be a result of intraspecific brood parasitism, intraspecific nest competition or extra-pair paternity. These results, along with available behavioral and life-history data, imply that the blue-and-yellow macaw is not only socially, but also genetically monogamous. However, the occurrence of eventual cases of extra-pair paternity cannot be excluded.
Assuntos
Animais , Impressões Digitais de DNA , Papagaios/genética , Comportamento Sexual AnimalRESUMO
Strategies and reproductive modes of anurans (Amphibia) in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil. This study describes the temporal patterns, behavioral strategies, reproductive modes, and fecundity of an anuran assemblage in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, municipality of Ribeirão Branco, south of São Paulo State (approximately 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m above sea level). Field work was carried out between January and December 1993, totaling 40 nights of observation. Seven preliminary visits were made before this period and seven additional ones after December 1993. Naturalistic observations usually began before sunset and were concluded around 24:0001:00h. On three occasions the observations lasted the entire night. The commonest reproductive strategy among males of different species was that performed by calling male, but the satellite behavior was observed in some species. The calling temporal pattern was prolonged for the species of the assemblage; however, some species called only occasionally. Six different reproductive modes were observed in the pond or on its margins. The SVL of females of different species was positively correlated with egg clutch volume, irrespective of the reproductive mode. The SVL of females was also positively correlated with the number of eggs per clutch, although the correlation is stronger for species with a generalized reproductive mode. However, for species with specialized reproductive mode the number of eggs per clutch was not correlated with the SVL of females. A significant and positive correlation between female SVL and egg diameter was also detected for species with generalized reproductive mode. On the other hand, for species with specialized reproductive mode, female's SVL and egg diameter were negatively correlated. Terrestrial reproductive modes are possibly restricted to small-sized species. Large eggs may face problems of gas exchange due to their longer development period and lower surface/volume ratio.
Este estudo descreve o padrão temporal, as estratégias reprodutivas, os modos reprodutivos e a fecundidade de uma taxocenose de anuros em uma poça permanente na Serra de Paranapiacaba, município de Ribeirão Branco, sul do estado de São Paulo (aproximadamente 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m do nível do mar). O Trabalho de campo foi conduzido entre janeiro e dezembro de 1993, totalizando 40 noites de observações. Sete visitas preliminares foram feitas antes deste período e sete após. Observações naturalísticas normalmente se iniciavam antes do pôr do sol e eram concluídas aproximadamente entre 24:0001:00h. Em três ocasiões as observações foram ao longo da noite. A estratégia reprodutiva mais comum entre os machos de diferentes espécies foi a do macho cantor, mas comportamento satélite foi observado em algumas espécies. O padrão temporal foi prolongado para as espécies desta taxocenose; entretanto, algumas espécies podiam vocalizar ocasionalmente. Seis diferentes modos reprodutivos foram observados na poça ou suas margens. O comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) das fêmeas de diferentes espécies foi positivamente correlacionado com o volume da desova, independente do modo reprodutivo. O CRC das fêmeas foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de ovos por desova, embora a correlação seja mais forte para espécies com um modo reprodutivo generalizado. Entretanto, para espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o número de ovos por desova não foi correlacionado com o CRC das fêmeas. Uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos, também foi detectada para espécies com modo reprodutivo generalizado. Por outro lado, para as espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos foram negativamente correlacionados. Modos reprodutivos terrestres são possivelmente restritos a espécies pequenas. Ovos grandes podem apresentar problemas com a troca de gases devido ao seu longo desenvolvimento e baixa relação superfície/volume.
RESUMO
Strategies and reproductive modes of anurans (Amphibia) in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, southeastern Brazil. This study describes the temporal patterns, behavioral strategies, reproductive modes, and fecundity of an anuran assemblage in a permanent pond in Serra de Paranapiacaba, municipality of Ribeirão Branco, south of São Paulo State (approximately 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m above sea level). Field work was carried out between January and December 1993, totaling 40 nights of observation. Seven preliminary visits were made before this period and seven additional ones after December 1993. Naturalistic observations usually began before sunset and were concluded around 24:0001:00h. On three occasions the observations lasted the entire night. The commonest reproductive strategy among males of different species was that performed by calling male, but the satellite behavior was observed in some species. The calling temporal pattern was prolonged for the species of the assemblage; however, some species called only occasionally. Six different reproductive modes were observed in the pond or on its margins. The SVL of females of different species was positively correlated with egg clutch volume, irrespective of the reproductive mode. The SVL of females was also positively correlated with the number of eggs per clutch, although the correlation is stronger for species with a generalized reproductive mode. However, for species with specialized reproductive mode the number of eggs per clutch was not correlated with the SVL of females. A significant and positive correlation between female SVL and egg diameter was also detected for species with generalized reproductive mode. On the other hand, for species with specialized reproductive mode, female's SVL and egg diameter were negatively correlated. Terrestrial reproductive modes are possibly restricted to small-sized species. Large eggs may face problems of gas exchange due to their longer development period and lower surface/volume ratio.
Este estudo descreve o padrão temporal, as estratégias reprodutivas, os modos reprodutivos e a fecundidade de uma taxocenose de anuros em uma poça permanente na Serra de Paranapiacaba, município de Ribeirão Branco, sul do estado de São Paulo (aproximadamente 24º13'S; 48º46'W; ca. 800m do nível do mar). O Trabalho de campo foi conduzido entre janeiro e dezembro de 1993, totalizando 40 noites de observações. Sete visitas preliminares foram feitas antes deste período e sete após. Observações naturalísticas normalmente se iniciavam antes do pôr do sol e eram concluídas aproximadamente entre 24:0001:00h. Em três ocasiões as observações foram ao longo da noite. A estratégia reprodutiva mais comum entre os machos de diferentes espécies foi a do macho cantor, mas comportamento satélite foi observado em algumas espécies. O padrão temporal foi prolongado para as espécies desta taxocenose; entretanto, algumas espécies podiam vocalizar ocasionalmente. Seis diferentes modos reprodutivos foram observados na poça ou suas margens. O comprimento rostro-cloacal (CRC) das fêmeas de diferentes espécies foi positivamente correlacionado com o volume da desova, independente do modo reprodutivo. O CRC das fêmeas foi positivamente correlacionado com o número de ovos por desova, embora a correlação seja mais forte para espécies com um modo reprodutivo generalizado. Entretanto, para espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o número de ovos por desova não foi correlacionado com o CRC das fêmeas. Uma correlação positiva e significativa entre o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos, também foi detectada para espécies com modo reprodutivo generalizado. Por outro lado, para as espécies com modo reprodutivo especializado o CRC das fêmeas e o diâmetro dos ovos foram negativamente correlacionados. Modos reprodutivos terrestres são possivelmente restritos a espécies pequenas. Ovos grandes podem apresentar problemas com a troca de gases devido ao seu longo desenvolvimento e baixa relação superfície/volume.