Psychometric Properties of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale for South America (CD-RISC-25SA) in Peruvian Adolescents.

Resilience describes the ability of someone to adapt to adverse life experiences by adjusting to demands with behavioral flexibility. When encountering crisis situations, resilient people typically spring back emotionally with increased strength and internal composure. Measuring resilience is important for assessing the ability of adolescents to respond to adverse situations. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric performance of the Spanish version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) © for South America (CD-RISC-25SA) in a population of vulnerable Peruvian adolescents. This study used a cross-sectional design to measure sociodemographic variables and resilience. Participants were 451 adolescents living in a shelter in Lima, Perú. Face and content validity were established by expert panel, construct validity was evaluated with exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. The analysis resulted in a four-dimensional model with 22 items explaining almost 27% of the variance with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.90. The dimensions included self-confidence and self-trust from previous experiences, internal resources to cope with difficult situations, personal competence and tenacity, and self-regulation with external resources. Two of the 3 items eliminated from the instrument were related to the original dimension "spirituality influences" which may have been incorrectly translated and adapted without equivalence of meaning for cross-cultural research. The CD-RISC-25SA is not a stable multidimensional instrument for measuring resilience across the cultures and contexts of countries. However, the instrument appears to be stable for measuring resilience as a single dimension. For measuring resilience in the context of Peru, a four-dimensional model with 22 items was validated. Variations in the psychometric properties of translated instruments may result from not establishing the equivalence of meaning for each item before performing cross-cultural research. Researchers need to search for a more precise understanding of resilience as a universal concept transferable across borders and through translations.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la escala de resiliencia de 10 ítems de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC 10) en una muestra de desempleados / Psychometric properties of Spanish version of 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (10-item CD-RISC) in an unemployed sample

El objetivo del estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de resiliencia de Connor y Davidson (2003) en su versión reducida de 10 ítems (CD-RISC 10) desarrollada por Campbell-Stills y Stein (2007) y validada al español por Notario-Pacheco et al. (2011) en una muestra de 226 desempleados. Se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC) que corroboró el modelo unifactorial. Siguiendo las aportaciones teóricas, se propusieron las variables de salud psicológica, síntomas psicosomáticos y autoeficacia para analizar la validez de criterio. Las correlaciones entre las variables fueron estadísticamente significativas y siguieron la dirección teórica esperada. Se concluye que la versión española de 10 ítems de la CD-RISC de Connor y Davidson (2003) presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para estimar la resiliencia en desempleados españoles.

The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the scale of resilience CD-RISC by Connor and Davidson (2003), in its 10-item version developed by Campbell-Stills and Stein (2007), in a sample of 226 unemployed. We carried out a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) which corroborated the univariate model. Following the theoretical contributions, we proposed psychological health, psychosomatic symptoms and self-efficacy as variables to analyze the criterion validity. The correlations between the variables were statistically significant and followed the expected theoretical direction. We concluded that the Spanish 10-item version of the CDRISC by Connor and Davidson (2003) presents adequate psychometric properties to estimate resilience in Spanish unemployed.

Análisis psicométrico del Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) en población universitaria colombiana / Psychometric analysis of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Sacle (CD-RISC 10) in college students in Colombia

Resumen Este estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión en español del cuestionario Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) en población colombiana. La muestra estuvo conformada por 265 estudiantes universitarios de Bogotá y Villavicencio. El análisis factorial exploratorio denota un solo factor, resiliencia, que explica el 41,139 % del total de la varianza acumulada, modelo verificado con el análisis factorial confirmatorio, y un alfa de Cronbach de 0,838. Los resultados muestran una alta confiabilidad y concordancia en la estructura factorial con la versión original, lo cual implica adecuada validez de la prueba en población colombiana.

Abstract The present study aimed to determine the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10) in Colombian population. A total of 265 university students participated at the cities of Bogota and Villavicencio. Exploratory factor analysis indicates resilience as a single factor; we verified the model with confirmatory factor analysis, and a Cronbach's alpha of 0.838. The results show high reliability and factor structure in accordance with the original version, which implies adequate validity of this scale in Colombian population.

Propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la escala de resiliencia de 10 ítems de Connor-Davidson (CD-RISC 10) en una muestra multiocupacional / Psychometric properties of the spanish version of the 10-item Connor-Davidson resilience scale (10-item CD-RISC) in a sample of workers

El objetivo del estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española de la escala de resiliencia CD-RISC de Connor y Davidson (2003) en su versión de 10 ítems en una muestra multiocupacional. Se utilizaron dos muestras. En la primera completaron esta escala un total de 386 trabajadores y se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio que arrojó un único factor que explica el 55.8% de la varianza total. La consistencia interna de la escala fue adecuada (alfa de Cronbach de 0.87) y la eliminación de ningún ítem mejoraba la Habilidad de la escala. Con el fin de ratificar el modelo obtenido en el AFE, se llevó a cabo un análisis factorial confirmatorio con los datos de la segunda muestra de 238 participantes que corroboró el modelo unifactorial. Para analizar la validez divergente se utilizó los datos de las dos muestras (N = 624); así, las correlaciones con las puntuaciones de las variables burnout, bienestar psicológico y satisfacción laboral fueron estadísticamente significativas y siguieron la dirección teórica esperada. Se concluye que la versión española de 10 ítems de la CD-RISC de Connor y Davidson presenta adecuadas propiedades psicométricas para estimar la resiliencia en trabajadores.

The aim of the study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the scale of resilience CD-RISC of Connor and Davidson (2003) in the 10-item version in a sample of workers. Two samples were used. In the first sample a total of 386 workers completed this scale. We carry out EFA to observe the factor structure of the scale which resulted in one main factor responsible for 55.8% of the total variance and containing the 10 items. The internal consistency was appropriate (Cronbach's alpha of 0.87). In order to ratify the model obtained in the AFE, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted with data from sample 2 (N = 238) which corroborated the univariate model. As for the divergent validity, correlations with scores on the variable burnout, psychological health and job satisfaction were statistically significant and followed the theoretical direction (total sample= 624). It is concluded that the Spanish 10-item version of the CD-RISC by Connor and Davidson (2003) presents adequate psychometric properties to estimate resilience in workers.

Validação fatorial da escala de resiliência de connor-davidson (CD-RISC-10) para brasileiros / Factorial validation and adaptation of the connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-10) for brazilians

Resiliência é defnida como a habilidade de um indivíduo para se recuperar das adversidades e se adaptar positvamente em situações de tensão e estresse. Estudiosos das relações entre indivíduo, organização e trabalho têm voltado a atenção para o fenômeno na tentatva de elucidar seus antecedentes e consequentes no contexto organizacional. Estudos sobre o assunto são incipientes e, dada a diversidade e os desacordos sobre o conceito, observa-se confusão e divergências na forma de avaliá-lo. Assim, o objetvo deste estudo foi avaliar as características psicométricas de uma versão brasileira da CD-RISC-10, medida bastante utlizada em estudos internacionais. Partciparam 463 pessoas com idade média de 28 anos (DP = 9,7) e, em sua maioria, com ensino médio completo. A análise fatorial exploratória confrmou estrutura unifatorial com os dez itens da escala e alfa de Cronbach de 0,82. Isso indica que a CD-RISC-10 é medida promissora para avaliar níveis de resiliência e ferramenta disponível para incrementar a investgação desse fenômeno. Destaca-se, entretanto, a necessidade de outros estudos de validade, fdedignidade e normatzação em amostras diversas.

Resilience is defned as an individual’s ability to recover from adversites and to adapt positvely in tense and stressful situatons. Researchers of the relatonship between individual, organizaton, and work have turned their atenton to this phenomenon in order to atempt to clarify its antecedents and efects in the organizatonal context. Studies regarding this subject are beginning to appear, and, in view of the diversity and disagreement over the concept, there is confusion and divergence on the way to evaluate it. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristcs of a Brazilian version of the CD-RISC-10 - a widely used measure in internatonal studies. 463 people, on average 28 years of age (SD = 9,7) and mostly high school graduates, took part in this study. Exploratory factor analysis confrmed a one-factor structure with the ten scale items and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82. This indicates that the CD-RISC-10 is a promising measure for evaluatng levels of resilience, and an available tool for improving the investgaton of this phenomenon. However, it is important to emphasize the need for further studies regarding validity, reliability, and standardizaton in diverse samples.

Validação fatorial da escala de resiliência de connor-davidson (CD-RISC-10) para brasileiros / Factorial validation and adaptation of the connor-davidson resilience scale (CD-RISC-10) for brazilians

Resiliência é defnida como a habilidade de um indivíduo para se recuperar das adversidades e se adaptar positvamente em situações de tensão e estresse. Estudiosos das relações entre indivíduo, organização e trabalho têm voltado a atenção para o fenômeno na tentatva de elucidar seus antecedentes e consequentes no contexto organizacional. Estudos sobre o assunto são incipientes e, dada a diversidade e os desacordos sobre o conceito, observa-se confusão e divergências na forma de avaliá-lo. Assim, o objetvo deste estudo foi avaliar as características psicométricas de uma versão brasileira da CD-RISC-10, medida bastante utlizada em estudos internacionais. Partciparam 463 pessoas com idade média de 28 anos (DP = 9,7) e, em sua maioria, com ensino médio completo. A análise fatorial exploratória confrmou estrutura unifatorial com os dez itens da escala e alfa de Cronbach de 0,82. Isso indica que a CD-RISC-10 é medida promissora para avaliar níveis de resiliência e ferramenta disponível para incrementar a investgação desse fenômeno. Destaca-se, entretanto, a necessidade de outros estudos de validade, fdedignidade e normatzação em amostras diversas.(AU)

Resilience is defned as an individual’s ability to recover from adversites and to adapt positvely in tense and stressful situatons. Researchers of the relatonship between individual, organizaton, and work have turned their atenton to this phenomenon in order to atempt to clarify its antecedents and efects in the organizatonal context. Studies regarding this subject are beginning to appear, and, in view of the diversity and disagreement over the concept, there is confusion and divergence on the way to evaluate it. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the psychometric characteristcs of a Brazilian version of the CD-RISC-10 - a widely used measure in internatonal studies. 463 people, on average 28 years of age (SD = 9,7) and mostly high school graduates, took part in this study. Exploratory factor analysis confrmed a one-factor structure with the ten scale items and a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.82. This indicates that the CD-RISC-10 is a promising measure for evaluatng levels of resilience, and an available tool for improving the investgaton of this phenomenon. However, it is important to emphasize the need for further studies regarding validity, reliability, and standardizaton in diverse samples.(AU)