The Variability of Berry Parameters Could Be an Indicator of the Potential Quality of the Vineyard.

BACKGROUND: Berry quality potential from a single vineyard is mainly defined based on some physicochemical parameters and subjective assessments. In this way, berry maturity variability would be a key factor affecting berry quality. METHODS: This trial aimed to study the effects of the maturity variability of berries harvested from plots of low (~37,080 kg ha-1), middle (~12,545 kg ha-1), and high (~1476 kg ha-1) quality potential on berry and wine physicochemical parameters of Cabernet Sauvignon in two consecutive seasons. The quality potential of the plots was defined by the winemakers considering mostly yield per hectare and the final price of their wines. RESULTS: The berry heterogeneous maturity of soluble solids and berry weight in Cabernet Sauvignon was confirmed. The coefficient of variability (CV) of berry weight of high-quality plots was high at véraison and decreased as ripening progressed, reaching CV of 19.9% at harvest. Low-quality plots showed the lowest CV of berry weight in all the studied dates, whereas high-quality plots presented the lowest CV in soluble solids content of berries, reaching a 5.1% of variability at harvest. The physicochemical parameters showed that high-quality plots were characterized by high levels of soluble solids and phenolic maturity parameters, whereas samples from low-quality plots reached high berry weight and malic acid content. Berry differences among the physicochemical parameters determined wine quality, which allowed for plots to be classified by their potential quality at harvest. CONCLUSIONS: Studying maturity variability of soluble solids and berry weight will allow for sampling to be sectorized within a vineyard to reduce the extremes of maturity that would affect wine quality and productive goals of winemakers.

Higher Virulence of Diplodia seriata Isolates on Vines of cv. Cabernet Sauvignon Associated with 10-Year-Old Wood Compared to Young Tissue.

Botryosphaeria dieback (BD) occurs in young and old plants. In the field, the prevalence and severity of the disease increase proportionally with the age of vineyards. Among the pathogens that cause BD, Diplodia seriata is the most prevalent species in Chile and other countries with a Mediterranean climate. To date, no information is available on the susceptibility of adult wood to infection by this pathogen since most of the pathogenicity tests have been carried out on 1- or 2-year-old shoots or detached canes. Therefore, a pathogenicity test was carried out on plants under field conditions, with inoculations in 1-year-old shoots and 2- and 10-year-old wood in grapevine cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. A pathogenicity test was carried out with two isolates of D. seriata. The results for the plants show that D. seriata was significantly more aggressive on the 10-year-old than on the one- or two-year-old tissue, where the lesions were 4.3 and 2.3 cm on average, respectively. These results were compared with the lesions obtained from two-year-old canes after the isolates were activated in grape berries. Also, the Chilean isolates of D. seriata were compared phylogenetically with those from other countries, and no major differences were found between them. Our results are consistent with the damage observed in the field, contributing to the knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease in Mediterranean climates. In the future, the effect observed in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon with D. seriata on virulence at different tissue ages should be tested for other BD-causing agents and wine varieties.

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomics with Double Pulsed-Field-Gradient Echo and Automatized Solvent Suppression Spectroscopy for Multivariate Data Matrix Applied in Novel Wine and Juice Discriminant Analysis.

The quality of foods has led researchers to use various analytical methods to determine the amounts of principal food constituents; some of them are the NMR techniques with a multivariate statistical analysis (NMR-MSA). The present work introduces a set of NMR-MSA novelties. First, the use of a double pulsed-field-gradient echo (DPFGE) experiment with a refocusing band-selective uniform response pure-phase selective pulse for the selective excitation of a 5-10-ppm range of wine samples reveals novel broad 1H resonances. Second, an NMR-MSA foodomics approach to discriminate between wine samples produced from the same Cabernet Sauvignon variety fermented with different yeast strains proposed for large-scale alcohol reductions. Third a comparative study between a nonsupervised Principal Component Analysis (PCA), supervised standard partial (PLS-DA), and sparse (sPLS-DA) least squares discriminant analysis, as well as orthogonal projections to a latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), for obtaining holistic fingerprints. The MSA discriminated between different Cabernet Sauvignon fermentation schemes and juice varieties (apple, apricot, and orange) or juice authentications (puree, nectar, concentrated, and commercial juice fruit drinks). The new pulse sequence DPFGE demonstrated an enhanced sensitivity in the aromatic zone of wine samples, allowing a better application of different unsupervised and supervised multivariate statistical analysis approaches.

Safety and Photoprotective Efficacy of a Sunscreen System Based on Grape Pomace (Vitis vinifera L.) Phenolics from Winemaking.

In winemaking, a large amount of grape pomace is produced that is rich in polyphenolics and highly beneficial for human health, as phenols are useful for skin ultraviolet (UV) protection. In this investigation, we evaluated the safety and clinical efficacy of a sunscreen system containing a grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. as a bioactive ingredient. The recovery of phenolics in the waste was performed by percolation. Nine emulsions were developed using a factorial design and two were evaluated clinically: Formulation E, containing only UV filters (butylmethoxydibenzoyl methane, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate and ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA), and F, with the extract at 10.0% w/w + UV filters. The antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH assay and the in vitro efficacy was established by sun protection factor (SPF) measurements (Labsphere UV-2000S). Clinical tests were performed to determine safety (human repeated insult patch test) and to confirm efficacy (photoprotective effectiveness in participants). The results showed a synergistic effect between the sunscreen system and the extract on UVB protection and antioxidant activity. Both samples were considered safe. Formulation F was 20.59% more efficient in protecting skin against UVB radiation, taking approximately 21% more time to induce erythema compared to the extract-free sample.

Digital image-based tracing of geographic origin, winemaker, and grape type for red wine authentication.

This work proposes the development of a simple, fast, and inexpensive methodology based on color histograms (obtained from digital images), and supervised pattern recognition techniques to classify red wines produced in the São Francisco Valley (SFV) region to trace geographic origin, winemaker, and grape variety. PCA-LDA coupled with HSI histograms correctly differentiated all of the SFV samples from the other geographic regions in the test set; SPA-LDA selecting just 10 variables in the Grayscale + HSI histogram achieved 100% accuracy in the test set when classifying three different SFV winemakers. Regarding the three grape varieties, SPA-LDA selected 15 variables in the RGB histogram to obtain the best result, misclassifying only 2 samples in the test set. Pairwise grape variety classification was also performed with only 1 misclassification. Besides following the principles of Green Chemistry, the proposed methodology is a suitable analytical tool; for tracing origins, grape type, and even (SFV) winemakers.

Effect of Aspergillus carbonarius on ochratoxin a levels, volatile profile and antioxidant activity of the grapes and respective wines.

Aspergillus carbonarius can produce a possibly carcinogenic mycotoxin named ochratoxin A (OTA). The metabolism of this fungus can also impact grape and wine quality as it influences the volatile and phenolic profiles, which are related to aroma and antioxidant activity, respectively. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of A. carbonarius on OTA levels and for the first time on volatile profile and antioxidant activity of grapes and their respective wines. Cabernet Sauvignon (CS, red) grapes presented higher susceptibility to A. carbonarius than Moscato Italico (MI, white) grapes and OTA levels in their respective musts were in accordance with this same trend. However, vinification of red grapes resulted in 67% reduction of OTA, while the reduction observed with white wines was 45%. The presence of acids (hexanoic, octanoic, nonanoic and decanoic, fatty odor) was found to be an indicative of the fungus incidence in grapes. These acids were precursors of esters that might impart negative aroma (methyl nonanoate and isoamyl octanoate, fatty odor) or provide desirable fruity characteristics (ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate and methyl octanoate) for wine. In addition, terpenes were detected only in wines produced with grapes (CS and MI) inoculated with A. carbonarius. The presence of A. carbonarius increased the antioxidant activity of CS grapes. For MI grapes and both wines (CS and MI) no differences were verified in the antioxidant activity of the samples affected or not affected by this fungus. Although A. carbonarius occurrence has shown no influence on the antioxidant activity of wines, it produced OTA and has negatively influenced the wine odor profile, due to the production of some volatiles that impart a deleterious effect on wine aroma.

Cabernet Sauvignon wine polysaccharides attenuate sepsis inflammation and lethality in mice.

Cabernet Sauvignon red wine is produced from Vitis vinifera grapes. The similarity between polysaccharides extracted from commercial Cabernet Sauvignon wines from three vintages and in vivo anti-inflammatory properties were studied in this work. It was demonstrated that the wines have similar polysaccharide patterns even though they were produced in different years. Also, it was investigated the effects of polysaccharide mixture and isolated fractions on the model of polymicrobial sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture in mice. Subcutaneous and oral administration of polysaccharides reduced the mice mortality rate. Treatment reduced leukocyte migration, inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased the IL-10 anti-inflammatory cytokine production when compared to the vehicle group. Complementarily, the polysaccharides decreased AST, ALT, bilirubin, urea and creatinine serum levels, with consequent protection against tissue damage. The polysaccharides demonstrated a potent anti-inflammatory effect in the sepsis model, which may indicate beneficial effects of moderate consumption of wine for human health.

Water stress and ripeness effects on the volatile composition of Cabernet Sauvignon wines.

BACKGROUND: Controlled water deficits affect grape berry physiology and the resulting wines, with volatile composition being the one of the affected parameters. However, there is a potential disconnect between aromatic maturity and sugar accumulation. Accordingly, the effects of three different water status levels over two growing seasons (2014 and 2015) and two different harvest dates on the aroma compounds from Cabernet Sauvignon wines were studied. Volatile compounds were determined using headspace solid phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatoghraphy/mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Around 45 volatile compounds were determined in the wines and, among these, esters were affected the most, presenting lower concentrations when the most restrictive water treatment was applied in both years. By contrast, volatile acids presented the highest concentrations when the lowest level of irrigation was applied. On the other hand, a delay in harvesting produced an increase in the total amount of volatile compounds in samples from the most restrictive water treatment. These results are coincident with a principal component analysis that indicated a great separation between years, deficit irrigation treatments and harvest dates. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that a low water supply had a negative effect on the aromatic potential of wines at a similar ripening stage. However, this effect could be countered by harvesting at a later date. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Soil cover in vineyards modifies soil properties and nutritional status of the vines / Cobertura do solo em vinhedos modifica os atributos do solo e o estado nutricional das videiras

The cover crop intercropping in vineyards protects the soil from erosion and can be an alternative for controlling the growth of the vine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the soils chemical properties, leaf composition and branch growth of Cabernet Sauvignon vine caused by the cover crops in the vineyard. The study was carried in an experiment conducted from 2009 in the highlands of Santa Catarina state, where the soil and climatic conditions favor the excessive growth of the vine. The treatments consisted of three types of cover crops, two management and a control. The cover crops were annual, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), the perennial fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and the native (spontaneous), while the managements were mowed with the crop residue in total area and, with its transfer from the row to the between row of the vine. Samples of leaves and soil were carried out in veraison and at end of grape maturation stages, respectively. The cover crops and its management in general did not change the soil pH, or the exchangeable content of Al, Ca and Mg, but the annual did increase the available P content in the 0-5 cm layer compared to the control. The perennial in general did increase the extractable K content compared to the control in the 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers, and compared to the annual and native crops [...](AU)

O cultivo de cobertura verde em vinhedos protege o solo da erosão e ainda pode ser uma alternativa para o controle do vigor da videira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura do solo de vinhedo nos atributos químicos do solo, na composição foliar e no crescimento de ramos da videira do cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. As avalições foram realizadas na safra 2013/14, em experimento conduzido a partir de 2009 na região do Planalto Sul Catarinense, onde as condições edafoclimáticas favorecem o excesso de vigor da videira. Os tratamentos compreenderam três tipos de plantas, dois manejos e um controle. As plantas foram a sucessão de anuais, trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum), a perene festuca (Festuca arundinacea) e as nativas (espontâneas) e os manejos foram roçada com o resíduo cultural distribuído em área total e, com a sua transferência da faixa da linha da videira para a faixa da entrelinha. O controle foi a aplicação de herbicida na faixa da linha e roçada na entrelinha. As amostragens das folhas e do solo foram realizadas nas fases de mudança de cor e de maturação plena da uva. As plantas de cobertura e seu manejo, em geral, não afetaram o pH, nem os teores de Al, Ca e Mg trocáveis no solo, porém as anuais aumentaram o P extraível na camada 0 - 5 cm relativamente à testemunha. Em geral, a espécie [...](AU)

Soil cover in vineyards modifies soil properties and nutritional status of the vines / Cobertura do solo em vinhedos modifica os atributos do solo e o estado nutricional das videiras

The cover crop intercropping in vineyards protects the soil from erosion and can be an alternative for controlling the growth of the vine. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in the soils chemical properties, leaf composition and branch growth of Cabernet Sauvignon vine caused by the cover crops in the vineyard. The study was carried in an experiment conducted from 2009 in the highlands of Santa Catarina state, where the soil and climatic conditions favor the excessive growth of the vine. The treatments consisted of three types of cover crops, two management and a control. The cover crops were annual, buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), the perennial fescue (Festuca arundinacea) and the native (spontaneous), while the managements were mowed with the crop residue in total area and, with its transfer from the row to the between row of the vine. Samples of leaves and soil were carried out in veraison and at end of grape maturation stages, respectively. The cover crops and its management in general did not change the soil pH, or the exchangeable content of Al, Ca and Mg, but the annual did increase the available P content in the 0-5 cm layer compared to the control. The perennial in general did increase the extractable K content compared to the control in the 5-10 and 10-15 cm layers, and compared to the annual and native crops [...]

O cultivo de cobertura verde em vinhedos protege o solo da erosão e ainda pode ser uma alternativa para o controle do vigor da videira. Assim, o objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência do cultivo de plantas de cobertura do solo de vinhedo nos atributos químicos do solo, na composição foliar e no crescimento de ramos da videira do cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. As avalições foram realizadas na safra 2013/14, em experimento conduzido a partir de 2009 na região do Planalto Sul Catarinense, onde as condições edafoclimáticas favorecem o excesso de vigor da videira. Os tratamentos compreenderam três tipos de plantas, dois manejos e um controle. As plantas foram a sucessão de anuais, trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum) e azevém (Lolium multiflorum), a perene festuca (Festuca arundinacea) e as nativas (espontâneas) e os manejos foram roçada com o resíduo cultural distribuído em área total e, com a sua transferência da faixa da linha da videira para a faixa da entrelinha. O controle foi a aplicação de herbicida na faixa da linha e roçada na entrelinha. As amostragens das folhas e do solo foram realizadas nas fases de mudança de cor e de maturação plena da uva. As plantas de cobertura e seu manejo, em geral, não afetaram o pH, nem os teores de Al, Ca e Mg trocáveis no solo, porém as anuais aumentaram o P extraível na camada 0 - 5 cm relativamente à testemunha. Em geral, a espécie [...]

Phenolic composition and mouthfeel characteristics resulting from blending Chilean red wines.

BACKGROUND: The blending of wine is a common practice in winemaking to improve certain characteristics that are appreciated by consumers. The use of some cultivars may contribute phenolic compounds that modify certain characteristics in blended wines, particularly those related to mouthfeel. The aim of this work was to study the effect of Carménère, Merlot and Cabernet Franc on the phenolic composition, proanthocyanidin profile and mouthfeel characteristics of Cabernet Sauvignon blends. RESULTS: Significant differences in chemical composition were observed among the monovarietal wines. Separation using Sep-Pak C18 cartridges revealed differences in the concentration but not in the proportion of various proanthocyanidins. Blending reduced polyphenol concentration differences among the various monovarietal wines. Although no major overall differences were observed after blending the monovarietal wines, this oenological practice produced clear differences in mouthfeel characteristics in such a way that the quality of the perceived astringency was different. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the use of a particular wine variety (Cabernet Sauvignon) in a higher proportion in wine blending produced blends that were less differentiable from the monovarietal wine, owing to a suppression effect, producing an apparent standardization of the wines regarding chemical composition.

Comportamento das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon e Syrah em diferentes porta-enxertos / Yield-related performance of cv Cabernet Sauvingnon and Petite Syrah on different rootstocks

As cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon e Syrah são destinadas à elaboração de vinhos tintos jovens ou de guarda bastante difundidas em diversas zonas vitivinícolas de todo o mundo. No Brasil, são utilizadas principalmente no Rio Grande do Sul e Vale do Rio São Francisco. Atualmente, produtores da região de Jundiaí, SP, têm demonstrado interesse na utilização de tais cultivares com intuito de obter vinhos de qualidade superior aos originários de cultivares americanas. Por isso, realizou-se o estudo do comportamento das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon e Syrah em diferentes porta-enxertos, na região de Jundiaí, SP (23º06' S; 46º55' W, 715 m). Não houve influência dos diferentes porta-enxertos sobre o comportamento da cultivar Cabernet Sauvignon. O porta-enxerto IAC 571-6 'Jundiaí' tendeu a conferir colheita tardia na cultivar Syrah. Os porta-enxertos IAC 572 'Jales' e IAC 571-6 'Jundiaí' conferiram maior produção a cultivar Syrah. A cultivar Syrah apresentou-se como boa opção de plantio para obtenção de vinho de qualidade na região.

Grapevines cv. Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah are largely used for high quality vine making all around the world. In Brazil they are concentrated moreover, at the Rio Grande do Sul state and in the São Francisco Valley. Producers from Jundiaí region (São Paulo state) have been interested in such cultivars for improved quality vine making as they generally use american cultivars for that propose. Aiming study the performance of cv Cabernet Sauvingnon and Syrah, cultivated over different rootstocks an experiment was conducted in the region of Jundiaí (SP) (23º06' S; 46º55' W, 715 m). Results showed that there wasn't influence of different rootstocks on the performance of both analyzed cultivars. It was observed a trend of the rootstock IAC 571-6 'Jundiaí' to improve final yield of cv Syrah. The Rootstocks IAC 572 'Jales' and IAC 571-6 'Jundiaí' combined to Syrah resulted in the highest yield in the experiment. The Syrah shows itself to be a good alternative when planting for quality vine making in the region of the experiment.

Aplicação de nitrogênio em videiras na Campanha Gaúcha: produtividade e características químicas do mosto da uva

The N fertilization in vines, in general, causes great impact in the yield and in chemistries characteristics of the grape and your must, consequently of the wine. The experiment was carried out in 2004/05, to evaluate the effect of the N fertilization in the grape yield and in chemistries characteristics of the must of Cabernet Sauvignon vines, at Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in Southern Brazil, Santana do Livramento. The treatments were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 85kg ha-1 N. In the maturation, the grape was collection and evaluate yield vine, yield hectare, length and width of bunches, and weight 100 berry. Berries were collected, a part mass the evaluate in the must soluble solids, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins and N ammonia. The remaining berries were triturated and evaluate total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that the N fertilization did not affect the grape yield and yield components. The application of N rates increased in the must the total acidity and N ammonia, and decreased anthocyanins, and in berry increased the percentage total N and K.

A aplicação de N na videira, em geral, causa grande impacto na produção e nas características químicas da uva e do seu mosto e, conseqüentemente, no vinho. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação de N na produção de uva e nas características químicas desejáveis do mosto. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2004/05 em vinhedo comercial de viníferas Cabernet Sauvignon, na Empresa Pernod Ricard Brasil/Almadén, em Santana do Livramento, RS, sobre Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 e 85kg ha-1 de N. Na maturação, a uva foi colhida e avaliada a produção por planta, por hectare, o comprimento e a largura de cachos, e o peso de 100 bagas. Foram coletadas bagas de uva, sendo uma parte amassada e, no mosto, foram determinados os sólidos solúveis totais, o pH, a acidez total, o ácido tartárico, o ácido málico, os polifenóis totais, as antocianas e o N amoniacal. As bagas restantes foram trituradas e analisado o total de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de N em viníferas Cabernet Sauvignon não afetou a produção de uva e os componentes de rendimento. Além disso, a aplicação de doses crescentes de N em viníferas Cabernet Sauvignon, de forma destacada, aumentou, no mosto, os valores de acidez total e N amoniacal e diminuiu os valores de antocianas e, na baga de uva, aumentou a porcentagem do total de N e K.

Aplicação de nitrogênio em videiras na Campanha Gaúcha: produtividade e características químicas do mosto da uva

The N fertilization in vines, in general, causes great impact in the yield and in chemistries characteristics of the grape and your must, consequently of the wine. The experiment was carried out in 2004/05, to evaluate the effect of the N fertilization in the grape yield and in chemistries characteristics of the must of Cabernet Sauvignon vines, at Sandy Typic Hapludalf soil in Southern Brazil, Santana do Livramento. The treatments were 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 85kg ha-1 N. In the maturation, the grape was collection and evaluate yield vine, yield hectare, length and width of bunches, and weight 100 berry. Berries were collected, a part mass the evaluate in the must soluble solids, pH, total acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total phenols, anthocyanins and N ammonia. The remaining berries were triturated and evaluate total N, P, K, Ca and Mg. The results showed that the N fertilization did not affect the grape yield and yield components. The application of N rates increased in the must the total acidity and N ammonia, and decreased anthocyanins, and in berry increased the percentage total N and K.

A aplicação de N na videira, em geral, causa grande impacto na produção e nas características químicas da uva e do seu mosto e, conseqüentemente, no vinho. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o efeito da aplicação de N na produção de uva e nas características químicas desejáveis do mosto. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2004/05 em vinhedo comercial de viníferas Cabernet Sauvignon, na Empresa Pernod Ricard Brasil/Almadén, em Santana do Livramento, RS, sobre Argissolo Vermelho distrófico arênico. Os tratamentos constaram da aplicação de 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 e 85kg ha-1 de N. Na maturação, a uva foi colhida e avaliada a produção por planta, por hectare, o comprimento e a largura de cachos, e o peso de 100 bagas. Foram coletadas bagas de uva, sendo uma parte amassada e, no mosto, foram determinados os sólidos solúveis totais, o pH, a acidez total, o ácido tartárico, o ácido málico, os polifenóis totais, as antocianas e o N amoniacal. As bagas restantes foram trituradas e analisado o total de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. Os resultados mostraram que a aplicação de N em viníferas Cabernet Sauvignon não afetou a produção de uva e os componentes de rendimento. Além disso, a aplicação de doses crescentes de N em viníferas Cabernet Sauvignon, de forma destacada, aumentou, no mosto, os valores de acidez total e N amoniacal e diminuiu os valores de antocianas e, na baga de uva, aumentou a porcentagem do total de N e K.