Evaluación de la ingesta de calcio en mujeres pre-menopáusicas consumidoras de alimentación basada en plantas correspondiente al área metropolitana de Buenos Aires / Evaluation of calcium intake in pre-menopausal women consuming a plant-based diet in the Buenos Aires metropolitan area

El calcio es uno de los nutrientes esenciales para la salud ósea. Objetivos: evaluar la ingesta de calcio en un grupo de mujeres pre-menopáusicas consumidoras de alimentación basada en plantas (ABP). Materiales y métodos: un grupo de mujeres premenopáusicas entre 30 y 45 años consumidoras de ABP fueron invitadas a participar. Para la evaluación de ingesta se empleó un recordatorio alimentario de 24 horas. Se utilizó la Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud (ENNyS, 2007) como información relevada disponible de ingesta de calcio en nuestra población. En un subgrupo de participantes se evaluó la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de columna lumbar (L1-L4) por el método de absorciometría de rayos X (DXA), mientras que la microarquitectura fue estudiada a través del trabecular bone score (TBS). Resultados: se incluyeron 30 mujeres con un tiempo de adherencia promedio (X±DS) a la ABP 5,6±4 años, edad de 35,6±4 años, y un índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 23.,7±3 kg/m2. Una ingesta diaria de calcio promedio (IC al 95%) de 980 mg (639 mg-1320 mg) fue observada en las mujeres vegetarianas, mientras que en las veganas fue de 772 mg (460 mg-1085 mg), lo que resulta superior a la de la población general (406 mg). Una correlación positiva fue observada entre DMO e IMC (r=0,990; p=0,01) pero no entre DMO e ingesta de calcio. Conclusiones: en esta cohorte de mujeres premenopáusicas consumidoras de ABP, las vegetarianas y el 96,5% de las veganas cubrieron el requerimiento promedio estimado. La adecuada planificación de la ABP permite evitar deficiencias nutricionales que afecten la salud ósea. (AU)

Calcium is one of the essential nutrients intervening in bone health. Objective: To assess calcium intake in a group of premenopausal women consumers of a plant-based diet (PBD). Materials and methods: Premenopausal women between 30 and 45 y/o consumers of a PBD were invited to participate. A 24-hour food reminder was provided for the intake evaluation. Argentina's National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNyS, 2007) was used as available information on calcium intake in our population. In a participants' subset, the bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine (L1-L4) was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), while the trabecular bone score (TBS) was used to study the microarchitecture. Results: The study included 30 women with an average adherence time (X±DS) to PBD of 5.6±4 years, of 35.6±4 years and a body mass index (BMI) of 23.7±3kg/m2. An average daily calcium intake (95% CI) of 980mg (639 mg-1.320mg) was observed in vegetarian women, while in vegan women it was 772 mg (460mg-1.085mg), higher than the general population (406 mg). A positive correlation was observed between BMD and BMI (r=0.990; p=0.01), though not between BMD and calcium intake. Conclusions: In this cohort of premenopausal women consuming a PBD, the vegetarians and 96.5% of vegans met the estimated average requirement. An appropriate planning of the PBD prevents nutritional deficiencies that may affect bone health. (AU)

Calcium concentration of drinking water to improve calcium intake: A simulation study.

The risk of inadequate calcium intake is a worldwide problem. We performed a simulation exercise on the impact, effectiveness, and safety of increasing calcium levels in drinking water using the 2019 Health and Nutrition National Survey of Argentina, which provides water intake and water sources data at the individual level. We simulated the distribution of calcium intake assuming a calcium concentration of 100 mg of calcium per liter of tap water and 400 mg of calcium per liter of bottled water. After the simulation, all population groups had a slightly improved calcium intake. Higher impacts were observed in adults, as reported water intake was higher in adults 19-51 years old. In young adult women, the estimated calcium intake inadequacy decreased from 91.0% to 79.7% when calcium was increased in tap water and to 72.2% when calcium was increased in tap and bottled water. The impact was lower in adolescents and older adults who have higher calcium recommendations and reported lower water intake. Increased calcium concentration of water could improve calcium intake in Argentina, especially in adults as their reported water intake is higher. Combining more than one strategy to improve calcium intake might be required for countries like Argentina with low calcium intake.

Ingesta de calcio y densidad mineral ósea en adolescentes chilenos con desarrollo puberal completo

Introducción: La cantidad diaria recomendada (RDA) de calcio en adolescentes es de 1.300 mg/día. La última Encuesta Nacional de Consumo Alimentario de Chile, mostró que la mediana de ingesta total de calcio fue menos de la mitad de la RDA. Una ingesta insuficiente de calcio puede impactar negativamente la mineralización ósea. Objetivo: Determinar el efecto de la ingesta de calcio y estado nutricional sobre la densidad mineral ósea (DMO) de adolescentes con desarrollo puberal completo. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Participaron n= 79 adolescentes de ambos sexos de entre 17 y 18 años elegidos al azar, aparentemente sanos, estadio Tanner 5 e IMC-1 DE). Según estado nutricional, no hubo diferencias significativas en la ingesta de nutrientes, pero sí en la DMO. En media, la DMO estandarizada (puntaje Z) fue normal para ambos sexos (>-1 DE); los adolescentes con obesidad presentaron una DMO estandarizada significativamente mayor que los adolescentes de peso normal (1,05±0,85 vs 0.33±0,86; P= 0,04). La ingesta de calcio no se relacionó con la masa ósea total ni con la DMO estandarizada. Conclusión: En adolescentes con desarrollo puberal completo no hubo relación entre la ingesta de calcio y los niveles de mineralización ósea. Sí hubo relación entre mineralización ósea y estado nutricional, siendo mayor la DMO en los individuos con obesidad.

Background: In adolescents, the recommended daily intake (RDI) of calcium is 1,300 mg. In Chile, the latest National Survey of Food Consumption showed that the median total calcium intake was less than half of the RDI. An adequate intake of calcium in adolescence negatively affects BMD. Aim: To determine the association of calcium intake and nutritional status with bone mineral density (BMD) in male and female adolescents with completed pubertal development (Tanner 5). Methods: Cross-sectional study in a random sample of 79 male and female adolescents, ages 17-18. Participants were healthy, Tanner stage 5, and BMI −1 SD. BMD was higher in obese participants compared to normal-weight adolescents (1.05±0.85 vs 0.33±0.86; P= 0.04), although no differences in nutrients and food intake. Calcium intake was unrelated to total bone mass and unstandardized BMD. Conclusions: In our sample of adolescents with complete pubertal development, there was no relationship between calcium intake and bone mineralization levels. There was a significant relationship between bone mineralization and nutritional status, with BMD being higher in adolescents with obesity.

Effect of Metformin on Glycemic Control Regarding Carriers of the SLC22A1/OCT1 (rs628031) Polymorphism and Its Interactions with Dietary Micronutrients in Type 2 Diabetes.

Purpose: Differences in metformin effect on glycemic control in type 2 Diabetes (T2D) have been associated with diet, obesity, years since T2D diagnosis and genetic factors, such as the Met408Val (rs628031) SLC22A1/OCT1 gene polymorphism. This study aimed to analyze the effect of metformin and diet on glycemic control and its association with the Met408Val polymorphism in patients with T2D from western Mexico. Patients and Methods: A total of 240 T2D adult patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Anti-hyperglycemic therapy, dietary intake, body composition and glycemic profile were recorded and the determination of genotypes of SLC22A1/OCT1 gene (rs628031) was performed using an allelic discrimination assay. Results: The type of metformin therapy was 47% monotherapy, 45% dual therapy (metformin+glibenclamide or metformin+insulin) and 8% triple therapy (metformin+glibenclamide+insulin). Individuals with metformin monotherapy had a higher glycemic control frequency (%HbA1c <7.0) compared with the dual and triple treatment schemes (77% vs 35% and 15%, respectively; p<0.001). Interestingly, a high potassium intake was documented in the three anti-hyperglycemic therapies and a lower intake of micronutrients, including calcium, magnesium, and zinc. An interaction was found between calcium intake and carriers of the risk allele A (408Val) with %HbA1c (P interaction=0.028), and potassium intake with the TyG index (P interaction=0.027). In addition, there was a positive correlation between calcium intake and %HbA1c (r=0.682; p=0.010), and potassium intake vs TyG index (r=0.593; p=0.033) in risk allele A (408Val) carriers with metformin monotherapy. Genotype frequencies were GG homozygotes (76.6%), GA heterozygotes (21.5%) and AA homozygotes (1.9%). The allele frequency was 87.4% for the ancestral allele G and 12.6% for the risk allele A. Conclusion: These findings suggest a differing effect of metformin on glycemic control regarding calcium and potassium intake and the Met408Val SLC22A1/OCT1 gene polymorphism in T2D patients.

Are Women Ready to Prevent Osteoporosis? Change Stages for Preventive Behaviors.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the prevention behaviors for osteoporosis (OP) in women (physical activity and calcium intake) and their readiness to perform these behaviors. METHOD: Women aged ≥30 years in four large cities of Mexico were interviewed. The geographical areas were selected randomly and stratified according to socioeconomic status and age. A questionnaire designed to assess OP-related prevention behaviors, as well as attitudes and stages of change of the transtheoretical model toward these behaviors, was used. RESULTS: Eight hundred and six women were interviewed: 4.2% reported diagnosis of osteopenia, 5% of OP, 2.3% had suffered a fracture, and 11.9% had a family history of OP. A large proportion of participants did not do physical activity (56.2%) and did not have the recommended intake of calcium (61.3%). More than 80% of these participants were in lower stages of change (precontemplation and contemplation) for performing physical activity and 86.4% for calcium intake, which means a lack of readiness to change their behaviors. The absence of readiness to change preventive behaviors was related to negative attitudes toward both behaviors (OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.04, 3.14] physical activity; OR = 3.09, 95% CI [1.81, 5.29] calcium intake). Both of these behaviors were associated with known risk factors for OP. CONCLUSION: Very high percentage of women are not ready to perform the behaviors necessary to maintain bone health. This phenomenon was not as a result of clinical risk factors for OP but because of the negative attitudes and beliefs of women related to physical activity and calcium intake.

Impact of flour fortification with calcium on calcium intake: a simulation study in seven countries.

Calcium intake is low in many countries, especially in low-income countries. Our objective was to perform a simulation exercise on the impact, effectiveness, and safety of a flour fortification strategy using the Intake Modelling, Assessment, and Planning Program. Modeling of calcium fortification scenarios was performed with available dietary intake databases from Argentina, Bangladesh, Italy, the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Uganda, Zambia, and the United States. This theoretical exercise showed that simulating a fortification with 156 mg of calcium per 100 g of flour would decrease the prevalence of low calcium intake, and less than 2% of the individuals would exceed the recommended calcium upper limit (UL) in Argentina, Italy, Uganda, and Zambia. Bangladesh and the Lao PDR showed little impact, as flour intake is uncommon. By contrast, in the United States, this strategy would lead to some population groups exceeding the UL. This exercise should be replicated and adapted to each country, taking into account the updated prevalence of calcium inadequacy, flour consumption, and technical compatibility between calcium and the flour-type candidate for fortification. A fortification plan should consider the impact on all age groups to avoid the risk of exceeding the upper levels of calcium intake.

Contribution of calcium in drinking water from a South American country to dietary calcium intake.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the calcium concentration of tap and bottled waters from Argentina and to estimate the contribution of drinking water to calcium recommendations. RESULTS: Calcium concentrations provided by water authorities ranged from 6 to 105 mg/L. The mean calcium level of samples analysed at the Laboratorio de Ingeniería Sanitaria, National University of La Plata was 15.8 (SD ± 13.2) mg/L and at the Bone Biology Laboratory of the National University of Rosario was 13.1 (± 10.0) mg/L. Calcium values of samples from supply systems and private wells was similar. Most bottled waters had calcium levels well below 50 mg/L. The intake of one litre of drinking water from Argentina could represent in average between 1.2 and 8.0% of the calcium daily values for an adult.

Calcium intake is inversely associated with body fat in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Calcium intake seems to be inversely associated with body fat in several populations; however, little is known about this relationship in postmenopausal women. This study aimed to associate calcium intake with body fat mass in postmenopausal women. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was performed with 107 postmenopausal women who entered in a lifestyle change program. The dietary intake was estimated through three 24-h food recalls. Body fat mass was evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Linear regression analyzes were performed associating body fat variables (total fat mass, body fat percentage, trunk fat, gynoid and android fat mass; and body mass index) with calcium intake. RESULTS: After adjustments for age; carbohydrate, protein, lipids and fiber intakes; and physical activity, it was observed that calcium intake (mg/day) was inversely associated with total fat mass (kg and percentage), trunk fat mass (kg), gynoid and android fat mass (kg). Calcium intake was not associated with body mass index, although a tendency was observed (p = 0.062). CONCLUSION: Calcium intake was inversely associated with body fat mass in postmenopausal women.

Influence of breakfast and meal frequency in calcium intake among pregnant adolescents.

Calcium is an essential micronutrient that plays a role in growing and pregnancy, and its necessity is increased during pregnancy in adolescence. Thus, the aim of the study is to describe the daily calcium intake and its associations with dietetic habits, sociodemographic data and perinatal outcomes among pregnant adolescents. A prospective cohort study was conducted among primiparous adolescents who started prenatal care before 20 weeks of gestation. Sociodemographic data, weight and height, 24-h dietary recall (24hRec) and perinatal outcomes were collected over four meetings (three during pregnancy and one in puerperium). All 24hRecs were analysed by the Nutrition Data System for Research (NDSR)® programme, and descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression were done. A total of 150 pregnant adolescents were included, with a mean of daily calcium intake of 659.9 mg (50% of recommended intake). Adolescents who ate more than three meals per day (89.3%), and ate breakfast every day (69.3%), were shown to have higher daily calcium intake, odds ratio (OR CI 95%) of 3.4 (1.0, 11.0) and 16.8 (1.0, 302.1), respectively. No correlation was observed between calcium daily intake and sociodemographic data or perinatal outcomes. Dairy products were the foods that mostly contributed to achieving recommended daily calcium intake. In our cohort, pregnant adolescents had a low daily calcium intake. They should be advised to eat more than three meals per day, eat breakfast in particular, increase the consumption of calcium rich-foods, such as dairy products and green leafy vegetables, and consider calcium supplementation.

Ingesta de calcio por la dieta en una población de mujeres embarazadas ecuatorianas que viven a 2800 metros sobre el nivel del mar / Calcium Intake from Diet in a Population Group of Ecuatorian Pregnant Women Living 2800 Above Sea Level / Ingestão de cálcio na dieta de gestantes equatorianas que vivem a 2800 metros acima do nível do mar

Resumen: El objetivo del presente artículo es determinar los valores de ingesta de calcio dietario en mujeres embarazadas. Para el efecto se realizó un estudio descriptivo, observacional-transversal, en el Hospital Privado Básico Provida de Latacunga, Ecuador. Se aplicó una encuesta nutricional, previamente validada, a mujeres gestantes desde el segundo trimestre de gestación, que acudieron a los controles prenatales en la consulta del hospital, en el período de septiembre de 2017 a julio de 2018. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software spss v.23; se aplicó estadística descriptiva en las variables edad, índice de masa corporal (IMC) y edad gestacional; se obtuvieron media y desviación estándar, mínima y máxima. Se realizó el cálculo de frecuencia para los resultados de ingesta de calcio en la dieta y su distribución según grupos de edad. Como se verá en la sección de los resultados, con la participación de 210 mujeres embarazadas, la media de edad fue de 30,3 ± 4,8 años, la media de la edad gestacional fue de 31,2 semanas, 61,4 % fueron multíparas. La ingesta de calcio media fue de 562,11 ± 257,52 mg/día, el aporte máximo de calcio proveniente de lácteos fue de 1.536,90 mg/día y el aporte mínimo de calcio proveniente de alimentos complementarios fue de 18,93 mg/día. El 90,48 % tuvieron una ingesta de calcio inferior a 900 mg/día con mayor porcentaje en edades entre 26 y 35 años; solo el 9,52 % tuvieron una ingesta mayor a 900 mg/día. Con base en los resultados se ha concluido que la ingesta dietética de calcio en las mujeres embarazadas es de alrededor de 562,11 ± 257,52 mg/día, dato que varía según el país o región de la población estudiada. Se puede afirmar que la ingesta dietética de calcio no llega a los niveles recomendados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) para las mujeres gestantes. La población de estudio tiene acceso a servicios de salud privada.

Abstract: The objective of this article is to determine dietary calcium intake values in pregnant women. For this purpose, a descriptive, observational-cross-sectional study was carried out at the Provida Basic Private Hospital in Latacunga, Ecuador. A nutritional survey, previously validated, was performed with women in the third quarter of their pregnancy, who attended prenatal checkups at the hospital consultation, between September 2017 and July 2018. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS v.23 software; descriptive statistics were applied in the age, body mass index (BMI) and gestational age variables; and the mean, minimum and maximum standard deviations, were obtained. The frequency calculation was carried out for the dietary calcium intake and its distribution according to the age groups. As seen in the result section, with the participation of 210 pregnant women, the mean age was 30.3 ± 4.8 years, the mean gestational age was 31.2 weeks, 61.4% they were multiparous. Mean calcium intake was 562.11 ± 257.52 mg/day, the contribution of calcium coming from dairy was 1.536,90 mg/day and the minimum calcium contribution coming from complementary food was 18.93 mg/day. 90.48 % had a calcium intake lower than 900 mg/day with higher percentage in ages between 26 and 35 years old; only 9.52 % had an intake higher than 900 mg/day. Based on the results, it has been concluded that the dietary intake of calcium in pregnant women is around 562.11 ± 257.52 mg/day, data that varies according to the country or region of the population studied. It can be stated that dietary calcium intake does not reach the levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for pregnant women. The population under study has access to private health services.

Resumo: Este artigo tem o objetivo de determinar os valores de ingestão de cálcio dietário em gestantes. Para isso, foi realizado um estudo descritivo, observacional-transversal, no Hospital Privado Básico Provida de Latacunga, Equador. Foi aplicado um questionário nutricional, previamente validado, a gestantes a partir do segundo trimestre de gestação, que participaram dos pré-natais no referido hospital, entre setembro de 2017 e julho de 2018. A análise estatística foi realizada com o software SPSS versão 23; foi aplicada estatística descritiva nas variáveis idade, índice de massa corporal (IMC) e idade gesta-cional; foram obtidos média e desvio-padrão, mínima e máxima. Foi realizado o cálculo de frequência para os resultados de ingestão de cálcio na dieta e sua distribuição segundo grupos de idade. Na seção dos resultados, vê-se que, com a participação de 210 mulheres grávidas, a média de idade foi de 30,3 ± 4,8 anos, a média da idade gestacional foi de 31,2 semanas, 61,4 % foram multíparas. A ingestão de cálcio média foi de 562,11 ± 257,52 mg/dia, a contribuição máxima de cálcio proveniente de lácteos foi de 1.536,90 mg/dia e a mínima proveniente de alimentos complementares foi de 18,93 mg/dia. 90,48 % tiveram uma ingestão de cálcio inferior a 900 mg/dia com maior porcentagem na faixa etária de 26 a 35 anos; somente 9,52 % tiveram uma ingestão maior a 900 mg/dia. Com base nos resultados, conclui-se que a ingestão dietética de cálcio em gestantes é ao redor de 562,11 ± 257,52 mg/dia, dado que varia segundo o país ou a região da população estudada. Pode-se afirmar que a ingestão de cálcio dietário não chega aos níveis recomendados pela Organização Mundial da Saúde para as gestantes. A população de estudo tem acesso a serviços de saúde particulares.

Calcium intake in Colombia: are we still in deficit?

This study describes the median average intake of calcium in a population in Bogota, Colombia. Approximations on the possible reasons of low intake are listed. INTRODUCTION: The International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) published in 2017 the Calcium Map. It is a review of the calcium intake of 74 countries, placing Colombia in the bottom three countries of the world, with a daily calcium intake of 297 mg per day. The present study determined the actual median average calcium intake of a sample from Bogota and described it using sociodemographic variables. METHODS: In 2019, 450 anonymous volunteers who agreed to fill out the IOF Calcium Calculator survey were recruited. Measures of frequencies and percentage for qualitative variables were used, along with measures of central tendency with averages and dispersion for quantitative variables. Insufficient daily calcium intake was determined according to age, gender, and overall. RESULTS: The median average intake was 726 mg/day. Population between 18 and 30 years old had the highest intake per day. There were no significant differences between genders: women had a median average calcium intake of 731 mg/day, and for men it was 717.5 mg/day. Intake was directly correlated with socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: Calcium intake in Colombia is low according to the age requirements and it is proportional to the socioeconomic status. Medical societies and national government should create policies in order to educate the general public and increase the intake of calcium based on diet.

Regulatory and Policy-Related Aspects of Calcium Fortification of Foods. Implications for Implementing National Strategies of Calcium Fortification.

Daily calcium intake is well below current recommendations in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Calcium intake is usually related to bone health, however an adequate calcium intake has also been shown to reduce hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, lower blood pressure and cholesterol values, and to prevent recurrent colorectal adenomas. Food fortification of foods has been identified as a cost-effective strategy to overcome micronutrient gaps in public health. This review summarizes regulatory aspects of fortification of commonly consumed foods with micronutrients, with an emphasis on calcium. We selected a convenient sample of 15 countries from different WHO regions and described the regulatory framework related to calcium fortification of staple foods. We assessed the relevant policies in electronic databases including the WHO Global database on the Implementation of Nutrition Action (GINA) for fortification policies and the Global Fortification Data Exchange Database, a fortification database developed and maintained by Food Fortification Initiative (FFI), Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN), Iodine Global Network (IGN), and Micronutrient Forum. Food fortification with micronutrients is widely used in many of the selected countries. Most countries had national legislation for the addition of micronutrients to staple foods, especially wheat flour. These national legislations, that includes regulations and standards, can provide the framework to consider the implementation of adding calcium to the fortification strategies, including the selection of the adequate food vehicle to reach the targeted population at risk safely. The strategy to include calcium in the fortification mix in fortified staple foods seems promising in these countries. However, potential undesired changes on the organoleptic characteristics of fortified foods and products thereof, and operational feasibility at the manufacturing site should be evaluated by the stakeholders during the planning stage. Codex Alimentarius standards should be considered by regulators in order to assure adherence to international standards. While the selected countries already have established national regulations and/or standards for fortification of key staple food vehicles, and there are experiences in the implementation of fortification of some staple foods, national food intake surveys can help plan, design, and modify existing fortification programs as well as monitor food and nutrient consumption to assess risk and benefits.

Consumo de calcio y otros predictores de la densidad mineral ósea en adolescentes venezolanos / Calcium consumption and other predictors of bone mineral density in Venezuelan adolescents

La acumulación adecuada de masa ósea durante la adolescencia es un factor protector para osteoporosis y otras afecciones óseas, por tanto, resulta relevante la evaluación del consumo de calcio y de otros determinantes de la densidad mineral ósea (DMO), en adolescentes. Se evaluó el consumo de calcio, otros factores biológicos y de estilo de vida, como predictores de la DMO en adolescentes venezolanos. Se realizó un estudio transversal, correlacional en 60 adolescentes (15 a 18 años), de la cohorte 2011-2012 del Programa Igualdad de Oportunidades de la Universidad Simón Bolívar (USB). La DMO, y el consumo de calcio y bebidas antagonistas del metabolismo del calcio, se determinaron mediante un cuestionario semicuantitativo de frecuencia de alimentos; También se evaluó el estado nutricional (por índice de masa corporal) y el nivel de actividad física. En promedio, la ingesta de calcio fue adecuada (1183 mujeres y 1315 mg/d hombres) y las principales fuente de calcio fueron la leche y sus derivados. Sin embargo, el 42% de los individuos presentó un consumo de calcio por debajo de lo recomendado. Los niveles de actividad física fueron entre bajos y moderados. El 95% de los adolescentes presentaron una DMO adecuada para su edad, siendo el sexo y el consumo de calcio los principales predictores. El consumo de calcio es un determinante importante de la DMO, siendo necesario para garantizar una contribución dietética adecuada durante la adolescencia, con el fin de prevenir un riesgo de deficiencia nutricional que pueda afectar la salud ósea(AU)

The adequate accumulation of bone mass during adolescence is a protective factor against the development of osteoporosis and other bone conditions. Therefore, evaluation of the consumption of calcium and other determinants of bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents is relevant. The consumption of calcium and other biological and lifestyle factors were evaluated as predictors of BMD in Venezuelan adolescents. A correlational cross-sectional study was conducted in a group of 60 adolescents (15-18 years old), of the 2011-2012 cohort of the Equal Opportunities Program of the Simón Bolívar University (USB). BMD, and the consumption of calcium and drinks antagonistic to calcium metabolism, were determined through a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire; the nutritional status (by body mass index) and the level of physical activity were also evaluated. On average, calcium intake was adequate (1183 women and 1315 mg/d men) and the main sources of calcium were milk and its derivatives. However, 42% of individuals had a calcium intake below recommended. The majority of adolescents presented BMI within normal values (78.4% women and 69.6% men). Physical activity levels were between low and moderate. 95% of adolescents presented an adequate BMD for their age, being sex and calcium consumption the main predictors. The calcium consumption is an important determinant of BMD, being necessary to ensure an adequate dietary contribution during adolescence, with the purpose of preventing a risk of nutritional deficiency that may affects bone health(AU)

Calcium Intake and Health.

There are striking inequities in calcium intake between rich and poor populations. Appropriate calcium intake has shown many health benefits, such as reduction of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, lower blood pressure particularly among young people, prevention of osteoporosis and colorectal adenomas, lower cholesterol values, and lower blood pressure in the progeny of mothers taking sufficient calcium during pregnancy. Studies have refuted some calcium supplementation side effects like damage to the iron status, formation of renal stones and myocardial infarction in older people. Attention should be given to bone resorption in post-partum women after calcium supplementation withdrawal. Mechanisms linking low calcium intake and blood pressure are mediated by parathyroid hormone raise that increases intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells leading to vasoconstriction. At the population level, an increase of around 400-500 mg/day could reduce the differences in calcium intake between high- and middle-low-income countries. The fortification of food and water seems a possible strategy to reach this goal.

Calcium intake improvement after nutritional intervention in paediatric patients with osteogenesis imperfecta.

BACKGROUND: In several bone disorders, adequate calcium intake is a coadjuvant intervention to regular treatment. Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a collagen disorder with a range of symptoms, ranging from fractures to minimum trauma, and it is typically treated with bisphosphonates. In the present study, we evaluate the impact of a nutritional intervention (NI) on dietary calcium intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in paediatric patients with OI. METHODS: A nonrandomised clinical trial was designed with a NI. Dietary calcium intake, anthropometry and clinical features were assessed at baseline, including anthropometry, basal metabolic rate (BMR), BMD. In addition, a food guidance form was developed and sent to patients by mail. After 12 months, clinical features of patients were reassessed and compared with the baseline data. RESULTS: Fifty-two children and adolescents were enrolled. Significant increases in total calcium intake (mg day-1 ), percentage of adequate calcium intake (%) and number of cups of milk ingested were observed after NI. We detected a positive correlation between the variation of BMD and milk consumption in patients treated with bisphosphonate. CONCLUSIONS: We observed an increase in calcium intake in patients with OI. This finding demonstrates the importance of nutrition therapy as part of a multidisciplinary treatment approach for bone health.

Mechanisms Involved in the Relationship between Low Calcium Intake and High Blood Pressure.

There is increasing epidemiologic and animal evidence that a low calcium diet increases blood pressure. The aim of this review is to compile the information on the link between low calcium intake and blood pressure. Calcium intake may regulate blood pressure by modifying intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells and by varying vascular volume through the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Low calcium intake produces a rise of parathyroid gland activity. The parathyroid hormone increases intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscles resulting in vasoconstriction. Parathyroidectomized animals did not show an increase in blood pressure when fed a low calcium diet as did sham-operated animals. Low calcium intake also increases the synthesis of calcitriol in a direct manner or mediated by parathyroid hormone (PTH). Calcitriol increases intracellular calcium in vascular smooth muscle cells. Both low calcium intake and PTH may stimulate renin release and consequently angiotensin II and aldosterone synthesis. We are willing with this review to promote discussions and contributions to achieve a better understanding of these mechanisms, and if required, the design of future studies.

Nutrientes y parámetros bioquímicos relacionados con la salud ósea en mujeres mayores de 65 años / Dietary intake and biochemical parameters related to bone health in women older than 65 years old / Nutrientes e parâmetros bioquimicos relacionados com a saúde óssea em mulheres maior do que 65 anos

Ingestas (I) bajas de energía (E), proteínas (Pr), calcio (Ca), y vitamina D (VD) afectan la salud ósea del adulto mayor. El objetivo del trabajo consistió en evaluar la I de E, Pr, Ca y VD en mujeres mayores de 65 años y su relación con parámetros bioquímicos (PB) del metabolismo óseo. La población estudiada estuvo formada por: Grupo total (GT): 151 mujeres ambulatorias de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires y alrededores, de (X±DE) 72±6 años [102 en verano (G V) y 49 en otoño-invierno (G O-I)]. Se realizaron cuestionarios de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y de exposición solar. Se midió en suero 25-hidroxi vitamina D (25OHD), crosslaps (CTX), fosfatasa alcalina ósea (FAO), calcio (Ca) y fósforo (P), y en orina de 24 h: índice calciuria y creatininuria (cau/cru). Como resultado se evidenció una adecuada I.E, elevada de Pr, sin superar límites máximos; I bajas de VD (100%), y Ca (50%). Los niveles de 25OHD fueron deficientes (<20 ng/mL) en el 93% del G O-I y 37,2% del G V. Se observaron correlaciones positivas débiles entre 25OHD y Ca (r=0,212; p<0,013), P (r=0,267; p<0,003), Cau/Cru (r=0,227; p<0,02), exposición solar (r=0,267; p<0,014); I. Ca (r=0,26; p<0,003) en el GT y entre 25OHD e I. de VD sólo en G-OI (r=0,367, p<0,012). Se evidenció una I. insuficiente de Ca y de VD con elevada prevalencia de deficiencia de VD. Se requieren programas de suplementación de VD y promoción de ingesta de lácteos en adultos mayores.

An inadequate intake (I) of energy (E), protein (Pr), calcium (Ca) and vitamin D (VD) might affect elderly bone health. The objectives of the present work were to assess energy (E), protein (Pr), calcium (Ca), and VD I in women older than 65 years old(y) and to evaluate bone biochemical parameters (BP) and the relationship with dietary I The population under sudy was constituted by a total group (TG):151 [102 in summer (SG) and 49 in autumm-winter (A-WG)] ambulatory healthy women with 72±6 (X±SD). Food consumption frequency and sunlight exposure questionnaires were carried out. Serum 25 hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD), crosslaps (CTX), calcium (sCa), phosphate (sP), bone alkaline phosphatase and uCa/uCr ratio were measured in 24-hour urine samples. As a result, the TG showed an adequate EI, lower CaI (in 50%) and VD (in 100%) and higher PrI than dietary reference intake but not higher than the upper I level. A total of 93% of A-WG and 37.2% of SG had vitamin D deficiency (25OHD < 20 ng/mL). There were significative but weak correlations between 25OHD and sCa (r=0.212; p<0.013), sP (r=0.267; p<0.003), uCa/uCr (r=0.227; p<0.02), sunlight exposure (r=0.267; p<0.014), CaI (r=0.26; p<0.003) in TG; and between 25OHD and VD I only in the A-WG (r=0.367, p<0.012). An inadequate intake of Ca and VD and high prevalence of VD deficiency were evident. VD supplementation and promotion of a higher intake of dairy products in the elderly are suggested.

Ingestões (I) baixas de energia (E), proteínas (Pr), cálcio (Ca), e vitamina D (VD) afetam a saúde óssea do adulto maior. O objetivo do trabalho consistiu em avaliar a I de E, Pr, Ca e VD em mulheres mais do que 65 anos e sua relação com parâmetros bioquímicos (PB) do metabolismo ósseo. A população estudada esteve constituída por: Grupo total (GT): 151 mulheres ambulatórias da cidade de Buenos Aires e seus arredores, de (X±DE) 72±6 anos [102 no verão (G V) e 49 no outono-inverno (G O-I)]. Foram realizados questionários de frequência de consumo de alimentos e de exposição solar. Mensurou-se em soro 25-hidroxi vitamina D (25OHD), crosslaps (CTX), fosfatase alcalina óssea (FAO), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P), e em urina 24 h: índice calciúria e creatininúria (cau/cru). Como resultado, foi evidenciada uma adequada I E, elevada de Pr, sem superar limites máximos; I baixas de VD (100%), e Ca (50%). Os níveis de 25OHD foram deficientes (<20 ng/mL) em 93% do G O-I e 37.2% do G V. Observaram-se correlações positivas fracas entre 25OHD e Ca (r=0.212; p<0.013), P (r=0.267; p<0.003), Cau/Cru (r=0.227; p<0.02), exposição solar, (r=0.267; p<0.014,i. Ca (r=0.26; p<0.003) no GT e entre 25OHD e IVD só em GO-I (r=0.367, p<0.012). Foi evidenciada uma i insuficiente de Ca e VD com elevada prevalència de deficiência de VD. Requerem-se programas de suplementação VD e promoção de ingestão de lacticínios em adultos maiores.

Consumo de matéria seca e desempenho de novilhas Nelore alimentadas com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar hidrolisada / Dry matter intake and performance of Nellore heifers fed with hydrolyzed sugarcane

Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho de novilhas Nelore alimentadas com dietas contendo cana-de-açúcar in natura (CN) ou hidrolisada (CH) com 0,5% de Ca(OH)2 armazenada por 24, 48 e 72 horas. Foram utilizadas 24 novilhas com nove meses de idade e 119,6±8,1kg de peso corporal inicial. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualisado com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. O consumo de matéria seca foi reduzido em 29% pela adição de Ca(OH)2, não sendo alterado pelo período de armazenamento da CH. O consumo de cálcio foi incrementado (P<0,05) pela utilização de CH nas dietas, mantendo níveis de ingestão aceitáveis. Novilhas alimentadas com CH armazenada por 24, 48 e 72 horas apresentaram, respectivamente, ganhos de peso 41, 30 e 35% inferior (P<0,05) àquelas alimentadas com CN. O tratamento da cana-de-açúcar com Ca(OH)2 não é recomendado para alimentação de novilhas Nelore, em virtude de limitar a ingestão e reduzir o ganho de peso.

The study aimed to evaluate the nutrients intake and performance of Nellore heifers fed with chopped sugarcane, fresh (FS) or treated (HS) with 0.5% of Ca(OH)2 and stored during 24, 48 or 72 hours. It was used twenty-four heifers with nine months age and 119.6±8.1kg of initial body weight. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and six replications. The dry matter intake showed an average reduction of 29% by adding Ca(OH)2, and didn't change with the storage period. Calcium intake was increased by the use of HS in the diet, while maintaining acceptable levels of intake. Heifers fed with HS stored during 24, 48 and 72 hours had, respectively, average daily weight gain of 41, 30 and 35% lower than those fed with FS. The treatment of sugarcane with Ca(OH)2 is not recommended for feeding Nellore heifers, due to limited intake and lower weight gain.

Ingestión de calcio y adiposidad en adolescentes de 12 a 16 años en Guadalajara, México / Calcium intake and adiposity in adolescents aged 12- 16 years in Guadalajara, Mexico

El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la asociación entre el consumo de calcio (Ca) y adiposidad en un grupo de adolescentes. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 125 adolescentes de 12 a 16 años. El consumo de Ca se evaluó por encuestas alimentarias de recordatorio de 24 horas y frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Se midió la adiposidad por métodos antropométricos e impedancia bioeléctrica (IBE). Se identificó la relación entre el consumo de Ca y adiposidad mediante correlación simple; se realizaron modelos multivariados ajustados al consumo de energía, edad, sexo y menarquía. El promedio de edad fue de 13.5 ± 0.8 años. Se identificó correlación negativa entre el consumo de Ca y los indicadores antropométricos peso, pliegues cutáneos, índice de masa corporal, masa grasa y porcentaje de grasa (los dos últimos por IBE y solamente en mujeres). El análisis multivariado, que incluyó el consumo de energía, no demostró asociación entre el consumo de Ca y adiposidad. En conclusión, el consumo de Ca no se asocia a adiposidad en adolescentes; los modelos multivariados mostraron que el consumo total de energía y la menarquía son las variables que muestran mayor asociación con adiposidad en esta etapa de la vida.

The purpose was to evaluate the association between calcium (Ca) intake and adiposity in adolescents. A cross-sectional study of 125 adolescents 12 to 16 years. Ca intake was evaluated by 24-hour recall dietary surveys and food frequency consumption. Adiposity was measured by anthropometric methods and bioelectrical impedance (BIA). The association between Ca intake and adiposity was identified by simple correlation and multivariate models adjusted to energy consumption, age, sex and menarche. Mean age of adolescents was 13.5 ± 0.8 years. A negative correlation was identified between Ca intake and anthropometric indicators weight, skinfolds, body mass index, fat mass and percentage of fat (the latter two by BIA and only in women). Multivariate analysis, including energy consumption showed no association between Ca intake and adiposity. In conclusion, Ca consumption does not associate with adiposity in adolescents; multivariate models showed that energy intake and menarche are the variables that show a higher association with adiposity at this stage of life.

Intake of dehydrated nopal (Opuntia ficus indica) improves bone mineral density and calciuria in adult Mexican women.

BACKGROUND: The intake of dehydrated nopal (DN) at a high stage of maturity along with high calcium content could improve bone mineral density (BMD) and calciuria and thus prevent osteoporosis. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of calcium intake from a vegetable source (DN) on BMD and calciuria covering a 2-year period in menopausal and non-menopausal women with low bone mass (LBM). METHODS: The study was quasi-experimental, blinded, and randomized, and included 131 Mexican women aged 35-55. Urinary calcium/creatinine index (CCI) was determined; BMD was analyzed on lumbar spine and total hip regions. Four groups were studied: Control group (CG), women with normocalciuria and a minimum dose of DN; experimental group 1 (EG1), women with hypercalciuria and a minimum dose of DN; experimental group 2 (EG2), women with hypercalciuria, and a maximum dose of DN; and normal group (NG) for reference in BMD. RESULTS: After the first semester of treatment, calciuria levels in women from both experimental groups returned to normal, remaining constant for the rest of the treatment. The percentage difference in BMD increased in the total hip region in the CG (pre 4.5% and post 2.1%) and EG2 (pre 1.8% and post 2.5%) groups significantly in comparison to NG and EG1, which exhibited a significant decrease in their BMD. BMD increased only for the lumbar region in the EG2 group (premenopausal). CONCLUSION: The use of a vegetable calcium source such as nopal improves BMD in women with LBM in the total hip and lumbar spine regions principally in the premenopausal women, maintaining constant and normal calciuria levels.