Anatomy of the paranasal sinuses of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758) and radiographic positioning for diagnosis of these structures.

BACKGROUND: Callithrix jacchus, it is a species highly targeted by wild animal traffickers and, when apprehended, they need veterinary care. For safe therapeutic procedures, knowledge of anatomy is essential, as well as for diagnostic by imaging, good radiographic positioning is essential. METHODS: The anatomy of the paranasal sinuses and the radiographic projections was described using 10 carcasses of common marmosets. Radiographs were taken in two panoramic views of their head: profile and frontal-naso. For the anatomical study, paramedian and transverse macroscopic sections and microscopic transverse sections were performed. RESULTS: On the radiographs, it was possible to identify the frontal recess and maxillary sinuses in profile and frontal-naso incidences. In the anatomical study, the frontal recess and maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid paranasal sinuses were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The ethmoidal sinus could be observed only microscopically and the sphenoidal sinus difficult to see on the radiography due to the overlapping adjoining structures.

Origem dos nervos do plexo braquial de sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758) / Origin of brachial plexus nerves for common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758)

O sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) é um pequeno primata que habita florestas arbustivas da Caatinga e a Mata Atlântica do Nordeste brasileiro. Essa espécie de sagui é muito comum e de fácil adaptação ao cativeiro, aspecto que estimula a captura clandestina desses animais, os quais são vítimas de maus tratos que causam lesões. A falta de conhecimento da anatomia de saguis e outros animais silvestres dificulta a aplicação segura de procedimentos clínicos, cirúrgicos e terapêuticos. O plexo braquial tem sido descrito em algumas espécies animais, porém até o momento não existia descrição em saguis-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus). Para estudar o plexo branquial desses animais foram dissecados dez cadáveres de saguis-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) adultos sendo cinco machos e cinco fêmeas. Em todos os animais o plexo braquial originou- se dos nervos espinhais C5, C6, C7, C8 e T1, com poucas variações na origem e nas contribuições dos nervos, em ambos os antímeros, formando três troncos: cranial (C5 e C6), médio (C7) e caudal (C8 e T1).(AU)

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small primate that inhabits shrub forests of the Caatinga and the Atlantic Forest in Brazilian Northeast. This species of marmoset is very common and easy to adaptation in captivity, aspect that encourages illegal capture of these animals that are victims of mistreatments, causing injuries. The lack of knowledge in anatomy in marmosets and other wildlife hinders the safe application of clinical, surgical and therapeutic procedures. The brachial plexus has been described in some species of animals, but so far, there is no description for common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). To study the brachial plexus of these animals were dissected ten corpses of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) adults, being five males and five females. In all animals, the brachial plexus was originated from spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1, with few variations in origin and the contributions of the nerves in both antimeres, forming three trunks: the cranial (C5 and C6), medium (C7) and caudal (C8 and T1).(AU)

Origem dos nervos do plexo braquial de sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758) / Origin of brachial plexus nerves for common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus Linnaeus, 1758)

O sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) é um pequeno primata que habita florestas arbustivas da Caatinga e a Mata Atlântica do Nordeste brasileiro. Essa espécie de sagui é muito comum e de fácil adaptação ao cativeiro, aspecto que estimula a captura clandestina desses animais, os quais são vítimas de maus tratos que causam lesões. A falta de conhecimento da anatomia de saguis e outros animais silvestres dificulta a aplicação segura de procedimentos clínicos, cirúrgicos e terapêuticos. O plexo braquial tem sido descrito em algumas espécies animais, porém até o momento não existia descrição em saguis-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus). Para estudar o plexo branquial desses animais foram dissecados dez cadáveres de saguis-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) adultos sendo cinco machos e cinco fêmeas. Em todos os animais o plexo braquial originou- se dos nervos espinhais C5, C6, C7, C8 e T1, com poucas variações na origem e nas contribuições dos nervos, em ambos os antímeros, formando três troncos: cranial (C5 e C6), médio (C7) e caudal (C8 e T1).(AU)

The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) is a small primate that inhabits shrub forests of the Caatinga and the Atlantic Forest in Brazilian Northeast. This species of marmoset is very common and easy to adaptation in captivity, aspect that encourages illegal capture of these animals that are victims of mistreatments, causing injuries. The lack of knowledge in anatomy in marmosets and other wildlife hinders the safe application of clinical, surgical and therapeutic procedures. The brachial plexus has been described in some species of animals, but so far, there is no description for common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). To study the brachial plexus of these animals were dissected ten corpses of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) adults, being five males and five females. In all animals, the brachial plexus was originated from spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1, with few variations in origin and the contributions of the nerves in both antimeres, forming three trunks: the cranial (C5 and C6), medium (C7) and caudal (C8 and T1).(AU)

Differential chromosomal organization between Saguinus midas and Saguinus bicolor with accumulation of differences the repetitive sequence DNA.

Saguinus is the largest and most complex genus of the subfamily Callitrichinae, with 23 species distributed from the south of Central America to the north of South America with Saguinus midas having the largest geographical distribution while Saguinus bicolor has a very restricted one, affected by the population expansion in the state of Amazonas. Considering the phylogenetic proximity of the two species along with evidence on the existence of hybrids between them, as well as cytogenetic studies on Saguinus describing a conserved karyotypic macrostructure, we carried out a physical mapping of DNA repeated sequences in the mitotic chromosome of both species, since these sequences are less susceptible to evolutionary pressure and possibly perform an important function in speciation. Both species presented 2n = 46 chromosomes; in S. midas, chromosome Y is the smallest. Multiple ribosomal sites occur in both species, but chromosome pairs three and four may be regarded as markers that differ the species when subjected to G banding and distribution of retroelement LINE 1, suggesting that it may be cytogenetic marker in which it can contribute to identification of first generation hybrids in contact zone. Saguinus bicolor also presented differences in the LINE 1 distribution pattern for sexual chromosome X in individuals from different urban fragments, probably due to geographical isolation. In this context, cytogenetic analyses reveal a differential genomic organization pattern between species S. midas and S. bicolor, in addition to indicating that individuals from different urban fragments have been accumulating differences because of the isolation between them.

Progesterone Response Element Variation in the OXTR Promoter Region and Paternal Care in New World Monkeys.

Paternal care is a complex social behavior common in primate species with socially monogamous mating systems and twin births. Evolutionary causes and consequences of such behavior are not well understood, nor are their neuroendocrine and genetic bases. However, the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) and its receptor (OXTR) are associated with parental care in mammalian lineages. Here we investigated the interspecific variation in the number of progesterone response elements (PREs) in the OXTR promoter region of 32 primate species, correlating genetic data with behavior, social systems, and ecological/life-history parameters, while controlling for phylogeny. We verified that PREs are only present in New World monkeys and that PRE number is significantly correlated with the presence of paternal care in this branch. We suggest that PRE number could be an essential part of the genetic repertoire that allowed the emergence of taxon-specific complex social behaviors, such as paternal care in marmosets and tamarins.

Feeding habits of marmosets: A case study of bark anatomy and chemical composition of Anadenanthera peregrina gum.

Primates of the genus Callithrix often obtain exudates from plants of the family Fabaceae. This study characterizes the chemical composition of exudates, and the anatomy and hystochemistry of the secretory ducts in the bark of Anadenanthera peregrina (L.) Speg. var. peregrina (Fabaceae). Exudates from this tree species represent an important component of the diet of hybrid marmosets, Callithrix spp. (Primates: Cebidae). A. peregrina was selected as the focal study tree because it is the only gum tree species exploited by Callithrix groups present within five urban forest fragments in the municipality of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Gum samples were obtained directly from gouges made by the marmosets, while bark samples were obtained from A. peregrina plants, whether or not they were damaged by the marmosets. Constitutive secretory ducts were present in the bark of ungouged A. peregrina, whereas, marmoset damage caused induced secretory duct formation and an increase in the size of these ducts. The gum produced in the gouges made by the marmosets and in ungouged plants reacted positively to tests for polysaccharides, pectin, mucilage, and proteins. The gum from the gouges exhibited high water (41.0%), carbohydrate (38.2%), protein (19.0%), and mineral (Ca 0.4% and K 0.3%) content. We argue that the relatively high calcium content of A. peregrina gum plays an important nutritional role in, balancing a diet that is otherwise rich in phosphorous and poor in calcium.

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […](AU)

Topografia do cone medular em sagui-de-tufos-brancos (Callithrix jacchus) / Medullary conus topography in white-tufted-ear-marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important. With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field. Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect. After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces. The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectioned longitudinally to expose the spinal chord and identify the lumbar intumescence, the conus medullaris and the cauda equina. The length of the conus medullaris was measured and its skeletopy was established. The body and tail length data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. The mean value of the conus medullaris length was 1.4 cm, while the anatomic location of the conus medullaris varied slightly among the animals, but did not pass the limit between L3 for the base and L6 for the apex. […]

Medullary Conus Topography in White-Tufted-Ear-Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)

Background: The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) belongs to the family Cebidae and Subfamily Callitrichinae, a group formed by the smallest anthropoid primates. It is a very common species and adapts easily to captivity, an aspect that encourages the clandestine capture of these animals and makes them susceptible to wounds resulting from clandestine rearing and inadequate management, so that studies to understand the species are extremely important.  With the objective of supplying anatomic bases for the practice of epidural anesthetic, data were studied regarding the topography of the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus).Materials, Methods & Results: The study was carried out at the Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), PA, Brazil. Ten adult common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) were used, 5 males and 5 females, with different causes of death. A round workbench magnifying lamp was used to better visualize the dissecation field.  Number 15 scalpel blades, surgical pincers and scissors were used to dissect.  After fixing in 10% formaldehyde aqueous solution, dissecation was made along the mid dorsal line, from the cranial thoracic region to the tail base to expose the vertebral arches and measure the intervertebral spaces.  The vertebral arches were removed, and consequently the spinal dura mater was exposed, that was sectio

Dental remains of cebid platyrrhines from the earliest late Miocene of Western Amazonia, Peru: Macroevolutionary implications on the extant capuchin and marmoset lineages.

OBJECTIVES: Undoubted fossil Cebidae have so far been primarily documented from the late middle Miocene of Colombia, the late Miocene of Brazilian Amazonia, the early Miocene of Peruvian Amazonia, and very recently from the earliest Miocene of Panama. The evolutionary history of cebids is far from being well-documented, with notably a complete blank in the record of callitrichine stem lineages until and after the late middle Miocene (Laventan SALMA). Further documenting their evolutionary history is therefore of primary importance. MATERIAL: Recent field efforts in Peruvian Amazonia (Contamana area, Loreto Department) have allowed for the discovery of an early late Miocene (ca. 11 Ma; Mayoan SALMA) fossil primate-bearing locality (CTA-43; Pebas Formation). In this study, we analyze the primate material, which consists of five isolated teeth documenting two distinct Cebidae: Cebus sp., a medium-sized capuchin (Cebinae), and Cebuella sp., a tiny marmoset (Callitrichinae). RESULTS: Although limited, this new fossil material of platyrrhines contributes to documenting the post-Laventan evolutionary history of cebids, and besides testifies to the earliest occurrences of the modern Cebuella and Cebus/Sapajus lineages in the Neotropics. Regarding the evolutionary history of callitrichine marmosets, the discovery of an 11 Ma-old fossil representative of the modern Cebuella pushes back by at least 6 Ma the age of the Mico/Cebuella divergence currently proposed by molecular biologists (i.e., ca. 4.5 Ma). This also extends back to > 11 Ma BP the divergence between Callithrix and the common ancestor (CA) of Mico/Cebuella, as well as the divergence between the CA of marmosets and Callimico (Goeldi's callitrichine). DISCUSSION: This discovery from Peruvian Amazonia implies a deep evolutionary root of the Cebuella lineage in the northwestern part of South America (the modern western Amazon basin), slightly before the recession of the Pebas mega-wetland system (PMWS), ca. 10.5 Ma, and well-before the subsequent establishment of the Amazon drainage system (ca. 9-7 Ma). During the late middle/early late Miocene interval, the PMWS was seemingly not a limiting factor for dispersals and widespread distribution of terrestrial mammals, but it was also likely a source of diversification via a complex patchwork of submerged/emerged lands varying through time.

Orçamento das atividades diárias de dois grupos de Callithrix jacchus em área urbana / Daily budget of two Callithrix jachus in an urban area

Foram monitorados dois grupos de saguis, Callithrix jacchus, entre 2001 e 2002, no campus da UFRPE, no Recife/PE, com o objetivo de identificar o orçamento diário das atividades comportamentais em ambiente urbano. Os grupos, denominados de Economins e Zoologins, foram amostrados sistematicamente pelo método de varredura com intervalos de cinco minutos. O grupo Economins, composto por três indivíduos, apresentou, percentualmente, as seguintes distribuições das categorias comportamentais: locomoção, 28.0 por cento; descanso, 24.1 por cento; forrageio, 13.3 por cento; alimentação, 3.9 por cento e outros, 30.8 por cento. O grupo Zoologins, composto por sete indivíduos, distribuiu sua atividade nas seguintes proporções: locomoção, 48.6 por cento; forrageio, 11.7 por cento; descanso, 7.0 por cento; alimentação, 2.0 por cento e outros 30.6 por cento. Algumas dessas diferenças podem ser explicadas pela alta quantidade de jovens presentes no Zoologins, e outras, por fatores ambientais e sociais. Confirmando o alto nível de sociabilidade da espécie, os dois grupos despenderam grandes proporções de seus respectivos tempos de atividade na categoria “outros”, que englobou comportamentos sociais.(AU)

Two groups of marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, were monitored, between 2001 and 2002 on the campus of UFRPE in Recife, in order to identify the daily budget of behavioral activities in an urban environment. The groups, called Economins and Zoologins were systematically sampled by the scanning method at intervals of five minutes. The group Economins, composed of three individuals, presented the following distributions of behavioral categories: locomotion, 28.0 percent resting, 24.1 percent; foraging, 13.3 percent, feeding, 3.9 percent, others 30.8 percent. The group Zoologins, composed of seven individuals, distributed its activity in the following proportions: locomotion, 48.6 percent; foraging, 11.7 percent; rest, 7.0 percent, food, 2.0 percent and others 30.6 percent. Some of these differences can be explained by the high number of young individuals in Zoologins, and others, for environmental and social factors. Confirming the high level of sociability of the species, the two groups spent large proportions of their time of activity in the 'other' category, which included social behaviors.(AU)

Orçamento das atividades diárias de dois grupos de Callithrix jacchus em área urbana / Daily budget of two Callithrix jachus in an urban area

Foram monitorados dois grupos de saguis, Callithrix jacchus, entre 2001 e 2002, no campus da UFRPE, no Recife/PE, com o objetivo de identificar o orçamento diário das atividades comportamentais em ambiente urbano. Os grupos, denominados de Economins e Zoologins, foram amostrados sistematicamente pelo método de varredura com intervalos de cinco minutos. O grupo Economins, composto por três indivíduos, apresentou, percentualmente, as seguintes distribuições das categorias comportamentais: locomoção, 28.0 por cento; descanso, 24.1 por cento; forrageio, 13.3 por cento; alimentação, 3.9 por cento e outros, 30.8 por cento. O grupo Zoologins, composto por sete indivíduos, distribuiu sua atividade nas seguintes proporções: locomoção, 48.6 por cento; forrageio, 11.7 por cento; descanso, 7.0 por cento; alimentação, 2.0 por cento e outros 30.6 por cento. Algumas dessas diferenças podem ser explicadas pela alta quantidade de jovens presentes no Zoologins, e outras, por fatores ambientais e sociais. Confirmando o alto nível de sociabilidade da espécie, os dois grupos despenderam grandes proporções de seus respectivos tempos de atividade na categoria “outros”, que englobou comportamentos sociais.

Two groups of marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, were monitored, between 2001 and 2002 on the campus of UFRPE in Recife, in order to identify the daily budget of behavioral activities in an urban environment. The groups, called Economins and Zoologins were systematically sampled by the scanning method at intervals of five minutes. The group Economins, composed of three individuals, presented the following distributions of behavioral categories: locomotion, 28.0 percent resting, 24.1 percent; foraging, 13.3 percent, feeding, 3.9 percent, others 30.8 percent. The group Zoologins, composed of seven individuals, distributed its activity in the following proportions: locomotion, 48.6 percent; foraging, 11.7 percent; rest, 7.0 percent, food, 2.0 percent and others 30.6 percent. Some of these differences can be explained by the high number of young individuals in Zoologins, and others, for environmental and social factors. Confirming the high level of sociability of the species, the two groups spent large proportions of their time of activity in the 'other' category, which included social behaviors.