Chromosome genome assembly of the Camphora longepaniculata (Gamble) with PacBio and Hi-C sequencing data.

Introduction: Camphora longepaniculata, a crucial commercial crop and a fundamental component of traditional Chinese medicine, is renowned for its abundant production of volatile terpenoids. However, the lack of available genomic information has hindered pertinent research efforts in the past. Methods: To bridge this gap, the present study aimed to use PacBio HiFi, short-read, and highthroughput chromosome conformation capture sequencing to construct a chromosome-level assembly of the C. longepaniculata genome. Results and discussion: With twelve chromosomes accounting for 99.82% (766.69 Mb) of the final genome assembly, which covered 768.10 Mb, it was very complete. Remarkably, the assembly's contig and scaffold N50 values are exceptional as well-41.12 and 63.78 Mb, respectively-highlighting its excellent quality and intact structure. Furthermore, a total of 39,173 protein-coding genes were predicted, with 38,766 (98.96%) of them being functionally annotated. The completeness of the genome was confirmed by the Benchmarking Universal Single-Copy Ortholog evaluation, which revealed 99.01% of highly conserved plant genes. As the first comprehensive assembly of the C. longepaniculata genome, it provides a crucial starting point for deciphering the complex pathways involved in terpenoid production. Furthermore, this excellent genome serves as a vital resource for upcoming research on the breeding and genetics of C. longepaniculata.

Effect of Pretreatments on the Chemical, Bioactive and Physicochemical Properties of Cinnamomum camphora Seed Kernel Extracts.

Cinnamomum camphora seed kernels (CCSKs) are rich in phytochemicals, especially plant extracts. Phytochemicals play a vital role in therapy due to their strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Extracts from CCSK can be obtained through multiple steps, including pretreatment, extraction and purification, and the purpose of pretreatment is to separate the oil from other substances in CCSKs. However, C. camphora seed kernel extracts (CKEs) were usually considered as by-products and discarded, and their potential bioactive values were underestimated. Additionally, little has been known about the effect of pretreatment on CKE. This study aimed to investigate the effects of pretreatment methods (including the solvent extraction method, cold pressing method, aqueous extraction method and sub-critical fluid extraction method) on the extraction yields, phytochemical profiles, volatile compounds and antioxidant capacities of different CKE samples. The results showed that the CKE samples were rich in phenolic compounds (15.28-20.29%) and alkaloids (24.44-27.41%). The extraction yield, bioactive substances content and in vitro antioxidant capacity of CKE pretreated by the sub-critical fluid extraction method (CKE-SCFE) were better than CKEs obtained by other methods. CKE pretreated by the solvent extraction method (CKE-SE) showed the best lipid emulsion protective capacity. Moreover, the volatile substances composition of the CKE samples was greatly influenced by the pretreatment method. The results provided a fundamental basis for evaluating the quality and nutritional value of CKE and increasing the economic value of by-products derived from CCSK.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the YTH Domain-Containing RNA-Binding Protein Family in Cinnamomum camphora.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is one of the most abundant chemical modifications on mRNA in eukaryotes. RNA-binding proteins containing the YT521-B (YTH) domain play crucial roles in post-transcriptional regulation of plant growth, development, and stress response by reading the m6A mark. However, the YTH domain-containing RNA-binding protein family has not been studied in a valuable and medicinal tree such as Cinnamomum camphora (C. camphora) yet. In this study, we identified 10 YTH genes in C. camphora, located on eight out of 12 chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these genes can be classified into two major classes, YTHDF (CcDF) and YTHDC (CcDC). Closely related CcYTHs within the same class exhibited a similar distribution of conserved motifs and domain organization, suggesting functional similarities among these closely related CcYTHs. All CcYTH proteins possessed a highly conserved YTH domain, with CcDC1A containing an additional CCCH domain. The liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) predictions indicate that CcDC1A, CcDF1A, CcDF1C, CcDF3C, CcDF4C, and CcDF5C may undergo phase transitions. Quantitative expression analysis revealed that tissue-specific expression was observed fo CcYTHs. Notably, there were two genes, CcDF1A and CcDF5C; both exhibited significantly higher expression levels in various tissues than other genes, indicating that the m6A-YTH regulatory network in C. camphora might be quite distinct from that in most plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana) with only one abundant YTH protein. According to the analysis of the up-stream cis-regulatory elements of these YTH genes, these genes could be closely related to stress, hormones, and development. The following stress response experiments further verified that their expression levels indeed changed under both PEG and NaCl treatments. These findings not only provide a foundation for future functional analysis of CcYTHs in C. camphora, but also provide insights into the functions of epigenetic mark m6A in forest trees.

Unraveling the complex evolutionary features of the Cinnamomum camphora mitochondrial genome.

KEY MESSAGE: We reported the mitochondrial genome of Cinnamomum camphora for the first time, revealing frequent rearrangement events in the non-coding regions of Magnoliids mitochondrial genomes. As one of the representative species in the Lauraceae family of Magnoliids, Cinnamomum camphora holds significant economic and ecological value. In this study, the mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of C. camphora was complete assembled and annotated using PacBio HiFi sequencing. The C. camphora mitogenome is characterized by a branch structure, spans 900,894 bp, and contains 43 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 24 tRNAs, and 3 rRNAs. Most of these PCGs are under purifying selection, with only two (ccmFc and rps7) exhibiting signs of positive selection. The C. camphora mitogenome contains numerous repetitive sequences and intracellular gene transfers, with a total of 36 mitochondrial plastid DNAs, amounting to a combined length of 23,816 bp. Comparative analysis revealed that the non-coding regions of Magnoliids mitogenomes have undergone frequent rearrangements during evolution, but the coding sequences remain highly conserved (more than 98% similarity for protein-coding sequences). Furthermore, a maximum-likelihood phylogenetic tree was reconstructed based on 25 PCGs from 23 plant mitogenomes. The analysis supports the closest relationship between C. camphora and C. chekiangense, consistent with the APG IV classification system. This study elucidates the unique evolutionary features of the C. camphora mitogenome, which will provide valuable insights into the study of genetics and evolution of the family Lauraceae.

Comparative chemical profiling of leaf essential oils from Cinnamomum kanehirae and related species using steam distillation and solvent extraction: Implications for plant-based classification.

Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata, belonging to Lauraceae family, is an indigenous and endangered species of considerable economic importance in Taiwan. It plays a crucial role as the host for the economically valuable saprotrophic fungus, Taiwanofungus camphorates. However, accurate species identification poses a challenge due to the similarity in morphological features and frequent natural hybridization with closely related species. Acquiring high-quality and pure leaf oils becomes imperative for precise species identification and producing superior goods. In this study, our objective was to establish methodologies for analyzing the chemical composition of leaf essential oils and subsequently apply this knowledge to differentiate among three Cinnamomum species. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was employed to scrutinize the chemical makeup of leaf essential oils from three closely related species: C. kanehirae, C. micranthum, and C. camphora. We utilized Steam Distillation (SD) and steam distillation-solvent extraction (SDSE) methods, with the SDSE-Hexane approach chosen for optimization, enhancing extraction efficiency and ensuring essential oil purity. Through the SDSE-Hexane method, we identified seventy-four compounds distributed across three major classes: monoterpenes hydrocarbons (0.0-7.0 %), oxygenated monoterpenes (3.8-90.9 %), sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons (0.0-28.3 %), and oxygenated sesquiterpenes (1.6-88.1 %). Our findings indicated the presence of more than one chemotype in both C. kanehirae and C. camphora, whereas no specific chemotype could be discerned in C. micranthum. Furthermore, clustering based on chemotypes allowed for the differentiation of samples from the three species. Notably, we demonstrated that the chemical compositions of grafted C. kanehirae remained largely unaffected by the rootstock. Conversely, natural hybrids between C. kanehirae and C. camphora exhibited profiles more closely aligned with C. kanehirae. The optimized extraction method and the chemotype-based classification system established in this study present valuable tools for essential oil preparation, species identification, and further exploration into the genetic variation of Cinnamomum.

The potential of Bacillus species isolated from Cinnamomum camphora for biofuel production.

BACKGROUND: Increasing concerns about climate change and global petroleum supply draw attention to the urgent need for the development of alternative methods to produce fuels. Consequently, the scientific community must devise novel ways to obtain fuels that are both sustainable and eco-friendly. Bacterial alkanes have numerous potential applications in the industry sector. One significant application is biofuel production, where bacterial alkanes can serve as a sustainable eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels. This study represents the first report on the production of alkanes by endophytic bacteria. RESULTS: In this study, three Bacillus species, namely Bacillus atrophaeus Camph.1 (OR343176.1), Bacillus spizizenii Camph.2 (OR343177.1), and Bacillus aerophilus Camph.3 (OR343178.1), were isolated from the leaves of C. camphora. The isolates were then screened to determine their ability to produce alkanes in different culture media including nutrient broth (NB), Luria-Bertani (LB) broth, and tryptic soy broth (TSB). Depending on the bacterial isolate and the culture media used, different profiles of alkanes ranging from C8 to C31 were detected. CONCLUSIONS: The endophytic B. atrophaeus Camph.1 (OR343176.1), B. spizizenii Camph.2 (OR343177.1), and B. aerophilus Camph.3 (OR343178.1), associated with C. camphora leaves, represent new eco-friendly approaches for biofuel production, aiming towards a sustainable future. Further research is needed to optimize the fermentation process and scale up alkane production by these bacterial isolates.

[Essential oil of Cinnamomum camphora mitigates depression-like behavior in mice by regulating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and inhibiting inflammatory cytokines].

This study aims to investigate the essential oil(EOL) of Cinnamomum camphora regarding its anti-depression effect and mechanism in regulating inflammatory cytokines and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) pathway. A mouse model of depression was established by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide(LPS). Open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swimming tests were carried out to examine mouse behaviors. Western blot and qRT-PCR were employed to determine the expression of proteins and genes in the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in the hippocampus. The levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α, interleukin(IL)-6, and IL-1ß in the serum were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). The changes of apoptosis in mouse brain were detected by Tunel staining. Compared with the blank control group, the model group showed shortened distance travelled and time spent in the central zone and reduced number of entries in the central zone in the open field test. In the elevated plus maze test, the model group showed reduced open arm time(OT%) and open arm entries(OE%). In the force swimming test, the model group showed extended duration of immobility compared with the blank control group. Compared with the model group, the treatment with EOL significantly increased the distance travelled and time spent in the central zone and increased the number of entries in the central zone in the open field test. In addition, EOL significantly increased the OT% and OE% in the elevated plus maze and shor-tened the immobility duration in the forced swimming test. The model group showed lower expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 and hig-her levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß than the blank control group. Compared with the model group, the treatment with EOL up-regulated the expression levels of Nrf2 and HO-1 and lowered the levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1ß. The Tunel staining results showed that the apoptosis rate in the brain tissue of mice decreased significantly after the treatment with EOL. To sum up, EOL can mitigate the depression-like behaviors of mice by up-regulating the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 and preventing hippocampal inflammatory damage. The findings provide empirical support for the application of EOL and aromatherapy in the treatment of depression.

Effects of Drying Methods on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Cinnamomum camphora Seed Kernel Protein Isolate.

Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel protein isolate (CPI) has attracted increasing attention due to its sustainability and potential applications. This study aimed to investigate the effects of freeze-drying (FD), vacuum-drying (VD), and spray-drying (SD) on the physicochemical and functional properties of CPI. The morphology observation results showed that the SD-CPI, SD-CPI, and VD-CPI were spherical, lamellar, and massive, respectively. Compared to FD and SD, VD had more impact on the color, surface hydrophobicity, intermolecular disulfide bonds, intrinsic fluorescence, and thermal stability of CPI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed that among three CPI samples, VD-CPI had the highest content of ß-sheet but the lowest contents of α-helix and ß-turn. At different pH values, the solubility, emulsification, and foaming properties of VD-CPI were inferior to those of FD-CPI and SD-CPI. These results provide useful information on the changes in the physicochemical and functional properties of CPI subjected to different drying methods, and offer theoretical guidance for the production and use of CPI in the food industry.

Medical prospects of cryptosporidiosis in vivo control using biofabricated nanoparticles loaded with Cinnamomum camphora extracts by Ulva fasciata.

Background and Aim: Global efforts are continuing to develop preparations against cryptosporidiosis. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of biosynthesized Ulva fasciata loading Cinnamomum camphora oil extract on new zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs shorten to ZnNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as alternative treatments for Cryptosporidium parvum experimental infection in rats. Materials and Methods: Oil extract was characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, loaded by U. fasciata on ionic-based ZnO and NPs, and then characterized by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Biosafety and toxicity were investigated by skin tests. A total of 105 C. parvum oocysts/rat were used (n = 81, 2-3 W, 80-120 g, 9 male rats/group). Oocysts shedding was counted for 21 d. Doses of each preparation in addition to reference drug were administered daily for 7 d, starting on post-infection (PI) day (3). Nitazoxanide (100 mg) was used as the reference drug. After 3 weeks, the rats were sacrificed for postmortem examination and histopathological examination. Two blood samples/rat/group were collected on the 21st day. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid blood samples were also used for analysis of biochemistry, hematology, immunology, micronucleus prevalence, and chromosomal abnormalities. Results: C. camphora leaves yielded 28.5 ± 0.3 g/kg oil and 20 phycocompounds were identified. Spherical and rod-shaped particles were detected at 10.47-30.98 nm and 18.83-38.39 nm, respectively. ZnNPs showed the earliest anti-cryptosporidiosis effect during 7-17 d PI. Other hematological, biochemical, immunological, histological, and genotoxicity parameters were significantly fruitful; hence, normalized pathological changes induced by infestation were observed in the NPs treatments groups against the infestation-free and Nitazoxanide treated group. Conclusion: C. camphora, U. fasciata, ZnNPs, and AgNPs have refluxed the pathological effects of infection as well as positively improved host physiological condition by its anticryptosporidial immunostimulant regenerative effects with sufficient ecofriendly properties to be proposed as an alternative to traditional drugs, especially in individuals with medical reactions against chemical commercial drugs.

Efficacy of a vaginal suppository formulation prepared with Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. gum and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. in heavy menstrual bleeding analyzed using a machine learning technique.

Objective: This study aims to determine the efficacy of the Acacia arabica (Lam.) Willd. and Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl. vaginal suppository in addressing heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and their impact on participants' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) analyzed using machine learning algorithms. Method: A total of 62 participants were enrolled in a double-dummy, single-center study. They were randomly assigned to either the suppository group (SG), receiving a formulation prepared with Acacia arabica gum (Gond Babul) and camphor from Cinnamomum camphora (Kafoor) through two vaginal suppositories (each weighing 3,500 mg) for 7 days at bedtime along with oral placebo capsules, or the tranexamic group (TG), receiving oral tranexamic acid (500 mg) twice a day for 5 days and two placebo vaginal suppositories during menstruation at bedtime for three consecutive menstrual cycles. The primary outcome was the pictorial blood loss assessment chart (PBLAC) for HMB, and secondary outcomes included hemoglobin level and SF-36 HRQoL questionnaire scores. Additionally, machine learning algorithms such as k-nearest neighbor (KNN), AdaBoost (AB), naive Bayes (NB), and random forest (RF) classifiers were employed for analysis. Results: In the SG and TG, the mean PBLAC score decreased from 635.322 ± 504.23 to 67.70 ± 22.37 and 512.93 ± 283.57 to 97.96 ± 39.25, respectively, at post-intervention (TF3), demonstrating a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). A higher percentage of participants in the SG achieved normal menstrual blood loss compared to the TG (93.5% vs 74.2%). The SG showed a considerable improvement in total SF-36 scores (73.56%) compared to the TG (65.65%), with a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001). Additionally, no serious adverse events were reported in either group. Notably, machine learning algorithms, particularly AB and KNN, demonstrated the highest accuracy within cross-validation models for both primary and secondary outcomes. Conclusion: The A. arabica and C. camphora vaginal suppository is effective, cost-effective, and safe in controlling HMB. This botanical vaginal suppository provides a novel and innovative alternative to traditional interventions, demonstrating promise as an effective management approach for HMB.

Core microbiota drive multi-functionality of the soil microbiome in the Cinnamomum camphora coppice planting.

BACKGROUND: Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl (C. camphora) is an evergreen broad-leaved tree cultivated in subtropical China. The use of C. camphora as clonal cuttings for coppice management has become popular recently. However, little is known about the relationship between soil core microbiota and ecosystem multi-functionality under tree planting. Particularly, the effects of soil core microbiota on maintaining ecosystem multi-functionality under C. camphora coppice planting remained unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we collected soil samples from three points (i.e., the abandoned land, the root zone, and the transition zone) in the C. camphora coppice planting to investigate whether core microbiota influences ecosystem multi-functions. RESULTS: The result showed a significant difference in soil core microbiota community between the abandoned land (AL), root zone (RZ), and transition zone (TZ), and soil ecosystem multi-functionality of core microbiota in RZ had increased significantly (by 230.8%) compared to the AL. Soil core microbiota played a more significant influence on ecosystem multi-functionality than the non-core microbiota. Moreover, the co-occurrence network demonstrated that the soil ecosystem network consisted of five major ecological clusters. Soil core microbiota within cluster 1 were significantly higher than in cluster 4, and there is also a higher Copiotrophs/Oligotrophs ratio in cluster 1. Our results corroborated that soil core microbiota is crucial for maintaining ecosystem multi-functionality. Especially, the core taxa within the clusters of networks under tree planting, with the same ecological preferences, had a significant contribution to ecosystem multi-functionality. CONCLUSION: Overall, our results provide further insight into the linkage between core taxa and ecosystem multi-functionality. This enables us to predict how ecosystem functions respond to the environmental changes in areas under the C. camphora coppice planting. Thus, conserving the soil microbiota, especially the core taxa, is essential to maintaining the multiple ecosystem functions under the C. camphora coppice planting.

The Odorant Receptor Recognizing Camphor in a Camphor Tree Specialist Orthaga achatina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).

Camphor has been used as an effective repellent and pesticide to stored products for a long history, but Orthaga achatina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) has evolved to specifically feed on the camphor tree Cinnamomum camphora. However, the behavioral response of O. achatina to camphor and the molecular basis of camphor perception are totally unknown. Here, we demonstrated that both male and female adults were behaviorally attracted to camphor, suggesting the adaptation of O. achatina to and utilization of camphor as a signal of C. camphora. Second, in 40 O. achatina OR genes obtained by analyzing antenna transcriptomes, only OachOR16/Orco significantly responded to camphor in the Xenopus oocyte system. Finally, by molecular docking analysis and site-directed mutagenesis, the Ser209 residue is confirmed to be essential for binding of the oachOR16 with camphor. This study not only reveals the camphor-based host plant choice and olfactory mechanisms of O. achatina but also provides a molecular target for screening more potential insect repellents.

Identification of algicidal monoterpenoids from four chemotypes of Cinnamomum camphora and their algicidal mechanisms on Microcystis aeruginosa.

Cyanobacterial blooms cause serious environmental issues, and plant secondary metabolites are considered as new algaecide for controlling them. Cinnamomum camphora produces a wide spectrum of terpenoids and has 4 main chemotypes, including linalool, camphor, eucalyptol and borneol chemotype. To develop the new cyanobacterial algaecide by using suitable chemotype of Cinnamomum camphora and the main terpenoids, we analyzed the terpenoid composition in the 4 chemotype extracts, evaluated the algicidal effects of the extracts and their typical monoterpenoids on Microcystis aeruginosa, and investigated the algicidal mechanism of the stronger algicidal agents. Among the 4 chemotypes, eucalyptol and borneol chemotype extracts exhibited stronger algicidal effects. In the 4 chemotype extracts, monoterpenoids were the main compounds, of which linalool, camphor, eucalyptol and borneol were the typical components. Among the 4 typical monoterpenoids, eucalyptol and borneol showed stronger algicidal effects, which killed 78.8% and 100% M. aeruginosa cells, respectively, at 1.2 mM after 48 h. In 1.2 mM eucalyptol and borneol treatments, the reactive oxygen species levels markedly increased, and the caspase-3-like activity also raised. With prolonging the treatment time, M. aeruginosa cells gradually shrank and wrinkled, and the cell TUNEL fluorescence intensity and DNA degradation gradually enhanced, indicating that the lethal mechanism is causing apoptosis-like programmed cell death (PCD). Therefore, eucalyptol and borneol chemotype extracts and their typical monoterpenoids have the potential for developing as algaecides to control cyanobacteria through triggering apoptosis-like PCD.

Adjusting function of camphor on primary metabolism in Cinnamomum camphora stressed by high temperature.

Cinnamomum camphora has great economic value for its wide utilization in traditional medicine and furniture material, and releases lots of monoterpenes to tolerate high temperature. To uncover the adjusting function of monoterpenes on primary metabolism and promoting their utilization as anti-high temperature agents, the photosynthetic capacities, primary metabolite levels, cell ultrastructure and associated gene expression were surveyed in C. camphora when it was blocked monoterpene biosynthesis with fosmidomycin (Fos) and fumigated with camphor (a typical monoterpene in the plant) under high temperature (Fos+38 °C+camphor). Compared with the control (28 °C), high temperature at 38 °C decreased the starch content and starch grain size, and increased the fructose, glucose, sucrose and soluble sugar content. Meanwhile, high temperature also raised the lipid content, with the increase of lipid droplet size and numbers. These variations were further intensified in Fos+ 38 °C treatment. Compared with Fos+ 38 °C treatment, Fos+ 38 °C+camphor treatment improved the starch accumulation by promoting 4 gene expression in starch biosynthesis, and lowered the sugar content by suppressing 3 gene expression in pentose phosphate pathway and promoting 15 gene expression in glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Meanwhile, Fos+ 38 °C+camphor treatment also lowered the lipid content, which may be caused by the down-regulation of 2 genes in fatty acid formation and up-regulation of 4 genes in fatty acid decomposition. Although Fos+ 38 °C+camphor treatment improved the photosynthetic capacities in contrast to Fos+ 38 °C treatment, it cannot explain the variations of these primary metabolite levels. Therefore, camphor should adjust related gene expression to maintain the primary metabolism in C. camphora tolerating high temperature.

Chicken manure application alters microbial community structure and the distribution of antibiotic-resistance genes in rhizosphere soil of Cinnamomum camphora forests.

The distribution of antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in environmental soil is greatly affected by livestock and poultry manure fertilization, the application of manure will lead to antibiotic residues and ARGs pollution, and increase the risk of environmental pollution and human health. Cinnamomum camphora is an economically significant tree species in Fujian Province, China. Here, through high-throughput sequencing analysis, significant differences in the composition of the bacterial community and ARGs were observed between fertilized and unfertilized rhizosphere soil. The application of chicken manure organic fertilizer significantly increased the relative abundance and alpha diversity of the bacterial community and ARGs. The content of organic matter, soluble organic nitrogen, available phosphorus, nitrate reductase, hydroxylamine reductase, urease, acid protease, ß-glucosidase, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline in the soil of C. camphora forests have significant effects on bacterial community and ARGs. Significant correlations between environmental factors, bacterial communities, and ARGs were observed in the rhizosphere soil of C. camphora forests according to Mantel tests. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that chicken manure organic fertilizer application has a significant effect on the bacterial community and ARGs in the rhizosphere soil of C. camphora forests, and several environmental factors that affect the bacterial community and ARGs were identified.

Genome and whole-genome resequencing of Cinnamomum camphora elucidate its dominance in subtropical urban landscapes.

BACKGROUND: Lauraceae is well known for its significant phylogenetic position as well as important economic and ornamental value; however, most evergreen species in Lauraceae are restricted to tropical regions. In contrast, camphor tree (Cinnamomum camphora) is the most dominant evergreen broadleaved tree in subtropical urban landscapes. RESULTS: Here, we present a high-quality reference genome of C. camphora and conduct comparative genomics between C. camphora and C. kanehirae. Our findings demonstrated the significance of key genes in circadian rhythms and phenylpropanoid metabolism in enhancing cold response, and terpene synthases (TPSs) improved defence response with tandem duplication and gene cluster formation in C. camphora. Additionally, the first comprehensive catalogue of C. camphora based on whole-genome resequencing of 75 accessions was constructed, which confirmed the crucial roles of the above pathways and revealed candidate genes under selection in more popular C. camphora, and indicated that enhancing environmental adaptation is the primary force driving C. camphora breeding and dominance. CONCLUSIONS: These results decipher the dominance of C. camphora in subtropical urban landscapes and provide abundant genomic resources for enlarging the application scopes of evergreen broadleaved trees.

Effects of light environments within Cinnamomum camphora canopy on leaf functional traits and photosynthetic characteristics.

To explore the adaptive mechanism of leaf photosynthetic capacity in different light environments within Cinnamomum camphora canopy and enhance carbon sequestration, we investigated morphological structures, nutritional and physiological traits and photosynthetic characteristics of leaves in different orientations of C. camphora canopy, southern side in the outer layer (100% full light), southern side in the inner layer (34% full light) and northern side (21% full light). We analyzed the main limitation resulting in down-regulation of photosynthetic capacity in low light environments. Results showed that specific leaf weight, the thickness of lower and upper epidermal cuticle, lower epidermis, palisade tissue as well as cell number and width of palisade tissue, the thickness ratio of palisade to spongy tissue, cell structure closely degree significantly decreased with decreasing light intensity within canopy, opposite to the responses of spongy tissue thickness, cell length-width ratio of palisade tissue, and cell structure loose degree. The contents of leaf carbon, soluble protein, soluble sugar and starch were significantly lower in two low light environments compared with full light, whereas nitrogen content was markedly higher in north side. Low light prominently reduced gas exchange parameters, i.e., net photosynthetic rate (Pn), dark respiration rate, stomatal conductance to CO2(gsc), mesophyll conductance to CO2(gm), total conductance to CO2(gtot), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), CO2 concentration at the chloroplast (Cc). Pn was positively correlated with gsc, gm, gtot and Cc. There were no differences in maximum quantum photochemical efficiency, actual quantum photochemical efficiency, photochemical quenching coefficient, maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylation (Vc max) and maximum rate of electron transport (Jmax) among light environments. Vc max and Jmax were positively correlated to Pn. Of the shading-induced limitations to photosynthesis, gm limitation was the most important, and gsc limitation was enhanced with further weakened light intensity while biochemical limitation was rather limited. In summary, the results suggested that full light could improve leaf photosynthetic potential in C. camphora canopy leaves, reduce the effects of gm and gsc limitation on photosynthesis, and consequently enhance carbon assimilation capacity.

Comparative Chemical Composition and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Inhibitory Potential of Cinnamomum camphora and Cinnamomum tamala.

Cinnamomum species have applications in the pharmaceutical and fragrance industry for wide biological and pharmaceutical activities. The present study investigates the chemical composition of the essential oils extracted from two species of Cinnamomum namely C. tamala and C. camphora. Chemical analysis showed E-cinnamyl acetate (56.14 %), E-cinnamaldehyde (20.15 %), and linalool (11.77 %) contributed as the major compounds of the 95.22 % of C. tamala leaves essential oil found rich in phenylpropanoids (76.96 %). C. camphora essential oil accounting for 93.57 % of the total oil composition was rich in 1,8-cineole (55.84 %), sabinene (14.37 %), and α-terpineol (10.49 %) making the oil abundant in oxygenated monoterpenes (70.63 %). Furthermore, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity for both the essential oils was carried out using Ellman's colorimetric method. The acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential at highest studied concentration of 1 mg/mL was observed to be 46.12±1.52 % for C. tamala and 53.61±2.66 % for C. camphora compared to the standard drug physostigmine (97.53±0.63 %) at 100 ng/ml. These multiple natural aromatic and fragrant characteristics with distinct chemical compositions offered by Cinnamon species provide varied benefits in the development of formulations that could be advantageous for the flavor and fragrance industry.

First report of Trunk Canker Caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea on Cinnamomum camphora in China.

Cinnamomum camphora, an essential woody plant in China, experienced a severe outbreak of trunk canker affecting an area of 540,000 square meters in the Xiaoshan District of Zhejiang province during the early summer of 2022. The observed symptoms included stem canker, dieback, twig blight, and extensive vascular discoloration, with an incidence rate ranging from 45% to 70%. To investigate the etiology of the disease, symptomatic plant samples were subjected to rigorous surface sterilization involving washing with running tap water, followed by surface sterilization using 75% ethanol. The samples were then rinsed twice with sterile distilled water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, and incubated at a temperature of 28°C. The isolated fungi exhibited characteristics consistent with the species Botryosphaeria dothidea. Fungal isolates displayed abundant white aerial mycelium, which darkened to grey after five to seven days, eventually giving rise to black pycnidia. Single hyphal tip cultures of putative two isolates were stored at the Agricultural Experiment Station of Zhejiang University. Conidia formed on pycnidia were one-celled, hyaline, aseptate, and fusiform, with dimensions of 18.34-27.12 µm x 3.77-6.84 µm (average 22.90 µm x 5.20 µm) (one hundred conidia were measured). To determine the fungal species, genomic DNA was extracted from individual isolates ZJUP0868, and subjected to DNA sequence analysis of four gene regions: the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) using the primer-pair ITS4 and ITS1 (White et al., 1990), the large subunit (LSU) gene with LR0R and LR5 (Rehner and Samuels, 1995), the small subunit (SSU) gene with SR1R and SR7 (Zoller et al., 1999), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) with EF1-983F and EF1-2218R (Rehner and Buckley, 2005). Furthermore, DNA sequence analysis of above four genes was performed. BLAST analysis indicated the highest nucleotide sequence identity with Botryosphaeria dothidea CBS 115476 reference sequence (ITS: 99.59%, KF766151; LSU: 99.88%, DQ377852; SSU: 100%, NG_062738; tef1: 98.93%, AY236898). Representative sequences of isolate ZJUP0868 from these regions were deposited in GenBank (ITS: Accession No. OR192838; LSU: Accession No:OR248147; SSU: Accession No:OR248174; tef1: Accession No. OR262053). A phylogenomic analysis was conducted to determine the phylogenetic position of Botryosphaeria dothidea in the family Botryosphaeriaceae. The combined morphological and molecular findings confirmed the identification of the pathogen as Botryosphaeria dothidea. Pathogenicity tests were conducted by stem inoculation of two-year-old Cinnamomum camphora baranches. Mycelial plugs (2-3 mm in diameter) from actively growing colonies of B. dothidea (PDA) were applied to bark of similar size on the middle point of the stems. Inoculated barks were wrapped with Parafilm, while control branches received sterile PDA plugs. Inoculated and control branches (7 each) were maintained in a greenhouse at 28°C. After two weeks, all inoculated plants exhibited dark vascular stem tissue, whereas the control plants remained healthy. B. dothidea was re-isolated from symptomatic tissues, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed in the control branched, and B. dothidea was not re-isolated from their tissues. B. dothidea , the type species of Botryosphaeria (Botryosphaeriaceae, Botryosphaeriales), is commonly associated with cankers and dieback in woody plants. Previous reports have identified Botryosphaeria dothidea as a pathogen causing stem dieback and trunk canker on Glycine max (Chen et al., 2020), Camellia oleifera (Hao et al., 2022), and Gleditsia sinensis (Huang et al., 2020). Additionally, B. dothidea has been reported to cause leave wilt on various plant species in China, including Daimyo oak (Liu et al., 2023) and Cornus officinalis (Zhang et al., 2022). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of B. dothidea on C. camphora in China. This findings contribute to a better understanding of the pathogens affecting Cinnamomum camphora in the China.

Geographic Pattern of Variations in Chemical Composition and Nutritional Value of Cinnamomum camphora Seed Kernels from China.

Cinnamomum camphora (camphor tree) is an important non-conventional edible plant species found in East Asia. Here, a detailed characterization for the chemical composition and nutritional value of C. camphora seed kernels (CCSKs) collected from different regions in China is provided. The results showed that there were significant differences among the CCSK samples in weights (1000 fruits, 1000 seeds and 1000 kernels), proximate composition, minerals, phenolics, flavonoids and amino acid contents. The highest contents of oil (62.08%) and protein (22.17%) were found in the CCSK samples collected from Chongqing and Shanghai, respectively. The highest content of mineral in the CCSK samples was K (4345.05-7186.89 mg/kg), followed by P (2735.86-5385.36 mg/kg), Ca (1412.27-3327.37 mg/kg) and Mg (2028.65-3147.32 mg/kg). The CCSK sample collected from Guizhou had the highest levels of total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC), while that from Chongqing had the lowest levels. In addition, the most abundant fatty acid in the CCSK samples was capric acid (57.37-60.18%), followed by lauric acid (35.23-38.29%). Similarities in the fatty acid composition among the CCSK samples were found. The CCSK sample collected from Guizhou had the highest percentage (36.20%) of essential amino acids to total amino acids, and Chongqing had the lowest value (28.84%). These results indicated that CCSK may be developed as an excellent source of plant-based medium-chain oil, protein, dietary fiber, minerals, phytochemicals and essential amino acids.