Detección y caracterización de defectos del campo visual mediante perimetría Octopus en glaucoma congénito primario / Detection and characterisation of visual field defects using Octopus perimetry in congenital glaucoma

Detectar y caracterizar los defectos del campo visual (CV) mediante perimetría Octopus en pacientes con glaucoma congénito primario (GCP) y determinar la calidad y duración del CV. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron 88 ojos de 70 pacientes diagnosticados de GCP. Las evaluaciones se realizaron con un Octopus 900 y cada ojo se evaluó con el algoritmo de perimetría orientada por tendencias (G-TOP). Se recogieron datos cuantitativos de CV: datos de calidad (respuestas falsa positiva y negativa, y duración del tiempo) y resultados de desviación media (DM) y raíz cuadrada de la varianza de pérdida (sLV). También se recogieron datos cualitativos: presencia de defectos difusos y localizados, hemicampo afectado y grado de defectos utilizando la clasificación de Aulhorn y Karmeyer. Se analizaron las correlaciones entre los resultados perimétricos y las variables clínicas. Resultados: La mediana de edad fue de 11 (8-17) años. El 65,9% (58/88) de los ojos con GCP presentaban defectos de CV. Se observaron defectos difusos en 10/58 ojos (16,94%) (DM media=23,92 [DE: 2,52]) dB) y defectos localizados en 48/58 ojos (82,75%). El defecto más frecuente fue el escotoma incipiente paracentral (n=15), el escalón nasal (n=8), el defecto arciforme añadido (n=2), el semianular (n=13) y el defecto concéntrico con isla central (n=9). El hemicampo visual afectado con mayor frecuencia fue el inferior. La duración media de la prueba fue de 2min 12s (DE: 21,6s). Los valores MD y sLV se correlacionaron con la agudeza visual mejor corregida, la relación excavación/disco y el número de cirugías de glaucoma (todas p<0,001). Conclusión: Se identificó un alto número de defectos difusos y localizados utilizando la perimetría Octopus en pacientes con GCP. El defecto más frecuente fue el escotoma paracentral, y el hemicampo inferior fue el más afectado.(AU)

Purpose: To detect and characterise visual field (VF) defects using static Octopus perimetry in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and to determine VF quality and time duration. Material and methods: Eighty-eight eyes of 70 patients diagnosed with PCG were included. Assessments were performed using an Octopus 900 and each eye was assessed with the tendency-oriented perimetry (G-TOP) algorithm. Quantitative VF data were collected: quality data (false positive and negative response, and time duration) and results of mean deviation (MD) and square root of loss variance (sLV). Qualitative data were collected: the presence of diffuse and localized defects, the affected hemifield and grade of defects using the Aulhorn and Karmeyer classification. Correlations between perimetric results and clinical variables were analysed. ResultsMedian age was 11 (8-17) years. 65.9% (58/88) of PCG eyes showed VF defects. Diffuse defects were observed in 10/58 eyes (16.94%) (mean MD=23.92 [SD: 2.52]) dB) and localized defects in 48/58 eyes (82.75%). The most frequent defect was spot-like/stroke-like/incipient paracentral scotoma (n=15), nasal step (n=8), adding arcuate defect (n=2), half ring-shaped (n=13) and concentric defect with a central island (n=9). And the most frequent affected visual hemifield was inferior hemifield. Mean test duration was 2min 12s (SD: 21.6s). MD and sLV values were correlated with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cup to disc ratio and number of antiglaucoma surgeries (all P<.001). Conclusion: A high number of diffuse and localized defects were identified using Octopus perimetry in PCG patients. The most frequent defect was paracentral scotoma and inferior hemifield was the most affected.(AU)

Detection and characterisation of visual field defects using Octopus perimetry in congenital glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To detect and characterise visual field (VF) defects using static Octopus perimetry in patients with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) and to determine VF quality and time duration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eighty-eight eyes of 70 patients diagnosed with PCG were included. Assessments were performed using an Octopus 900 and each eye was assessed with the tendency-oriented perimetry (G-TOP) algorithm. Quantitative VF data were collected: quality data (false positive and negative response, and time duration) and results of mean deviation (MD) and square root of loss variance (sLV). Qualitative data were collected: the presence of diffuse and localized defects, the affected hemifield and grade of defects using the Aulhorn and Karmeyer classification. Correlations between perimetric results and clinical variables were analysed. RESULTS: Median age was 11 (8-17) years. 65.9% (58/88) of PCG eyes showed VF defects. Diffuse defects were observed in 10/58 eyes (16.94%) (mean MD = 23.92 [SD: 2.52]) dB) and localized defects in 48/58 eyes (82.75%). The most frequent defect was spot-like/stroke-like/incipient paracentral scotoma (n = 15), nasal step (n = 8), adding arcuate defect (n = 2), half ring-shaped (n = 13) and concentric defect with a central island (n = 9). And the most frequent affected visual hemifield was inferior hemifield. Mean test duration was 2 min 12 s (SD: 21.6 s). MD and sLV values were correlated with best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cup to disc ratio and number of antiglaucoma surgeries (all P < .001). CONCLUSION: A high number of diffuse and localized defects were identified using Octopus perimetry in PCG patients. The most frequent defect was paracentral scotoma and inferior hemifield was the most affected.

Normative data for macular perimetry using the MP-3 microperimeter in healthy individuals / Dados normativos para perimetria macular usando o microperímetro MP-3 em indivíduos normais

ABSTRACT Purpose: Microperimetry has been used for several years as a form of visual function testing in patients with retinal diseases. Normal microperimetry values obtained with microperimeter MP-3 have not yet been fully published, and baseline values for topographic macular sensitivity and correlations with age and sex are needed to establish degrees of impairment. This study aimed to determine values for light sensitivity thresholds and fixation stability using the MP-3 in healthy individuals. Methods: Thirty-seven healthy volunteers (age, 28-68 years), underwent full-threshold microperimetry using a 4-2 (fast) staircase strategy with the standard Goldmann III stimulus size and 68 test points positioned identically to those in the Humphrey Field Analyzer 10-2 test grid. The fixation stability was simultaneously recorded during the microperimetry test. The relationship between global sensitivity and age was calculated using linear regression analysis. Results: Microperimetry was performed on 37 participants (74 eyes). The global mean sensitivity was 29.01 ± 1.44 (range, 26-31) dB. The mean central sensitivity at 2° measured by the MP-3 was 28.5 ± 1.77 dB in the right eye (OD) and 28.75 ± 1.98 dB in the left eye (OS). The total median fixation stability values within 2° and 4° were 80% and 96%, respectively. The linear regression analysis also revealed an age-related global sensitivity decline per year of -0.051 dB ± 0.018 (OD) and -0.078 dB ± 0.021 (OS). Conclusions: Microperimetry performed with the MP-3 allows for an automatic, accurate, and topography-specific examination of retinal sensitivity thresholds. The results of this study provide a normal and age-matched database of MP-3 microperimetry.

RESUMO Objetivos: A microperimetria tem sido usada há vários anos como uma forma de teste de função visual em pacientes com doenças da retina. Os valores normais de microperimetria obtidos com MP-3 ainda não foram totalmente publicados e os valores basais para sensibilidade macular topográfica e correlações com idade e sexo são necessários para estabelecer graus de comprometimento. O objetivo do trabalho é determinar valores para limiares de sensibilidade à luz e estabilidade de fixação usando o MP-3 em indivíduos normais. Métodos: Trinta e sete voluntários saudáveis (idade: 28-68 anos), submetidos à microperimetria de limiar total usando uma estratégia de escada 4-2 (rápida) com o tamanho de estímulo padrão Goldmann III e 68 pontos de teste posicionados de forma idêntica aos do Humphrey Field Analyzer 10-2 grade de teste. A estabilidade da fixação foi registrada simultaneamente durante o teste de microperimetria. A relação entre a sensibilidade global e a idade foi calculada por meio de análise de regressão linear. Resultados: A microperimetria foi realizada em 37 indivíduos (74 olhos). A sensibilidade média global foi de 29,01 ± 1,44 dB, intervalo: 26-31 dB. A mediana da sensibilidade central a 2° medida pelo MP-3 foi de 28,5 ± 1,77 dB (ER) e 28,75 ± 1,98 dB (OE). Os valores médios totais de estabilidade da fixação em 2° e 4° foram 80% e 96%, respectivamente. A análise de regressão linear também revelou um declínio de sensibilidade global relacionado à idade por ano de -0,051 dB ± 0,018 (ER) e -0,078 dB ± 0,021 (LE). Conclusões: A microperimetria realizada com o MP-3 permite um exame automático, preciso e específico da topografia dos limiares de sensibilidade da retina. Os resultados deste estudo fornecem um banco de dados normal e de idade correspondente da microperimetria MP-3.

Caracterización de la baja visión en el Centro de Recursos y Apoyo "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" / Characterization of low vision at the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" resource and support center

Objetivo: Caracterizar las enfermedades oftalmológicas que causan diversidad funcional visual en los estudiantes del Centro de Recursos y Apoyo "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado". Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal realizado en enero, 2017. Las variables investigadas fueron: edad, sexo, grado de escolaridad, antecedentes prenatales, diagnóstico oftalmológico principal, enfermedades asociadas, síndromes oftalmológicos, agudeza visual mejor corregida, defecto refractivo, ayudas ópticas y no ópticas utilizadas. Resultados: La muestra quedó conformada por 66 estudiantes (95,6 por ciento de los matriculados), predominaron las edades entre 10-14 años, para ambos sexos. De ellos, 24 estudiantes eran ciegos totales (36,4 por ciento). El astigmatismo hipermetrópico compuesto fue la ametropía primaria más frecuente. Las ayudas ópticas y no ópticas son utilizadas por la mayoría de los alumnos. Conclusiones: Las enfermedades oculares más frecuentes causantes de baja visión fueron la catarata congénita y la atrofia del nervio óptico. Las ayudas ópticas y no ópticas son empleadas con la colaboración de la rehabilitadora y los maestros(AU)

Objective: To characterize the ophthalmologic diseases that cause visual functional diversity in students of the "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" Resource and Support Center. Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study conducted in January, 2017. The variables investigated were: age, gender, school grade, prenatal history, main ophthalmologic diagnosis, associated diseases, ophthalmologic syndromes, best corrected visual acuity, refractive defect, optical and non-optical aids used. Results: The sample consisted of 66 students (95.6 percent of those enrolled), predominantly aged 10-14 years, for both genders. Out of these, 24 students were totally blind (36.4 percent). Compound hyperopic astigmatism was the most frequent primary ametropia. Optical and non-optical aids were used by most of the students. Conclusions: The most frequent ocular diseases causing low vision were congenital cataract and optic nerve atrophy. Optical and non-optical aids are used with the collaboration of the rehabilitator and teachers(AU)

The rates of visual field progression in glaucoma and its clinical importance / Taxas de progressão do campo visual em glaucoma e sua importância clínica

ABSTRACT The rate of visual field progression is an essential factor in determining risk of visual disability or blindness in glaucoma patients. Knowledge of the rate of progression of a particular patient, in combination with an estimation of their longevity and other clinical factors, allows clinicians to optimize management by providing appropriately aggressive treatment. Despite decades of research on the treatment of glaucoma, the natural history of glaucomatous visual field progression in untreated and treated patients remains unclear. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the literature surrounding the rate of visual field progression in glaucoma. Most of the available data pertains to primary open angle glaucoma, but we will also review progression rates in other subtypes of open angle glaucoma, such as pseudoexfoliative glaucoma and normal tension glaucoma, as well as in primary angle closure glaucoma. Specifically, we will cover methods to identify rates of progression, rates of progression in treated versus untreated patients, factors that may influence progression, and lastly, suggest some parameters that might help clinicians in determining acceptable rates of visual field deterioration in patients with glaucoma.

RESUMO A taxa de progressão do campo visual é um fator essencial para determinar o risco de incapacidade visual ou cegueira em pacientes com glaucoma. Conhecer a taxa de progressão de um determinado paciente, em combinação com uma estimativa de sua longevidade e outros fatores clínicos, permite que os médicos otimizem a conduta, fornecendo um tratamento adequadamente agressivo. Apesar de décadas de pesquisa sobre o tratamento do glaucoma, a história natural da progressão do campo visual glaucomatoso em pacientes não tratados e tratados permanece pouco clara. O objetivo desta revisão é fornecer um resumo abrangente da literatura sobre a taxa de progressão do campo visual do glaucoma. A maioria dos dados disponíveis diz respeito ao glaucoma de ângulo aberto primário, mas também revisaremos as taxas de progressão em outros subtipos de glaucoma de ângulo aberto, como o glaucoma pseudoexfoliativo e o glaucoma de tensão normal, bem como o glaucoma primário de ângulo fechado. Especificamente, iremos cobrir métodos para identificar taxas de progressão, taxas de progressão em pacientes tratados versus não tratados, fatores que podem influenciar a progressão e, finalmente, sugerir alguns parâmetros que podem ajudar os médicos a determinar taxas aceitáveis de deterioração do campo visual em pacientes com glaucoma

Use of computerized campimetry and/or optical coherence tomography for glaucoma diagnosis by non-glaucoma specialists / Uso da campimetria e/ou da tomografia de coerência óptica no diagnóstico do glaucoma por oftalmologistas generalistas

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the use of visual field and/or optical coherence tomography (OCT) combined with color retinography by non-glaucoma specialists for differentiating glaucoma from physiological cupping. Methods: Eighty patients with glaucoma or physiological cupping (40 of each) were randomized according to the examination used (GI: color retinography, GII: color retinography + visual field, GIII: color retinography + optical coherence tomography, GIV: color retinography + visual field + optical coherence tomography). Twenty non-specialist ophthalmologists diagnosed glaucoma from PowerPoint slide images, without direct patient examination. Results: Inter-examiner agreement was good for GII (ĸ: 0.63; 95%CI, 0.53-0.72), moderate for GIII (ĸ: 0.58; 95%CI, 0.48-0.68) and GIV (ĸ: 0.41; 95%CI, 0.31-0.51), and low for GI (ĸ: 0.30; 95%CI, 0.20-0.39) (p<0.001). Diagnostic accuracy was higher in GIII (15.8 ± 1.82) than GI (12.95 ± 1.46, p<0.001) and higher in GII (16.25 ± 2.02) than GI and GIV (14.10 ± 2.24) (both p<0.001). For glaucoma patients only, diagnostic accuracy in GII and GIII was superior to that in GI and GIV (both p<0.001). Sensitivity and specificity were 59% and 70.5% in GI; 86.5% and 76% in GII, 86.5% and 71.5% in GIII; and 68.5% and 72.5% in GIV, respectively. Accuracy was highest in GII (81.3% [95%CI, 77.1-84.8]), followed by GIII (79% [95%CI, 74.7-82.7]), GIV (70,5% [95%CI, 65.9-74.8]), and GI (64.8% [95%CI, 60.0-69.3]). Conclusions: Non-glaucoma specialists could not differentiate glaucoma from increased physiological cupping when using color retinography assessment alone. Diagnostic accuracy and inter-rater agreement improved significantly with the addition of visual field or optical coherence tomography. However, the use of both modalities did not improve sensitivity/specificity.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivos: Verificar a influência do campo visual e/ou tomografia de coerência óptica, quando analisados em associação à retinografia colorida, na diferenciação entre indivíduos com glaucoma daqueles com aumento fisiológico de escavação. Métodos: Oitenta pacientes com glaucoma ou aumento fisiológico de escavação (40 cada) foram randomizados de acordo com o exame testado (GI: retinografia colorida, GII: retinografia colorida + campo visual, GIII: retinografia colorida + tomografia de coerência óptica, GIV: retinografia colorida + campo visual + tomografia de coerência óptica). Vinte oftalmologistas não especialistas em glaucoma diagnosticaram glaucoma através de slides do PowerPoint, sem o exame direto do paciente. Resultados: A concordância interexaminador foi boa para o GII (ĸ: 0,63; 95%CI, 0,53-0,72), moderada para GIII (ĸ: 0,58; 95%CI, 0,48-0,68) e GIV (ĸ: 0,41; 95%CI, 0,31-0,51), e baixa para o GI (ĸ: 0,30; 95%CI, 0,20-0,39) (p<0,001). Acurácia diagnostica foi maior no GIII (15,8 ± 1,82) em comparação ao GI (12,95 ± 1,46, p<0,001) e o GII (16,25 ± 2,02) maior em comparação ao GI e GIV (14,10 ± 2,24) (para ambos, p<0,001). Para os pacientes com glaucoma, a acurácia diagnostica nos grupos GII e GIII foi superior do que em GI e GIV (ambos p<0,001). Sensibilidade e especificidade foram 59% e 70,5% no GI; 86,5% e 76% no GII, 86,5% e 71,5% no GIII; 68,5% e 72,5% no GIV, respectivamente. A acurácia foi maior no GII (81,3% [95%CI, 77,1-84,8]), seguido pelo GIII (79% [95%CI, 74,7-82,7]), GIV (70,5% [95%CI, 65,9-74,8]), e GI (64,8% [95%CI, 60,0-69,3]). Conclusões: A avaliação isolada da retinografia colorida por oftalmologistas não especialistas em glaucoma não pode diferenciar pacientes com glaucoma daqueles com aumento fisiológico de escavação. Houve aumento da acurácia diagnóstica e da concordância interobservador com o acréscimo do campo visual ou da tomografia de coerência óptica. Entretanto, o uso de ambas as modalidades não melhorou a sensibilidade/especificadade.(AU)

Visual outcomes of audio-luminous biofeedback training for a child with idiopathic nystagmus / Desfechos visuais de treinamento de biofeedback audioluminoso em criança com nistagmo idiopático

ABSTRACT Microperimetry biofeedback training is a vision rehabilitation method that involves the training of attention and oculomotor control, and the rehabilitation of poorly located and non-functional preferred retinal loci. It can significantly improve distance and near visual acuity in age-related macular degeneration. Previous studies have shown that biofeedback training using electrical nystagmography can reduce nystagmus amplitude and increase foveation time. However, these improvements have not been sustained following training sessions. We hereby report a pediatric case of idiopathic nystagmus in an 11-year old patient treated with microperimetric biofeedback to improve visual acuity and fixation stability. The training had a beneficial impact, positively affecting fixation stability as well as distance and near reading vision. Subjectively, improvement in quality of life was also reported. Conversely to previous studies, the positive effects in this case were maintained for as long as twelve months following therapy. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case with long-term benefits to be reported in the literature.(AU)

RESUMO O treinamento de biofeedback por microperimetria é um método de reabilitação da visão que envolve treinamento de atenção, controle oculomotor e reabilitação do locus preferencial de fixação da retina. Esse treinamento pode melhorar significativamente a acuidade visual para longe e perto na degeneração macular relacionada à idade. Estudos anteriores mostraram que o treinamento de biofeedback usando a nistagmografia elétrica pode reduzir a amplitude do nistagmo e aumentar o período de foveação. Entretanto, os resultados não se mantiveram após o término das sessões. Aqui é relatado um caso de tratamento com biofeedback por microperimetria para melhorar a acuidade visual e a estabilidade de fixação em uma criança de 11 anos de idade. O treinamento teve impacto benéfico e afetou positivamente a estabilidade da fixação e a visão para longe, para perto e de leitura. Subjetivamente, foi relatada melhoria da qualidade de vida. Em contraste com estudos anteriores, os efeitos positivos foram mantidos até 12 meses após a terapia. Até onde sabemos, este é o primeiro caso na literatura que relata benefícios de longo prazo.(AU)

Manejo preoperatorio de los adenomas hipofisarios. Lo que un residente de neurocirugía debe conocer / Preoperative management of pituitary adenomas. What a neurosurgery resident should know

Las lesiones selares son una patología con una incidencia de 3,2 a 4 / 100,000 y una prevalencia de 78 a 94 / 100,000. Un 10% son incidentalomas en la población adulta. Se cree que su prevalencia en el orden mundial actualmente va en aumento.En relación a las manifestaciones clínicas, cabe destacar que es una de las pocas enfermedades que pueden manifestarse tanto por signos y síntomas neurológicos (por ejemplo: hemianopsia bitemporal, síndrome de hipertensión endocraneana debido a hidrocefalia, entre otros), como también por síndromes endocrinológicos (por ejemplo: síndrome de Cushing, acromegalia, amenorrea-galactorrea, infertilidad).Todo paciente debe presentar un estudio clínico-radiológico completo, lo que permitirá un correcto diagnóstico y categorización del mismo.El objetivo del presente trabajo es proporcionar al neurocirujano en formación los conceptos claves que servirán de sustento para el manejo preoperatorio de un paciente con adenoma hipofisario.

Sellar lesions are a pathology with an incidence of 3.2 to 4 / 100.000 and a prevalence of 78 to 94 / 100.000. Normally, 10% of them are incidentalomas and adult patients are in the highest risk group. Because it ́s prevalence in the world is currently increasing, it is of extremely importance to study and understand this pathology. In relation to the clinical manifestations, it should be noted that it is one of the few diseases that can manifest through neurological signs and symptoms like bitemporal hemianopsia, endocranial hypertension syndrome due to hydrocephalus, as well as endocrinological syndromes like Cushing's, acromegaly, amenorrhea-galactorrhea and infertility. One of the most important things to notice is that the treatment success in this pathology comes with the correct diagnosis and characterization of it, for what all patients should have a complete clinical-radiological evaluation.In this study, we establish a guide with concepts and key tools to support the medical personal during a pre-surgical preparation of patients with pituitary adenoma.

Alteración del campo visual no siempre es glaucoma. Reporte de caso / Visual field changes are not always glaucoma. Case report

Introducción: Las lesiones de estructuras en vecindad al quiasma y los nervios ópticos en su porción intracraneana pueden alterar la vía visual y generar algunas pérdidas del campo visual. Resumen del caso: Se presenta un reporte de caso de una lesión vascular en el sifón carotídeo que fue encontrada y estudiada por una alteración en el campo visual dentro del estudio por sospecha de glaucoma. Conclusiones: La evaluación integral y detallada permite hacer un diagnóstico correcto, evitando errores que pueden generar alta morbilidad y mortalidad

Introduction: Pathologic lesions in every structure surrounding optic chiasm and intracranial optic nerves have the potential to harm the visual pathway and cause a possible disturbance in the visual field. Case summary: We report a case of a carotid aneurism discovered and studied in the context of an anomaly in the visual field in a patient being studied as a glaucoma suspect. Conclusions: An integral and detailed evaluation guides to a certain diagnosis, avoiding errors that might cause high morbidity and mortality

Factors associated with vision-related quality of life in Brazilian patients with glaucoma / Fatores associados à qualidade de vida relacionada à visão em pacientes brasileiros com glaucoma

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the impact of visual acuity, visual field damage, and other factors on the quality of life in Brazilian patients with glaucoma. Methods: This cross-sectional prospective study involved 49 patients with glaucoma enrolled based on the presence of reproducible standard automated perimetry defects in at least one eye at the time of evaluation. A detailed ophthalmologic examination was performed on each patient. All patients had reproducible standard automated perimetry and completed an NEI VFQ-25 questionnaire. The associations of the quality of life scores to the best-corrected visual acuity and the visual field loss of the better and worse eyes were investigated. Results: The mean quality of life score of the patients was 58.8 ± 18.7 units. The highest and lowest mean values (85.0 ± 24.2 and 37.5 ± 36.5 units) were observed in the "Social Functioning Subscale" and "Driving Subscale," respectively. Patients with advanced glaucoma (mean deviation <-12 dB) in the worse eye had significantly lower quality of life scores (p=0.007). There was a significant correlation between the quality of life scores and the visual acuity of the better and worse eyes (r2=13%, p=0.010 and r2=32%, p<0.001, respectively). There was also a significant correlation between the quality of life scores and standard automated perimetry mean deviation of the better and worse eyes (r2=13%, p=0.023 and r2=47%, p<0.001, respectively). In a multivariate model containing so­cioeconomic and comorbidity indices, quality of life remained significantly related to the standard automated perimetry mean deviation of the better and worse eyes (r2=23%, p=0.29 and r2=49%, p<0.001, respectively) as well as to the visual acuity of the better and worse eyes (r2=18%, p=0.017 and r2=40%, p<0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The standard automated perimetry mean deviation and the visual acuity of the better and worse eyes were associated with lower quality of life in Brazilian patients with glaucoma. Quality of life was mostly highly associated with the standard automated perimetry mean deviation of the worse eye.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da acuidade visual, danos no campo visual e outros fatores na qualidade de vida em pacientes brasileiros com glaucoma. Métodos: Este foi um estudo transversal prospectivo incluindo 49 pacientes com glau­coma selecionados com base na presença de defeitos por perimetria automatizada padrão reprodutíveis em pelo menos um olho no momento da avaliação. Um exame oftalmológico detalhado foi realizado em cada paciente. Todos os pacientes possuíam perimetria automatizada padrão reprodutível e preencheram um questionário NEI VFQ-25. As associações dos escores de qualidade de vida à acuidade visual melhor corrigida e à perda de campo visual dos melhores e piores olhos foram investigadas. Resultados: A média dos escores de qualidade de vida dos pacientes foi de 58,8 ± 18,7 unidades. Os maiores e menores valores médios (85,0 ± 24,2 e 37,5 ± 36,5 unidades) foram observados nas subescalas "Social Functioning Subscale" e "Driving Subscale", respectivamente. Pacientes com glaucoma avançado (desvio médio <-12 dB) no pior olho tiveram escores de qualidade de vida significativamente menores (p=0,007). Houve correlação significativa entre escores de qualidade de vida e a acuidade visual dos olhos melhores e piores (r2=13%; p=0,010 e r2=32%; p<0,001; respectivamente). Houve também uma correlação significativa entre os escores de qualidade de vida e desvios médios da perimetria automatizada padrão dos olhos melhores e piores (r2=13%; p=0,023 e r2=47%; p<0,001; respectivamente). Em um modelo multivariado contendo dados socioeconômicos e de comorbidades, a qualidade de vida permaneceu significativamente relacionada ao desvio médio padrão da perimetria automatizada do olho melhor e pior (r2=23%; p=0,29 e r2=49%; p<0,001, respectivamente) bem como para a acuidade visual do olho melhor e pior (r2=18%; p= 0,017 e r2=40%; p<0,001, respectivamente). Conclusão: O desvio padrão da perimetria automatizada padrão e a acuidade visual dos olhos melhor e pior foram associados à menor qualidade de vida em pacientes brasileiros com glaucoma. A qualidade de vida foi em grande parte altamente associada ao desvio padrão da perimetria automatizada padrão do pior olho.

The correlation between the thickness of the inner macular layers and the mean deviation of the visual field in children with primary congenital glaucoma. / Correlación entre el grosor de las capas internas de la retina y el defecto medio del campo visual en pacientes con glaucoma congénito primario.

PURPOSE: To analyse the association between the thickness of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (cpRNFL) and the thickness of the inner macular layers with the mean deviation of the visual field (MD) in children with primary congenital glaucoma (PCG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 41 children with PGC were included in the study. They all had a complete ophthalmological examination, including visual acuity, intraocular pressure, funduscopy, Octopus™ visual field, as well as circumpapillar and macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). SD-OCT with automated segmentation was used to measure the thicknesses and volumes of the macular retinal nerve fibre layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and inner plexiform layer. RESULTS: The mean age was 11.2±3.86 years, and the mean MD was 8.85±6.76dB. The visual field was classified as normal in 46% of the patients, and 20% of the patients had a concentrical restriction of the visual field. A positive correlation was found between between the cup-to-disc ratio and the MD, r=0.51 (P=.004). The correlation between the MD and the cpRNFL was r=-0.63 (P<.001), and r=-0.69 (P<.001) with the GCL. CONCLUSIONS: Inner macular layers thickness and cpRNFL thickness show a good correlation with the mean deviation of the visual field in children with primary congenital glaucoma.

Assessing driving risk in patients with glaucoma / Avaliação do risco de dirigir em pacientes com glaucoma

ABSTRACT Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and can affect a broad array of daily activities, including driving. Recently, studies investigating the relationship between driving performance and glaucoma have received a great deal of interest. Assessment of driving behavior is not straightforward because driving is a complex skill involving significant multi-tasking ability. In this review, we summarize recent work from clinical studies investigating how glaucoma can affect driving performance. Patients with glaucoma are more likely to be involved in motor vehicle collisions when compared to healthy subjects. Here we describe how conventional functional tests performed in glaucoma patients, such as visual field measurements via standard automatic perimetry, are associated with driving performance. However, the risk of motor vehicle collisions is not entirely attributable to visual field impairment in glaucoma, suggesting that other factors also account for both driving safety and performance. Finally, we show different studies suggesting that parameters from driving simulators can be helpful because they can identify the impact of visual loss on complex situations.

RESUMO O glaucoma é a principal causa de cegueira irreversível em todo o mundo e pode afetar uma ampla gama de atividades diárias, incluindo a direção veicular. Recentemente, estudos que investigam a relação entre o desempenho na condução veicular e o glaucoma têm recebido grande interesse. A avaliação do comportamento de dirigir não é direta porque dirigir é uma habilidade complexa que envolve habilidade multitarefa significativa. Nesta revisão, resumimos trabalhos recentes de estudos clínicos que investigam como o glaucoma pode afetar o desempenho na direção. Pacientes com glaucoma têm maior probabilidade de se envolverem em colisões de veículos motorizados quando comparados a indivíduos saudáveis. Descrevemos aqui como os testes funcionais convencionais realizados em pacientes com glaucoma, como as medições de campo visual por meio de perimetria automática padrão, estão associados ao desempenho na direção. No entanto, o risco de colisão de veículo motorizado não é totalmente atribuível ao comprometimento do campo visual no glaucoma, sugerindo que outros fatores também são responsáveis pela segurança e pelo desempenho. Finalmente, mostramos diferentes estudos sugerindo que os parâmetros dos simuladores de direção podem ser úteis porque eles podem identificar o impacto da perda visual em situações de complexas.

Internal carotid artery aneurysm mimicking normal-tension glaucoma / Aneurisma de carótida interna simulando glaucoma de pressão normal

ABSTRACT Differentiating glaucomatous from nonglaucomatous optic disc cupping remains challenging. We present a case of a 48-year-old woman with an internal carotid aneurysm of approximately 3.5 mm × 6.5 mm that mimicked normal-tension glaucoma. The patient had a 2-year history of low vision acuity in her left eye and frontal oppressive headache. Owing to the carotid aneurysm, she developed an asymmetric vertical cup-to-disc ratio above 0.2, and marked inferotemporal neuronal rim loss and pallor of the residual rim were noted in the left disc. She also developed a visual field defect with an arcuate scotoma in the left eye. The patient was referred to a neurosurgeon and underwent endovascular aneurysm occlusion. This case highlights the diagnostic importance of recognizing that many neurological defects remain underdiagnosed.

RESUMO diferenciação de escavações glaucomatosas e não glaucomatosas ainda permanece um desafio ainda nos dias de hoje. Nos descrevemos um caso de aneurisma de carótida interna medindo 3.5mm x 6.5mm que simulava um glaucoma de pressão normal. O caso é sobre uma paciente feminino de 48 anos com história de 2 anos de baixa acuidade visual no olho esquerdo e cefaléia frontal. Devido ao aneurisma de carótida a paciente desenvolveu uma assimetria de escavação vertical maior que 0.2 no olho esquerdo em relação ao direito com defeito localizado da camada de fibras nervosas temporal inferior. Ela também apresentava um defeito arqueado temporal superior a esquerda, cruzando a linha média vertical consistente. Após o diagnostico confirmado pela ressonância magnética funcional, a paciente foi enviada para o neurocirurgião para realização de uma oclusão endovascular do aneurisma. Esse caso nos alerta da importância de se lembrar que não apenas o glaucoma gera escavações suspeitas no disco óptico e que ainda muitos defeitos por causas neurológicas são subdiagnosticados.

Glaucoma e qualidade de vida / Glaucoma and quality of life

Objetivos: 1) Investigar as propriedades psicométricas da versão portuguesa do "National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire" (NEI VFQ-25) num grupo de pacientes com diferentes doenças oculares (catarata, glaucoma e degeneração macular relacionada à idade - DMRI). 2) Analisar de maneira longitudinal qual região do campo visual avaliada através da perimetria computadorizada apresenta maior impacto na qualidade de vida (QV) em pacientes com glaucoma. 3) Apresentar uma nova metodologia utilizando dados de perimetria computadorizada e do NEI VFQ-25 para investigar fatores preditivos associados ao desenvolvimento de deficiência visual em pacientes com glaucoma. Métodos: 1) O primeiro estudo, realizado na Universidade Estadual de Campinas é uma avaliação transversal de pacientes com glaucoma, catarata e DMRI para validação psicométrica do NEI VFQ-25 através da análise de Rasch. 2) O segundo e terceiro estudos foram desenvolvidos na Universidade da Califórnia em San Diego, com pacientes de uma coorte na qual o NEI VFQ-25 era preenchido anualmente e exame de perimetria computadorizada realizado a cada 6 meses. No segundo estudo, a associação entre as taxas de mudança dos índices de QV do NEI VFQ-25 e a progressão do dano glaucomatoso em diferentes regiões do campo visual (central inferior, central superior, periférica superior e periférica inferior) foram analisada através de um modelo longitudinal de regressão linear multivariada misto. 3) No terceiro estudo, um modelo de análise de transição latente foi utilizado para classificar os pacientes (com deficiência visual ou não) de acordo com resultados do NEI VFQ-25 no exame inicial e estimar a probabilidade dos pacientes desenvolverem deficiência visual ao longo do seguimento, baseados na perimetria computadorizada. Resultados: 1) De acordo com a análise de Rasch, ao observamos os valores de ajuste, quatro ítens apresentaram valores de ajuste fora do padrão. Além disso, na análise de componente principal, o NEI VFQ-25 não se mostrou unidimensional, sendo que oito itens foram identificados como pertencentes de um componente secundário (sócioemocional). Estes itens pertencem ao domínio de: saúde geral, saúde mental, limitações e dependência. Após a exclusão destes itens, foi possível isolar os - itens do NEI VFQ-25 relacionados apenas com a QV associada à função visual. 2) O segundo estudo mostrou uma correlação significativa entre mudanças nos índices de QV do NEI VFQ-25 com a progressão do glaucoma em diferentes regiões do campo visual, principalmente na região central inferior. Para cada 1 decibel (dB)/ano de queda na sensibilidade binocular retiniana na região central inferior, ocorreu uma queda de 2,6 unidades/ano no índice de QV do NEI VFQ-25. As maiores quedas nos índices de QV também ocorreram em pacientes com doença mais avançada no exame inicial. 3) No terceiro estudo, pacientes classificados como não-deficientes visuais apresentaram probabilidade de 14,2% de desenvolverem a deficiência durante o seguimento. As taxas de progressão do dano glaucomatoso na perimetria computadorizada foram 4 vezes mais rápidas nos pacientes que desenvolveram deficiência visual em comparação com aqueles que não desenvolveram. Além disso, a análise multivariada permitiu mostrar que, apesar dos pacientes com glaucoma avançado no exame inicial apresentarem um risco maior de desenvolver deficiência visual durante o seguimento, a velocidade de progressão da doença se mostrou um fator de risco ainda mais importante para o surgimento da deficiência visual. Conclusões: 1) A versão portuguesa do NEI VFQ-25 não é unidimensional, ou seja, o presente estudo evidenciou itens que podem estar relacionados a um componente sócio-emocional. 2) Uma piora na sensibilidade retiniana no exame de perimetria na região central inferior apresenta a maior correlação com queda nos índices de QV em pacientes com glaucoma. 3) Uma nova metodologia baseada nos resultados do NEI VFQ-25 e da perimetria computadorizada para classificar e estimar o risco de pacientes com glaucoma desenvolverem deficiência visual foi apresentada(AU)

Objectives: To investigate the psychometric properties of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) in a group of patients with different eye diseases. 2) To evaluate the association between rates of visual field loss in different regions and longitudinal changes in quality of life (QoL) in glaucoma patients. 3) To present a new methodology that uses data from the NEI VFQ-25 and automated perimetry to investigate predictive factors associated with development of vision-related disability in glaucoma. Methods: 1) The first project was a cross-sectional study performed at University of Campinas to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the NEI VFQ-25 using Rasch analysis in patients with glaucoma, cataract and age related macular disease. 2) The second and third projects were performed at University of California in San Diego and had a prospective, observational cohort design in which all subjects had the NEI VFQ-25 performed annually and standard automated perimetry at 6-month intervals. In the second study, the association between change in NEI VFQ-25 Rasch-calibrated scores and change in different regions (central inferior, central superior, peripheral inferior, and peripheral superior) of the visual field was investigated with a joint multivariable longitudinal linear mixed model. 3) In the third study, a latent transition analysis model was used to categorize patients with visual disability or not at baseline according to NEI VFQ-25 results and to estimate the probability of developing vision-related disability during follow-up, according to standard automated perimetry results. Results: 1) In the first study, according to Rasch analysis, four items were found to misfit and according to the principal component analysis, the NEI VFQ-25 was not unidimensional, with eight items belonging to a second component (socioemotional). These items belonged to the following subscales: general health, mental health, role limitations and dependency. After excluding those items, we were able to isolate items from the NEI VFQ-25 that were related only to a visual functioning component. 2) The second study showed significant correlations between change in the NEI VFQ-25 Rasch scores during follow- - up and change in different regions of the visual field, especially the central inferior area. Each 1 decibel (dB)/year change in binocular mean sensitivity of the central inferior area was associated with a decline of 2.6 units/year in the NEI VFQ-25 scores. Greater declines in NEI VFQ-25 scores were also seen in patients who had worse visual field sensitivity at baseline. 3) In the third study, patients classified as nondisabled at baseline had a 14.2% probability of developing disability during follow-up. Rates of visual field loss as estimated by integrated binocular MS were almost 4 times faster for those in whom disability developed versus those in whom it did not. Multivariable analysis showed that fast progressors were at higher risk of developing visual disability than those with worse baseline disease. Conclusions: 1) The Portuguese version of the NEI VFQ-25 is not an unidimensional instrument. We were able to find items that belonged to a different trait, possibly related to a socio-emotional component. 2) Progressive decline in retinal sensitivity in the central inferior area of the visual field had the strongest association with longitudinal decline in QoL of patients with glaucoma. 3) We presented a new methodology for classification and analysis of change in patient-reported QoL outcomes, allowing construction of models for predicting vision-related disability in glaucoma.(AU)

Influence of visual field results in the glaucoma diagnosis / Influência dos resultados do campo visual no diagnóstico de glaucoma

Abstract Objective: To determine the influence of visual field results in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Methods: A questionnaire with ophthalmologists was conducted where slides of a digital photograph of the optic disc and computerized visual field exam were presented.(Physicians were instructed to answer whether glaucoma was observed in each of the slides). No other information was given to those examiners. Half of the patients had glaucoma with corresponding visual field, and the other half had physiological cupping and normal visual field. The slides were equally divided between retinography and corresponding visual field (same patient) and exams randomly exchanged, where an optic disc of glaucoma with a normal visual field was placed, and vice-versa. The order in which the slides were presented was also randomized. Results: Forty slides were evaluated by 29 ophthalmologists. No glaucoma specialist was included. The overall agreement among the examiners (Kappa) was 0.270 ± 0.281, and 0.261 ± 0.238 for the exams of the same eye and was 0.274 ± 0.217 from the slides with the exams changed (p=0.4). The diagnosis was made correctly in glaucoma patients with corresponding visual field exam in 66.89% of the cases, and in 66.20% of patients with physiological cupping. When the exams were exchanged, the results dropped to 34.13% and 35.86%, respectively (p<0.001 for both). Conclusion: Visual field results may influence the diagnosis of glaucoma by non-glaucoma specialists.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a influência da campimetria computadorizada no diagnóstico do glaucoma. Métodos: Foi realizado questionário com oftalmologistas apresentando slides com uma fotografia digital de disco óptico e campo visual computadorizado. Os médicos deveriam assinalar se o exames apresentados eram de glaucoma ou não. Nenhuma outra informação foi passada para os examinadores. Metade dos pacientes apresentavam glaucoma com dano correspondente de campo visual, e a outra metade aumento fisiológico da escavação e campo visual normal. Os slides foram igualmente divididos em: retinografia e campo visual correspondentes (mesmo paciente) e exames invertidos de forma aleatória, colocando um disco óptico de glaucoma com um campo visual normal e vice-versa. A ordem de apresentação dos slides foi randomizada previamente. Resultados: Foram incluídos 40 slides, avaliados por 29 oftalmologistas. Nenhum especialista em glaucoma foi incluído. A concordância entre os examinadores (Kappa) foi de 0,270 ± 0,281, sendo de 0,261 ± 0,238 para os exames correspondentes e 0,274 ± 0,217 para os slides com os exames trocados (p=0,4). O diagnóstico foi realizado corretamente nos pacientes com glaucoma com o campo visual correspondente em 66,89% dos casos, e em 66,20% nos pacientes com aumento da escavação (normais). Quando houve a troca da correspondência dos exames, os valores caíram para 34,13% e 35,86%, respectivamente (p<0,001 para ambos). Conclusão: O conhecimento prévio dos resultados do campo visual pode influenciar o diagnóstico do glaucoma.

Quality of life in glaucoma patients and normal subjects related to the severity of damage in each eye. / Relación entre la calidad de vida y la severidad del daño funcional en pacientes con glaucoma.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the quality of life in glaucoma patients and normal subjects, and to assess its relationship with the severity of damage in each eye. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with prospective selection of cases. The study included 464 subjects and were distributed into 4categories. Subjects included in group 1 had both eyes normal, that is with a normal intraocular pressure (IOP), optic disk and visual fields (VF), or mild glaucoma, defined as untreated IOP>21mmHg and abnormal VF with mean defect (MD) over -6dB. Group 2 consisted of patients with both eyes with mild or moderate glaucoma, defined as untreated IOP>21mmHg and abnormal VF with MD between -6 and -12dB. Group 3 included patients with moderate to severe glaucoma, that is, untreated IOP>21mmHg and abnormal VF with MD of less than -12dB in both eyes. Group 4 consisted of patients with asymmetric glaucoma damage, that is, they had one eye with severe glaucoma and the other eye normal or with mild glaucoma. All subjects completed 3 different questionnaires. Global quality of life was evaluated with EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D). Vision related quality of life was assessed with Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25). Quality of life related to ocular surface disease was measured with Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI). RESULTS: VFQ-25 showed that group 3 had significantly lower scores than group 1 in mental health (P=.006), dependence (P=.006), colour vision (P=.002), and peripheral vision (P=.002). EQ-5D showed no significant differences between any group, but a trend was found to greater difficulty in group 3 than in groups 1 and 2, and in all dimensions. OSDI showed a higher score, or which was the same as a major disability, in groups 2 and 3 than group 1 (P=.021 and P=.014, respectively). VFQ-25 only found significant differences between group 1 and group 4. Dimensions with significant differences were found between group 1 and 3 (both eyes with advanced or moderate glaucoma). These were not found between group 1 and group 4 (the group in which one eye has only mild glaucoma or no glaucoma). This finding confirms that the eye with less glaucoma damage determines the quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that quality of life is impaired in patients with glaucoma, and this alteration is greater the more advanced is glaucoma damage in the best or both eyes.

Structure-functional correlation using adaptive optics, OCT, and microperimetry in a case of occult macular dystrophy / Correlação de estrutura e função da retina utilizando óptica adaptativa, OCT e microperimetria em um caso de distrofia macular oculta

ABSTRACT We report retinal functional and structural changes of a 40-year-old man diagnosed with occult macular dystrophy. Comprehensive ophthalmological evaluation was performed, followed by spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OC - Heidelberg) and image acquisition using an adaptive optics (AO) camera (RTX1, Imagine Eyes) for photoreceptor density analysis. Functional tests included full-field ERG (ERG) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) (Diagnosys, LLC) and microperimetry with scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) fixation controlled (MAIA, CenterVUE). OCT revealed a line of discontinuity corresponding to cone outer-segment photoreceptors associated with a loss of cone density, highlighted by a dark blue spot on the AO co ne-density map on the fovea in both eyes. Loss of central sensitivity was revealed using microperimetry; ERG was within the normal range, although the mfERG showed a reduced central response amplitude.

RESUMO Relatamos exames de função e estrutura retiniana de paciente masculino, de 40 anos, com diagnóstico clínico de Distrofia Macular Oculta (DMO). Avaliação oftalmológica completa foi seguida por tomografia de Coerência Óptica (SD-OCT - Heidelberg) e exame com câmara de fundo de olho com tecnologia "Adaptive Optics" (AO - RTX1, Imagine Eyes) para análise da densidade de fotorreceptores. Os exames funcionais incluíram: Eletroretinografia de campo total (ERG) e multifocal (mfERG) (Diagnosys - LLC) e microperimetria com controle de fixação (MAIA - CenterVUE). Os exames revelam descontinuidade da camada de fotorreceptores na região central da fóvea em ambos os olhos pelo SD-OCT em associação com perda de densidade no mosaico cones, representado por mancha azulada no mapa do AO. Os exames de função apresentam diminuição da acuidade visual (20/80; 20/50), redução de sensibilidade central na microperimetria. Como esperado, o ERG está dentro da normalidade, mas há redução da amplitude das respostas centrais do mfERG em ambos os olhos.

Tumores selares: grosor de la capa de fibras nerviosas en tomografía de coherencia óptica de papila como factor pronóstico de recuperación visual postoperatoria / Sellar tumors: peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness on optical coherence tomography as prognosis of postoperatory visual recovery

Purpose: To establish the prognostic value of the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured at Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) as a predictor of visual function posterior to resection of sellar tumors. Material and Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study in patients undergoing microscopic transsphenoidal resection of sellar tumors with preoperative ophthalmologic evaluation (evaluation by specialist, 24-2 Sita Standard visual field (24-2 SS VF) and optic nerve head Stratus OCT) and postoperative (evaluation by specialist and 24-2 SS VF). Minimum follow-up was 3 months. For statistical analysis, Spearman and Pearson's Correlation Coefficient and linear regression was used. Results: A total of 18 patients were included. In the preoperative evaluation, patients had logMAR average Snellen visual acuity (VA) of 0.70 (0.15 logMAR, 0-4.0), an average mean deviation (MD) of -9.25 dB (0.4 to -30.4 dB) and a average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness of 83.7 microns (45.24 to 115.37). Postoperative evaluation of patients showed an Snellenaverage VA of 0.78 (0.1 logMAR, 0-1.3) and MD of 5.58 dB (2.31 -32.39 dB). A positive correlation (r = 0.51) between average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and postoperative MD, less probably to improved in VF and VA with thicknesses below 80 microns. Conclusion: A nerve fiber layer thickness on optic nerve head Stratus OCT below 80 microns correlated with poorer visual function improvement in patients undergoing transsphenoidal resection surgery of sellar tumors.

Propósito: Establecer el valor pronóstico del grosor peripapilar de la capa de fibras de las células ganglionares (CFCG) cuantificado a la Tomografía de Coherencia Óptica (OCT) como factor pronóstico visual posterior a la resección de tumores selares. Material y Método: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en pacientes sometidos a resección transesfenoidal microscópica de tumores selares con evaluación oftalmológica preoperatoria (evaluación por especialista, campo visual 24 Sita Standard (CV 24-2 SS) y OCT Stratus de papila) y postoperatoria (evaluación por especialista y CV 24-2 SS). El seguimiento mínimo fue de 3 meses. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson y Spearman, y regresión lineal. Resultados principales: Se incluyó un total de 18 pacientes. En la evaluación prequirúrgica los pacientes presentaron agudeza visual (AV) promedio de 0,70 en Snellen (0,15 en logMAR, rango 0-4 logMAR), una desviación media (DM) promedio de -9,25 dB (0,4 a -30,4 dB) y un grosor de CFCG de 83.7 μm promedio (45,24 a 115,37 μm). En la evaluación postoperatoria los pacientes presentaron AVpromedio de 0,78 Snellen (0,1 logMAR, rango 0-1,3) y una DMpromedio de -5,58 dB (2,31, -32,39 dB). Se encontró una correlación positiva (r2 = 0,51) entre el grosor de CFCG y la DM postoperatoria, con tendencia a la menor mejoría del CV y AV con grosores bajo 80 μm. Conclusión: Una capa de fibras nerviosas bajo 80 μm al OCT Stratus se correlacionó con menor mejoría visual postoperatoria en pacientes sometidos a cirugia transesfenoidal de tumores selares.

Manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas en enfermedades neuroendocrinas / Neurophthalmological findings in neuroendocrine diseases

La neuroftalmología es considerada una especialidad frontera por su vínculo con otras múltiples especialidades médicas, clínicas y quirúrgicas. Los tumores de hipófisis son de tal importancia desde el punto de vista neuroftalmológico que son tratados separadamente en casi todos los textos de la especialidad. El objetivo de la presente revisión es aproximarnos, sobre la base de los conocimientos actuales, a los hallazgos neuroftalmológicos de algunas enfermedades neuroendocrinas, haciendo hincapié en dos temas fundamentales: los adenomas hipofisarios y el síndrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples, y demostrar además el importante papel del neuroftalmólogo en estas dos entidades. Quedan aquí evidenciadas las variadas manifestaciones neuroftalmológicas de estas entidades neuroendocrinas, el importante cometido del oftalmólogo en el diagnóstico y el ulterior seguimiento de los pacientes con adenomas hipofisarios, así como lo decisiva que puede resultar su actuación en la identificación de los hallazgos asociados al síndrome de neoplasias endocrinas múltiples tipo 2 B(AU)

Neurophthalmology is considerate frontier speciality because of their relationships with many other medical and surgical specialities. Pituitary tumors are so important from neuro-ophthalmological point of view that they appear as special chapter in text books. Our objective in the present review is to refer the neurophthalmological finfings in two main entities: pituitary adenomas and multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes and to establish the important role of neuro-ophthalmologist in those neuroendocrine conditions. It was proved the diversity of neurophthalmological findings in neuroendocrine entities, the important role of ophthalmologist in diagnosis and pursuance of patients with pituitary adenomas and its peremptory role in screening finding associated to 2 B type multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome(AU)

Brain Activation Follows Adding-Type Integration Laws: Brain and Rating Responses in an Integration Task with pairs of Emotional Faces / La activación cerebral seguida a las leyes de integración tipo adición: Tasa de respuestas y actividad cerebral en una tarea de integración con pares de rostros emocionales

This study was designed to investigate the relation between rating responses and the patterns of cortical activation in an integration task using pairs of emotional faces. Participants judged on a graphic rating scale the overall affective intensity conveyed by two emotional faces, each presented to one of the two hemispheres via a Divided Visual Field technique (DVF). While they performed the task, EEG was recorded from 6 scalp locations. Three discrete emotions were considered (Joy, Fear, and Anger) and varied across three levels of expression intensity. Some face pairs portrayed the same emotion (same-emotion pairs), others two different emotions (distinct-emotions pairs). The patterns of integration of the two sources of information were examined both at the level of the ratings and of the brain response (event-related-α-desynchronization: ERD) recorded at each EEG lead. Adding-type rules were found for the ratings of both same-emotion and different-emotions pairs. Adding-type integration was also commonly found when α-ERD was taken as a response. Outcomes are discussed with a link to the lateralization of emotional processing and the relations between the observable R (e.g., ratings) and possible implementational aspects of the implicit r posited by Information Integration Theory (IIT).

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar la relación entre la tasa de respuestas y los patrones de activación cortical en la integración de tareas usando los pares de expresiones faciales. Los participantes emitieron un juicio sobre una gráfica y la calificaron en una escala de intensidad afectiva que transmitía dos expresiones faciales, cada una se presentó a uno de los dos hemisferios usando la técnica de Divides Visual Field (DVF). Mientras ellos realizaban la tarea, fue grabada su respuesta en el EEG usando 6 electrodos. Tres emociones discretas fueron consideradas (Alegría, Miedo y Rabia) y estas variaron en tres niveles de intensidad de la expresión. Varios pares de caras contenían la misma emoción, otras dos mostraban emociones diferentes. Los patrones de integración de las dos fuentes de información fueron examinadas tanto con las escalas como con las respuestas cerebrales (ERD) grabadas en cada seguimiento del EEG. El patrón de la regla de la adición fue observado en las calificaciones de pares de emociones iguales y pares de emociones diferentes. La integración de tipo aditivo fue comúnmente observada cuando el α -ERD fue tomado como una respuesta. Los resultados fueron discutidos teniendo en cuenta la lateralización de los procesamientos emocionales y las relaciones entre la R observable y los posibles aspectos prácticos de r propuestos por la Teoría de Integración de la Información (IIT).