Quiste aracnoideo de la vaina del nervio óptico simulando defecto glaucomatoso en el campo visual / Optic nerve sheath arachnoid cyst simulating glaucomatous defect in the visual field

Resumen Introducción: el quiste aracnoideo es una colección benigna de fluido similar en composición al líquido cefalorraquídeo dentro de la aracnoides, circunscrita por tejido fibrovascular normal que comprime las leptomeninges que rodean el nervio óptico. Se describe el caso de una paciente con quiste aracnoideo de la vaina del nervio óptico con un defecto campimétrico típico de glaucoma, pero con un disco óptico sin características de glaucoma, con el fin de resaltar la necesidad de estudiar con neuroimágenes estos casos y detectar este tipo de alteraciones. El quiste aracnoideo de la vaina del nervio óptico es una entidad excepcional que generalmente tiene un comportamiento benigno, permaneciendo estable en el tiempo, aunque eventualmente puede producir una neuropatía óptica compresiva, afectando la agudeza o el campo visual por daño de la capa de fibras nerviosas. En el caso descrito, este daño se manifestó con un defecto de campo visual que simulaba neuropatía glaucomatosa.

Abstract Background: Arachnoid cyst is a benign fluid collection similar in composition to cerebrospinal fluid within the arachnoid, circumscribed by normal fibrovascular tissue that compresses the leptomeninges surrounding the optic nerve. Objective: To describe the case of a patient with an optic nerve sheath arachnoid cyst with a typical glaucoma campimetric defect, but with an optic disc without findings of glaucoma, to highlight the need to study these cases with neuroimaging to detect this type of changes. Conclusion: Optic nerve sheath arachnoid cyst is an exceptional entity that generally has a benign behavior remaining stable over time; but could eventually originate compressive optic neuropathy, affecting visual acuity or visual fields due to nerve fiber layer damage. In the patient´s case this damage was manifested with a visual field defect that simulated glaucomatous neuropathy.

Evaluación de resultado del tratamiento quirúrgico en el glaucoma avanzado / The outcome of surgical treatment in advanced glaucoma

Introducción Existe incertidumbre con respecto a los resultados de la cirugía de glaucoma para pacientes con glaucoma avanzado, ya que puede estar asociada con el fenómeno de «wipe out». El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el resultado del tratamiento quirúrgico en el glaucoma avanzado. Métodos Este estudio retrospectivo incluyó 67 ojos de 49 pacientes con glaucoma en etapa terminal en los que se realizó una cirugía de glaucoma. Se revisaron los registros clínicos antes y después de la cirugía. El período de seguimiento fue de 14,4meses. Resultados a edad media fue de 50,2años y la proporción de sexos fue de 0,75. Todos los pacientes tenían un campo visual tubular con persistencia de una isla central. El valor medio de la desviación media en perimetría automatizada fue de 18,94dB±4,7. La presión intraocular (PIO) media antes de la cirugía fue de 27,16mmHg±8,9 Después de la operación la tasa de éxito general fue del 93% (PIO <18mmHg con agudeza visual estable). La PIO media fue de 14,25mmHg±4,12 (p<0,001). No hubo cambios significativos en la agudeza visual media. El valor medio de la desviación media fue de 18,83±4,69 (p=0,07). No se observó ningún fenómeno de wipe out. Las complicaciones postoperatorias tempranas fueron hipotonía, hifema e hipertonía y fueron transitorias, sin causar pérdida visual. Las complicaciones a largo plazo fueron la fibrosis tardía de la ampolla de filtración y la progresión de la catarata. Conclusión La cirugía de glaucoma tuvo efectos beneficiosos en la mayoría de los pacientes con glaucoma avanzado. La PIO postoperatoria estuvo en general controlada y la agudeza visual se preservó sin ningún caso de wipe out (AU)

Introduction There is uncertainty regarding the outcomes of glaucoma surgery for patients with advanced glaucoma, because it may be associated with the «wipe out» phenomenon.The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment in advanced glaucoma. Methods This retrospective study included 67eyes of 49 patients with end-stage glaucoma in which glaucoma surgery was carried out. The clinical records prior to and after surgery were reviewed. Follow up period was 14.4months. Result The mean age was 50.2years and the sex ratio was 0.75. All the patients had a tubular visual field with persistence of a central island. The mean value of the mean deviation on automated perimetry was 18.94dB±4.7. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) before surgery was 27.16mmHg±8.9. Postoperatively the overall success rate was 93% (IOP <18mmHg with stable visual acuity). The mean IOP was 14.25mmHg±4.12 (P<.001). There was no significant change in the mean visual acuity. The mean value of the mean deviation was 18.83±4.69 (P=.07). No occurrence of wipe-out phenomenon was noted. The early postoperative complications were hypotony, hyphema and ocular hypertension and they were transient without causing any visual loss. Long term complications were late bleb fibrosis and progression of cataract. Conclusion Glaucoma surgery had beneficial effects in the majority of patients with advanced glaucoma. Postoperative IOP was in general under control and visual acuity was preserved without any cases of wipe-out (AU)

The outcome of surgical treatment in advanced glaucoma. / Evaluación de resultado del tratamiento quirúrgico en el glaucoma avanzado.

INTRODUCTION: There is uncertainty regarding the outcomes of glaucoma surgery for patients with advanced glaucoma, because it may be associated with the «wipe out¼ phenomenon. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcome of surgical treatment in advanced glaucoma. METHODS: This retrospective study included 67eyes of 49 patients with end-stage glaucoma in which glaucoma surgery was carried out. The clinical records prior to and after surgery were reviewed. Follow up period was 14.4months. RESULTS: The mean age was 50.2years and the sex ratio was 0.75. All the patients had a tubular visual field with persistence of a central island. The mean value of the mean deviation on automated perimetry was 18.94dB±4.7. The mean intraocular pressure (IOP) before surgery was 27.16mmHg±8.9. Postoperatively the overall success rate was 93% (IOP <18mmHg with stable visual acuity). The mean IOP was 14.25mmHg±4.12 (P<.001). There was no significant change in the mean visual acuity. The mean value of the mean deviation was 18.83±4.69 (P=.07). No occurrence of wipe-out phenomenon was noted. The early postoperative complications were hypotony, hyphema and ocular hypertension and they were transient without causing any visual loss. Long term complications were late bleb fibrosis and progression of cataract. CONCLUSION: Glaucoma surgery had beneficial effects in the majority of patients with advanced glaucoma. Postoperative IOP was in general under control and visual acuity was preserved without any cases of wipe-out.

Paquimeningitis relacionada con IgG4 y la visión. Reporte de caso / Ophthalmological manifestations of IgG4-related pachymeningitis. A case repor

Introducción: la inmunoglobulina G4 es un subtipo de inmunoglobulina G que corresponde a menos del 5% del total de inmunoglo-bulinas. Niveles elevados de esta molécula se han asociado con el desarrollo de diferentes patologías. Método: presentación de caso clínico. Resultados: se presenta el caso de una mujer de 51 años que consultó por disminución de agudeza visual, escotoma central en ojo izquierdo y edema de papila bilateral. Se encontraron signos compatibles con paquimeningitis en la resonancia nuclear magnética. También presentó aumento de presión de apertura en la punción lumbar. En el estudio de laboratorio se observó un aumento en los niveles plasmáticos de IgG4, lo cual llevó al diagnóstico de paquimeningitis relacionada con IgG4. La paciente fue tratada con corticoides y azatioprina, con excelente evolución posterior al normalizar agudeza visual y campos visuales. Conclusión: en este artículo se describen tres elementos importantes a considerar en estos pacientes: pérdida de visión, edema de discos ópticos y cambios en campo visual.

Introduction: G4 immunoglobulin is 5% of total immunoglobulins in plasma. Elevated levels of this protein are associated with several diseases. Methods: clinical case report. Results: we report a case of a 51-year-old woman who presented with loss of vision, a central scotoma over her left eye and bilateral optic disc edema. She had findings compatible with pachymeningitis based on magnetic resonance imaging. She also exhibited an increased opening pressure in lumbar puncture. In the laboratory workup, we found a two-fold increase in IgG4 levels, which led to a diagnosis of pachymeningitis related to IgG4. The patient was treated accordingly with corticosteroids and azathioprine. The patient experienced excellent progression with complete recovery of her visual acuity and normalization of the visual fields. Conclusion: there is three elements to consider in these patients: vision loss, optic disc edema and visual field changes.

Evaluation of a follow-up protocol for patients on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To review the problems found after a new follow-up protocol for patients on chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine treatment. METHOD: Retrospective study was conducted between May 2012 and January 2013 on the clinical files, retinographies, fundus auto-fluorescence (FAF) images, and central-10 degree visual fields (VF) of patients who were referred to the Ophthalmology Department as they had started treatment with hydroxychloroquine. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-six patients were included; 94.4% were referred from the Rheumatology Department and 5.6% from Dermatology. Mean age was 59.7 years, and 73.8% were women. All of them were on hydroxychloroquine treatment, and 300mg was the most frequent daily dose. Rheumatoid arthritis was the most common diagnosis (40.5%), followed by systemic lupus erythematosus (15.9%). The mean Snellen visual acuity was 0.76, and 26 patients had lens opacities. The VF were normal in 97 patients, 8 had mild to moderate defects with no definite pattern, and in 9 the results were unreliable. Of the 51 patients older than 65years, 16 (31.4%) had altered or unreliable VF. The FAF was normal in 104 patients (82.5%), and abnormal, but consistent with ophthalmoscopic features, in 12 patients (pathological myopia, age related changes, early, middle or late age-related macular degeneration). CONCLUSIONS: Visual fields as a reference test for the diagnosis of AP toxicity are not quite reliable for patients over 65. Therefore, the FAF is recommended as primary test, perhaps combined with another objective test, such as SD-OCT instead of VF.

Glaucoma primario crónico para el médico de atención primaria / Chronic primary glaucoma for physicians in primary settings

Los glaucomas crónicos son enfermedades que afectan el nervio óptico, pudiendo llevar a serias secuelas visuales. En este artículo hacemos una revisión sobre estas enfermedades. Debido a que en general son inicialmente asintomáticas, se requiere un alto índice de sospecha para diagnosticarlas tempranamente, y el médico de atención primaria debe jugar un papel importante en su detección precoz. En este artículo revisamos libros de texto reconocidos y empleando MEDLINE, artículos representativos sobre este tema y mostramos un panorama general del estado actual, clínico e investigativo, del diagnóstico y tratamiento de los glaucomas primarios crónicos. [Galvis V, Tello A, Rueda JC, Parra JC, Valarezo P, Álvarez L. Glaucoma primario crónico para el médico de atención primaria. MedUNAB 2009; 12:144-150].

Chronic glaucomas are diseases affecting the optic nerve. In this article we make a review of the epidemiology and pathophysiology of those diseases. Since they are in general not symptomatic it is necesary to have a high suspicion index to detect them early, and the primary care physician has an important role in this early detection. In this article we reviewed recognized textbooks and using MEDLINE we found some representative articles on this subject. We provide an overview of the current clinical and research status on the diagnosis and treatment of chronic primary glaucomas. [Galvis V, Tello A, Rueda JC, Parra JC, Valarezo P, Álvarez L. Chronic primary glaucoma for physicians in primary settings. MedUNAB 2009; 12:144-150].