Naegleria australiensis isolated from a wastewater treatment station in Santiago Island, Cape Verde

Despite the Naegleria genus being isolated from different natural environments such as water, soil, and air, not all Naegleria species are capable of causing infections in humans, and they are capable of completing their life cycle in environmental niches. However, the presence of this genus may suggest the existence of one of the highly pathogenic free-living amoeba (FLA) species: Naegleria fowleri or the brain-eating amoeba. This facultative parasitic protozoon represents a risk to public health, mainly related to domestic and agricultural waters. In this research, our main objective was to determine the existence of pathogenic protozoa in the Santa Cruz wastewater treatment plant, Santiago Island. Using 5 L of water we confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic Naegleria australiensis, being the first report on Naegleria species in Cape Verde. This fact demonstrates the low efficiency in the treatment of wastewater and, consequently, a potential threat to public health. Nevertheless, more studies will be needed for the prevention and control of possible infections in this Macaronesian country.

Gender and Environment in the Interior of Santiago Island/Cape Verde: Sand Harvesting From Women Heads of Families.

Cape Verde is an island country and Sahelian, where the climatic conditions cause a rainfall deficit originating dry periods causing a fragile agricultural development. The rural world is facing various problems such as lack of land for cultivation, lack of water and soil erosion. The "apanha de areia" (sand haversting) refers to the extraction of sand and gravel from the sea and rocks. Although it is considered as an environmental crime, the activity is carried for generations and supplies the civil construction business of the country. This study analyze this activity from the perspective of women from the interior of Santiago, in the locality of Charco, in the municipality of Santa Catarina. The research was carried out based on an ethnography of long duration, with spaced field visits, since January 2009 and the monitoring of environmental and gender policies in Cape Verde. As results, we highlight women's agency in the face of a context of growing social inequalities.

Genomic Epidemiology of 2015-2016 Zika Virus Outbreak in Cape Verde.

During 2015-2016, Cape Verde, an island nation off the coast of West Africa, experienced a Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak involving 7,580 suspected Zika cases and 18 microcephaly cases. Analysis of the complete genomes of 3 ZIKV isolates from the outbreak indicated the strain was of the Asian (not African) lineage. The Cape Verde ZIKV sequences formed a distinct monophylogenetic group and possessed 1-2 (T659A, I756V) unique amino acid changes in the envelope protein. Phylogeographic and serologic evidence support earlier introduction of this lineage into Cape Verde, possibly from northeast Brazil, between June 2014 and August 2015, suggesting cryptic circulation of the virus before the initial wave of cases were detected in October 2015. These findings underscore the utility of genomic-scale epidemiology for outbreak investigations.

Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes.

Trindade and Martin Vaz (TMV) is a highly isolated, oceanic volcanic archipelago located approximately 1200 km off the Brazilian coast and about 4200 km away from the nearest African coast. It has been almost 70 years since the first sea star, "Astropecten sp.", was recorded from Trindade in 1951. In the following years (1955-1971; 2006) six sea star species were added to the archipelago's fauna. After that period, however, research on shallow water echinoderms has not been conducted in TMV and no further sea star species have been recorded from there since. From 2012 to 2019, 263 daytime SCUBA diving and intertidal samplings conducted at TMV yielded 91 lots of sea stars in 7 species: Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840; Oreaster reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758); Astropecten aff. antillensis Lütken, 1859; Copidaster lymani A. H. Clark, 1948; Luidia alternata alternata (Say, 1825); Mithrodia clavigera (Lamarck, 1816); and Ophidiaster guildingi Gray, 1840. The last five species in this list represent new records to the archipelago, with C. lymani also being the first record of the species in the southwestern Atlantic. Five shallow water species previously known from TMV have not been observed in the present survey: Asterinides folium (Lütken, 1860), Astropecten brasiliensis Müller Troschel, 1842, Astropecten cingulatus Sladen, 1883, Linckia nodosa Perrier, 1875, and Ophidiaster alexandri Verrill, 1915. Twelve sea star species are currently known from shallow waters of TMV.                A list of all sea star species known from shallow waters (intertidal down to 100 meters) of the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic archipelagoes and islands (Ascension, Cape Verde, Fernando de Noronha, Gulf of Guinea, Rocas Atoll, Saint Helena, Trindade and Martin Vaz) with their gross distribution in the Atlantic Ocean was compiled in order to explore the existence of patterns of geographic distribution for the shallow water sea star species in the tropical southern-central Atlantic oceanic islands. It has been found that 44% of the species from TMV are of western Atlantic affinity, 33% amphi-Atlantic, and 22% circumtropical in distribution. No endemic sea star species are known from TMV to date. The even more remote Ascension (ASC) and Saint Helena (STH) are more of a mosaic than TMV. The ASC and STH fauna consist of 8 and 11 sea star species, respectively. Their endemic component totals to 25% and 27%, respectively. STH has more amphi-Atlantic and eastern Atlantic sea star species (27% each) than ASC (25% and 12.5%, respectively). Twenty-five percent of the sea star species in ASC are circumtropical in distribution, whereas no circumtropical species have been found in STH. The western Atlantic (WA) component comparatively to the eastern Atlantic (EA) one is of minor significance in STH (18% versus 27%, respectively), whereas the WA and EA components contribute equally to the taxonomic composition in ASC (12.5% each). However, patterns of faunal affinities in both islands are actually taxon-dependent.

Atlantia, a new genus of Dendrophylliidae (Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Scleractinia) from the eastern Atlantic.

Atlantia is described as a new genus pertaining to the family Dendrophylliidae (Anthozoa, Scleractinia) based on specimens from Cape Verde, eastern Atlantic. This taxon was first recognized as Enallopsammia micranthus and later described as a new species, Tubastraea caboverdiana, which then changed the status of the genus Tubastraea as native to the Atlantic Ocean. Here, based on morphological and molecular analyses, we compare fresh material of T. caboverdiana to other dendrophylliid genera and describe it as a new genus named Atlantia in order to better accommodate this species. Evolutionary reconstruction based on two mitochondrial and one nuclear marker for 67 dendrophylliids and one poritid species recovered A. caboverdiana as an isolated clade not related to Tubastraea and more closely related to Dendrophyllia cornigera and Leptopsammia pruvoti. Atlantia differs from Tubastraea by having a phaceloid to dendroid growth form with new corallites budding at an acute angle from the theca of a parent corallite. The genus also has normally arranged septa (not Portualès Plan), poorly developed columella, and a shallow-water distribution all supporting the classification as a new genus. Our results corroborate the monophyly of the genus Tubastraea and reiterate the Atlantic non-indigenous status for the genus. In the light of the results presented herein, we recommend an extensive review of shallow-water dendrophylliids from the Eastern Atlantic.

Perfil dos enfermeiros de Cabo Verde/África: fatores que influenciam a qualidade de vida / Profile of nurses from Cape Verde/Africa: the influencing factors of life quality / Perfil de enfermeras del Cabo Verde/África: factores que influyen en la calidad de vida

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil e os fatores que influenciam a qualidade de vida dos enfermeiros de um hospital de grande porte de Cabo Verde/África. Método: Pesquisa descritiva simples com uma abordagem quantitativa. Participaram 40 enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados em junho e julho de 2015, analisados com o programa Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS), versão 20.0. Resultados: 72,5% são do sexo feminino e 27,5% do sexo masculino, 40% estão em uma faixa etária entre 36 a 45 anos, 52,5% são solteiros(as). Dos fatores que influenciam a qualidade de vida, 19,4% referiram a baixa remuneração, 15,7% condições de trabalho e motivação, 13,1% carga horária e estresse. Conclusão: A partir dos fatores que influenciam a qualidade de vida dos enfermeiros foi possível identificar a necessidade de mudanças com o intuito de fornecer melhores condições de trabalho e renda para os enfermeiros cabo-verdianos

Objective: To describe the profile and factors that influence the quality of life of nurses at a large hospital in Cape Verde-Africa. Method: Simple descriptive research with a quantitative approach. 40 nurses participated. Data were collected in June and July 2015, analyzed with the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: 72.5% are female and 27.5% are male, 40% are between 36 and 45 years of age, 52.5% are single. Of the factors that influence quality of life, 19.4% referred to low remuneration, 15.7% working conditions and motivation, 13.1% workload and stress. Conclusion: Based on the factors that influence nurses' quality of life, it was possible to identify the need for changes in order to provide better working conditions and income for the Cape Verdean nurses

Objetivo: Describir el perfil y los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida del personal de enfermería en un hospital grande Verde-África del Cabo. Método: Investigación descriptiva simple con un enfoque cuantitativo. Con la asistencia de 40 enfermeras. Los datos fueron recogidos en junio y julio de 2015, se analizaron con el paquete estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS) versión 20.0. Resultados: El 72,5% son mujeres y el 27,5% hombres, 40% están en el grupo de edad entre 36 a 45 años, el 52,5% son solteros (as). Los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida, el 19,4% informó de un salario bajo, 15,7% las condiciones de trabajo y la motivación, el 13,1% de carga de trabajo y el estrés. Conclusión: A partir de los factores que influyen en la calidad de vida de las enfermeras fue posible identificar la necesidad de cambio con el fin de ofrecer mejores condiciones de trabajo e ingresos para los caboverdianos enfermeras

O Programa Nacional de Saúde Reprodutiva de Cabo Verde: alcances, limites e desafios / The National Reproductive Health Programme in Cape Verde: scope, limits and challenges

Resumo Cabo Verde é um arquipélago do continente africano, com cerca de 538.535 habitantes. Desde sua independencia, em 1975, o país tem experimentado um rápido crescimento econômico e social, com ganhos significativos em escolarização, redução dos óbitos maternos e da mortalidade infantil. Em 2001, seguindo as diretrizes da Conferencia Internacional de População e Desenvolvimento (CIPD, Cairo, 1994), foi lançado o Programa Nacional de Saúde Reprodutiva, PNSR, visando incluir ações de saúde sexual e reprodutiva, SSR, para adolescentes, jovens e homens adultos, em parceria com o setor de educação e centros de juventude. Entretanto, a persistência da gravidez não planejada, do aborto clandestino e da infecção pelo HIV indicam lacunas na sua implementação. Estudos realizados no país apontam razões socioculturais e no âmbito da organização e oferta de serviços para os problemas identificados. Este trabalho tem como finalidade refletir sobre os alcance e limites do PNSR de Cabo Verde, considerando os desafios de implementação de políticas de saúde que afetam práticas culturais relativas ao gênero e a sexualidade; as especificidades demográficas, socioeconômicas e culturais de Cabo Verde e ainda a importancia da SSR para o desenvolvimento.

Abstract Cape Verde is an archipelago on the African coast, with 538,535 inhabitants living on nine islands. Since it gained independence in 1975, the country has experienced rapid economic and social growth, with significant gains in education as well as a reduction in maternal and infant mortality deaths. In 2001, following the guidelines of the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD, Cairo, 1994), the National Reproductive Health Program (PNSR) was launched aiming to provide sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services to adolescents, young people and adult men, in partnership with the education sector and youth centers. However, the continuance of unplanned pregnancies, illegal abortions and HIV infections has indicated that there are gaps in the program`s implementation. Studies conducted in the country point to socio-cultural aspects as well as aspects covering organizations and the services on offer, as some of the reasons for the identified problems. This paper aims to reflect on the scope and limits of the PNSR in Cape Verde with consideration being given to the challenges of implementing health policies that affect cultural practices related to gender and sexuality. Consideration is also given to the specifics of Cape Verde`s demographics, economic and cultural aspects as well as the importance of the SRH services to its development.

The evolution of the medical workforce in Cape Verde since independence in 1975.

BACKGROUND: Cape Verdean doctors have always graduated abroad. The first experience of pre-graduate medical education in Cape Verde begun in October 2015. Counting how many doctors Cape Verde has, knowing who they are, and knowing how they are distributed are very important to help fine-tune the medical training. The aim of this study is to analyze the evolution of the medical workforce in Cape Verde to support medical education implementation. METHODS: Secondary data on doctors, from July 1975 until December 2014, collected from the Ministry of Health, were entered into an SPSS 20 database and studied by a simple descriptive statistical analysis. RESULTS: The database included data on 401 medical doctors. There was a predominance of females (n = 218; 54.4%). The overwhelming majority (n = 378; 94.3%) graduated from 5 of the 17 countries that contributed to the training of Cape Verdean doctors. All the islands of this archipelago country contributed to the 324 (80.8%) doctors born in the country. Of the 272 doctors still active in December 2014, 119 (43.6%) were general practitioners and 153 (56.4%) had specialized in one of the 31 specialties. The national ratio of doctors per 10 000 inhabitants was 5.25, but the reality varied significantly among islands. About one third of the doctors (n = 86; 32%) were at the primary care level, 38 (14%) at the secondary care level, and 144 (52%) in central hospitals. In 2053, all active physicians in 2014 will already be retired. CONCLUSIONS: This is a unique study of the evolution of the medical workforce of a country over 40 years, from the first day of independence. The study illustrates the importance of international collaborations, particularly of Cuba, in sustaining the medical workforce in Cape Verde. It is an example of how this collaboration was used to equip the country with doctors in an increasingly more equitable distribution across all islands. The study further illustrates the progressive feminization of the medical workforce. The study clarifies the effort required from the emerging medical faculty to supply the national health system with the needed number of doctors.

Genome-wide analyses of HTLV-1aD strains from Cape Verde, Africa

We characterised and reported the first full-length genomes of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 subgroup HTLV-1aD (CV21 and CV79). This subgroup is one of the major determinants of HTLV-1 infections in North and West Africa, and recombinant strains involving this subgroup have been recently demonstrated. The CV21 and CV79 strains from Cape Verde/Africa were characterised as pure HTLV-1aD genomes, comparative analyses including HTLV-1 subtypes and subgroups revealed HTLV-1aD signatures in the envelope, pol, and pX regions. These genomes provide original information that will contribute to further studies on HTLV-1a epidemiology and evolution.

Manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease in patients of Haitian and Cape Verdean descent.

OBJECTIVE: Several studies have reported unique ethnic phenotypes of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). An appreciation of disease manifestations in different populations may improve clinical outcomes. There are no studies examining IBD in patients of Haitian or Cape Verdean descent. We sought to define the IBD phenotype in these populations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective review comparing Haitian and Cape Verdean immigrant IBD patients to Caucasians, all receiving care at Boston Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. The following variables were analyzed: family history, smoking history, vaccinations/cancer screening, age of diagnosis, disease duration, disease location, medication use, and complications. RESULTS: Thirty-one Haitians and 21 Cape Verdeans were matched to Caucasian controls. Haitians (mean age 42 years) and Cape Verdeans (mean age 47 years) with Crohn's disease were diagnosed with IBD later than Caucasians (mean age 31 years, p = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively). Haitians with Crohn's were less likely to have a history of tobacco use compared to Caucasians (13% vs. 51%, p = 0.02). Cape Verdeans with Crohn's were less likely to have perianal involvement (0% vs. 50%, p = 0.01). Haitians with IBD were less likely to have ever used glucocorticoids (48% vs. 76%, p = 0.02). There was no difference in vaccination rates, cancer screening, or disease complications. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates differences in IBD presentation and disease course among Haitians and Cape Verdeans. Our results suggest a more mild disease in these ethnic groups. Future studies are needed to identify the influence of environmental factors.

O estado do corpo imigrante e o corpo do Estado: negociações na interface / The state of the immigrant body and the body of the State: negotiations at the interface

Por meio de uma análise etnográfica das interfaces sociais entre agentes do Estado e estudantes cabo-verdianos em Portugal, observadas através da observação participante em consultas médicas, em trabalho social, no Serviço de Estrangeiros e Fronteiras e no serviço jurídico de apoio ao imigrante, este artigo pretende examinar as práticas disciplinares do Estado e as negociações e lutas de poder que ocorrem. Os casos etnográficos discutidos demonstram como a ideia de um Estado neutro e justo que trata todos os cidadãos em pé de igualdade é simultaneamente reproduzida e negada na prática, elucidando como o Estado constitui um símbolo de união de uma efetiva desunião. Os exemplos etnográficos também apontam para outras dimensões da prática do Estado, além dos micropoderes disciplinares, onde se cria espaço para flexibilidade e adaptação. E é nesse sentido que etnografias das interfaces entre Estado e cidadão servem para relativizar interpretações excessivamente sistemáticas da governamentalidade, ilustrando como os efeitos das práticas contraditórias do Estado são tão imprevisíveis como a ação humana...

Using an ethnographic analysis of the social interfaces between state agents and Cape Verdean students in Portugal, observed through participant observation in medical appointments, social work, immigration services and legal support to immigrants, this article aims to examine disciplinary state practices and the negotiations and power struggles that take place. The ethnographic cases discussed demonstrate how the idea of a fair and neutral state is simultaneously reproduced and denied in practice, thus elucidating the state as a symbol of union of an effective disunity. The ethnographic examples also indicate other dimensions of state practice, besides micro-disciplinary powers, which create room for flexibility and adaptation. And it is in this sense that ethnographies of interfaces between state and citizen offer a more relative perspective of excessively systematic interpretations of governmentality, illustrating how the effects of contradictory state practices are as unpredictable as human action itself...

Avaliação da competência vetorial da população de Aedes aegypti da ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, a diferentes sorotipos do vírus Dengue / Evaluation of Vectorial Competence of Aedes aegypti population from Santiago Island, Cape Verde, to different serotypes of Dengue virus

A dengue é uma arbovirose causada pelo vírus Dengue (DENV), cujos principais vetores são os mosquitos Aedes aegypti e Aedes albopictus. A. aegypti é o único vetor de DENV em Cabo Verde, país que teve a sua primeira epidemia da dengue registrada em 2009. Contudo, pouco se sabe acerca da variação no nível de competência vetorial das populações do vetor aos diferentes sorotipos de DENV. O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a competência vetorial de A. aegypti da ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, a quatro sorotipos de DENV. Para isso, os mosquitos foram alimentados artificialmente com sangue contendo diferentes sorotipos de DENV, e em seguida dissecados ao 7º, 14º e 21º dia após infecção (dpi) para verificar a presença do vírus no intestino, cabeça e glândulas salivares usando a técnica de RT-PCR. Adicionalmente, o número de cópias de RNA viral presente nas glândulas salivares foi determinado por qRT-PCR. Foram observadas altas taxas de infecção das glândulas salivares para DENV-2 e DENV-3 (65 e 75 por cento respectivamente), enquanto que para DENV-1, o RNA viral só foi detectado no intestino e cabeça, não chegando a infectar as glândulas salivares. DENV-4 não disseminou para cabeça e glândulas salivares, mantendo a infecção apenas no intestino (9 por cento). O número de cópias de RNA viral nas glândulas salivares não variou significativamente entre DENV-2 e DENV-3 e nem entre os diferentes períodos de incubação do vírus e títulos de DENV testados. Conclui-se, que a população de Aedes aegypti da ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, possui alta competência vetorial para as cepas de DENV-2 e DENV-3 e são pouco susceptíveis para as de DENV-1 e DENV-4. As cópias de RNA viral nas glândulas salivares mantêm-se relativamente constante por 21 dias após a infecção, o que pode potencializar a capacidade vetorial de mosquito A. aegypti e sugere alguma forma de modulação da replicação do vírus nesse órgão

Dengue is an arboviral diseasecaused by dengue virus (DENV), for which the main vectors are the mosquitoes Aedes aegypti andAedes albopictus. A. aegypti is the only DENV vector in Cape Verde, a country which suffered its first dengue outbreak in 2009. However, little is known about the variation in the level of vector competence of this mosquito population to the different DENV serotypes...

Perfil de suscetibilidade da população de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) da ilha de Santiago, Cabo Verde, a inseticidas / Susceptibility profile of Aedes aegypti from Santiago Island, Cape Verde, to insecticides

Em Cabo Verde, arquipélago situado na Costa Ocidental Africana, os primeiros casos de dengue ocorreram em 2009, com a notificação de mais de 21.000 casos, a maioria desses registrados na Ilha de Santiago. O mosquito Aedes aegypti foi identificado como vetor, e ações para seu controle, usando os inseticidas temephos (larvicida) e a deltametrina (adulticida), têm sido implementadas. Objetiva-se com esse trabalho avaliar o atual status de suscetibilidade a inseticidas e caracterizar os mecanismos de resistência nessa população. Amostras de A. aegypti da ilha de Santiago foram coletadas através de armadilhas de oviposição, para o estabelecimento de uma população a ser analisada. Foram realizados bioensaios do tipo dose diagnóstica, usando garrafas impregnadas com doses únicas dos adulticidas malathion (organofosforado), deltametrina (piretróide) e cipermetrina (piretróide), e bioensaios do tipo dose resposta, usando múltiplas concentrações dos inseticidas temephos (organofosforado), Bacillus thuringiensis sorovariedade israelensis (bactéria entomopatogênica) e diflubenzuron (inibidor de síntese de quitina). Para a investigação dos mecanismos de resistências, foram realizados testes bioquímicos com substratos específicos para quantificar a atividade das enzimas glutationa S-transferases, esterases (alfa, beta e PNPA) e oxidases de função mista, ligadas a detoxificação de xenobióticos, e a taxa de inibição da acetilcolinesterase ligada a insensibilidade do sítio alvo...

Cape Verde, an archipelago located on the West African Coast, recorded the first cases of dengue in 2009 in an epidemic with more than 21,000 reportedcases. The worst affected area was Santiago Island...

Nas tensões de um novo país: o esporte em Cabo Verde (1974-1977) / Tensions in a new country: the sport in Cape Verde (1974-1977) / En las tensiones de un joven país: el deporte en Cabo Verde (1974-1977)

Esse artigo tem por objetivo discutir os posicionamentos sobre o esporte veiculados em quatro periódicos cabo-verdianos (Alerta!, Novo Jornal de Cabo Verde, Voz Di Povo e Terra Nova) nos anos iniciais do país independente (1974-1977). Argumentamos que esse esforço permite-nos compreender o papel ocupado pela prática nos primeiros momentos da construção da ideia de nação em Cabo Verde, um caso relevante em função do caráter tardio desse processo e da peculiaridade da formação identitária no arquipélago. Ao fim conclui-se que os debates que envolveram o esporte, inclusive no que se refere à natureza das intervenções governamentais, expressavam em boa medida as tensões políticas, sociais e culturais do país naquele momento.

This article aims to discuss ideas about the sport published in four Cape Verdian newspaper (Alerta!, Novo Jornal de Cabo Verde, Voz Di Povo e Terra Nova) in the early years of the independent country (1974-1977). We argue that this effort allows us to understand the role played by practice in the first moments of building the idea of nation in Cape Verde, an interesting case in order the late nature of this process and the uniqueness of identity formation in the archipelago. At the end, it is possible to realize that discussions involving the sport, including the nature of government interventions, expressed largely political tensions, social and cultural rights in the country at that time.

Este artículo tiene por objetivo discutir las posiciones sobre el deporte vehiculadas en cuatro periódicos de Cabo Verde (Alerta!, Novo Jornal de Cabo Verde, Voz Di Povo e Terra Nova) en los primeros años de la independencia del país (1974-1977). Sostenemos que este esfuerzo nos permite entender el papel desempeñado por la práctica en los primeros momentos de la construcción de la idea de nación en Cabo Verde, un caso interesante en función del carácter tardío de este proceso y de la peculiaridad de la formación de la identidad en el archipiélago. Al final, concluyese que los debates alrededor del deporte, en particular con respecto a la naturaleza de las intervenciones del gobierno, expresa en gran medida las tensiones políticas, sociales y culturales en el país en aquello momento.

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in some islands of Cape Verde: Types of breeding sites and their relationship with larval presence / Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) em algumas ilhas de Cabo Verde: tipologia dos criadouros e sua relação com a presença larval

Aedes aegypti is a species of wide geographical distribution, and its presence is registered on the islands of Cape Verde. Because its bioecology is being currently studied in several parts of the world, and since the first record of a dengue epidemic has been accomplished in the country, we decided to conduct this survey. The study was carried out between February and March, 2010, when six out of the ten islands of the archipelago were inspected. The factors evaluated during the survey were number, type and location of containers, as well as the presence of larval forms of Ae. aegypti. Results showed the existence of 2.4 containers/inspected houses, registering a total of 118 breeding sites, which are more common among abandoned buildings. The risk condition was significantly different between islands, being higher for Boa Vista. All evaluated islands showed a significant decreasing tendency of breeding sites, except for Fogo island (GLM; p 4; 0.05). The barrels were the containers most frequently recorded (> 50 L) (42.6%), located both inside and outside the houses. As breeding sites, barrels (> 50 L), tanks (> 200 L) and plastic tanks (> 50 L) were more common (t test; p 4; 0.05).(AU)

Aedes aegypti é uma espécie de ampla distribuição geográfica, e sua presença foi registrada nas ilhas de Cabo Verde. Pelo fato de a sua bioecologia estar sendo atualmente estudada em várias partes do mundo, e também por ter sido realizado o primeiro registro de uma epidemia de dengue no país, decidiu-se pela realização deste levantamento. O trabalho foi realizado entre fevereiro e março de 2010, quando foram inspecionadas seis das dez ilhas que compõem o arquipélago. Os fatores avaliados durante o levantamento foram número, tipo e localização dos recipientes, assim como a presença das formas larvais de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de 2,4 recipientes/residência inspecionada, registrando-se um total de 118 criadouros, sendo estes mais frequentes nas residências abandonadas. A condição de risco foi significativamente diferente entre as ilhas, sendo superior para Boa Vista. Todas as ilhas avaliadas demonstraram tendência significativa à diminuição do número de criadouros, com exceção da ilha de Fogo (GLM; p 4; 0.05). Os recipientes mais frequentemente registrados foram os barris (> 50 L) (42.6%), localizados tanto no interior quanto no exterior das residências. Como criadouros, foram registrados com mais frequência os barris (> 50 L), tanques (> 200 L) e tanques plásticos (> 50 L) (Teste t; p 4; 0.05).(AU)

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) em algumas ilhas de Cabo Verde: tipologia dos criadouros e sua relação com a presença larval

Aedes aegypti is a species of wide geographical distribution, and its presence is registered on the islands of Cape Verde. Because its bioecology is being currently studied in several parts of the world, and since the first record of a dengue epidemic has been accomplished in the country, we decided to conduct this survey. The study was carried out between February and March, 2010, when six out of the ten islands of the archipelago were inspected. The factors evaluated during the survey were number, type and location of containers, as well as the presence of larval forms of Ae. aegypti. Results showed the existence of 2.4 containers/inspected houses, registering a total of 118 breeding sites, which are more common among abandoned buildings. The risk condition was significantly different between islands, being higher for Boa Vista. All evaluated islands showed a significant decreasing tendency of breeding sites, except for Fogo island (GLM; p 0.05). The barrels were the containers most frequently recorded (> 50 L) (42.6%), located both inside and outside the houses. As breeding sites, barrels (> 50 L), tanks (> 200 L) and plastic tanks (> 50 L) were more common (t test; p 0.05).

Aedes aegypti é uma espécie de ampla distribuição geográfica, e sua presença foi registrada nas ilhas de Cabo Verde. Pelo fato de a sua bioecologia estar sendo atualmente estudada em várias partes do mundo, e também por ter sido realizado o primeiro registro de uma epidemia de dengue no país, decidiu-se pela realização deste levantamento. O trabalho foi realizado entre fevereiro e março de 2010, quando foram inspecionadas seis das dez ilhas que compõem o arquipélago. Os fatores avaliados durante o levantamento foram número, tipo e localização dos recipientes, assim como a presença das formas larvais de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de 2,4 recipientes/residência inspecionada, registrando-se um total de 118 criadouros, sendo estes mais frequentes nas residências abandonadas. A condição de risco foi significativamente diferente entre as ilhas, sendo superior para Boa Vista. Todas as ilhas avaliadas demonstraram tendência significativa à diminuição do número de criadouros, com exceção da ilha de Fogo (GLM; p 0.05). Os recipientes mais frequentemente registrados foram os barris (> 50 L) (42.6%), localizados tanto no interior quanto no exterior das residências. Como criadouros, foram registrados com mais frequência os barris (> 50 L), tanques (> 200 L) e tanques plásticos (> 50 L) (Teste t; p 0.05).

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in some islands of Cape Verde: Types of breeding sites and their relationship with larval presence / Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) em algumas ilhas de Cabo Verde: tipologia dos criadouros e sua relação com a presença larval

Aedes aegypti is a species of wide geographical distribution, and its presence is registered on the islands of Cape Verde. Because its bioecology is being currently studied in several parts of the world, and since the first record of a dengue epidemic has been accomplished in the country, we decided to conduct this survey. The study was carried out between February and March, 2010, when six out of the ten islands of the archipelago were inspected. The factors evaluated during the survey were number, type and location of containers, as well as the presence of larval forms of Ae. aegypti. Results showed the existence of 2.4 containers/inspected houses, registering a total of 118 breeding sites, which are more common among abandoned buildings. The risk condition was significantly different between islands, being higher for Boa Vista. All evaluated islands showed a significant decreasing tendency of breeding sites, except for Fogo island (GLM; p 4; 0.05). The barrels were the containers most frequently recorded (> 50 L) (42.6%), located both inside and outside the houses. As breeding sites, barrels (> 50 L), tanks (> 200 L) and plastic tanks (> 50 L) were more common (t test; p 4; 0.05).

Aedes aegypti é uma espécie de ampla distribuição geográfica, e sua presença foi registrada nas ilhas de Cabo Verde. Pelo fato de a sua bioecologia estar sendo atualmente estudada em várias partes do mundo, e também por ter sido realizado o primeiro registro de uma epidemia de dengue no país, decidiu-se pela realização deste levantamento. O trabalho foi realizado entre fevereiro e março de 2010, quando foram inspecionadas seis das dez ilhas que compõem o arquipélago. Os fatores avaliados durante o levantamento foram número, tipo e localização dos recipientes, assim como a presença das formas larvais de Ae. aegypti. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de 2,4 recipientes/residência inspecionada, registrando-se um total de 118 criadouros, sendo estes mais frequentes nas residências abandonadas. A condição de risco foi significativamente diferente entre as ilhas, sendo superior para Boa Vista. Todas as ilhas avaliadas demonstraram tendência significativa à diminuição do número de criadouros, com exceção da ilha de Fogo (GLM; p 4; 0.05). Os recipientes mais frequentemente registrados foram os barris (> 50 L) (42.6%), localizados tanto no interior quanto no exterior das residências. Como criadouros, foram registrados com mais frequência os barris (> 50 L), tanques (> 200 L) e tanques plásticos (> 50 L) (Teste t; p 4; 0.05).

Atividades físicas, saúde e movimentos juvenis em Cabo Verde, 1910-1930 / Physical activities, health and youth movements in Cape Verde, 1910-1930

Discute as relações entre as preocupações com a saúde, o estímulo à prática de atividades físicas e a organização de movimentos juvenis em Cabo Verde nas décadas de 1910-1930. Esse arquipélago constitui um entroncamento de rotas navais, pelo desenvolvimento precoce de comportamentos modernos e pela relação peculiar com Portugal, marcada pela construção de uma identidade própria (a cabo-verdianidade), cuja reivindicação básica não reside na autonomia jurídica, e sim em seu pleno reconhecimento como parte do 'glorioso Império português'. Foram analisados relatos de viajantes, documentos de arquivos, depoimentos, livros de memorialistas e periódicos.

This paper discusses the relationship between health concerns, encouraging the practice of physical activities and the organization of youth movements in Cape Verde during the decades of 1910-1930. This archipelago is a junction of naval routes, by its precocious development of modern behavior and by its peculiar relationship with Portugal, marked by the construction of its own identity (Cape-Verdeanness), whose basic claim lies not in legal autonomy, but in its full recognition as part of the 'glorious Portuguese Empire.' Reports of travelers, archival documents, depositions, books of memoirs and journals were analyzed for this research.

Esporte, pós-colonialismo, neocolonialismo: um debate a partir de fintar o destino (1998) / Sport, post-colonialism, neocolonialism: a dialogue as from fintar o destino (1998) / Deporte, postcolonialismo, neocolonialismo: un diálogo a partir de fintar o destino (1998)

A partir do diálogo com o filme Fintar o destino (Fernando Vendrell, 1998), considerado como um mapa que descortinou importantes questões do cotidiano caboverdiano, esse artigo tem por objetivo discutir duas ocorrências contemporâneas do âmbito esportivo: a) a relação de ex-colônias com os antigos colonizadores; b) a migração de atletas de países economicamente menos desenvolvidos para determinados centros, especialmente do mercado europeu. Argumentamos que essa discussão permite-nos sintonizar a interpretação do esporte com alguns debates relacionados ao pós-colonialismo, especialmente no que se refere a posicionamentos neocolonialistas.

From the dialogue with the film Dribbling fate (Fernando Vendrell, 1998), considered as a map unfolded important issues of cape verdeans daily lives, this article aims to discuss two contemporary instances of sports activities: a) the relationship of ex-colonies with the former colonizers, b) the migration of athletes from less economically developed countries for specific centers, especially the European market. We argue that this discussion allows us to set up dialogue between the interpretation of the sport and some discussions related to postcolonialism, above all in relation to neocolonialist positions.

A partir del diálogo con la película Fintar o destino (Fernando Vendrell, 1998), considerada como un mapa que presentó importantes cuestiones del cotidiano caboverdiano, este artículo tiene por objetivo discutir dos ocurrencias contemporáneas del ámbito deportivo: a) la relación de ex-colonias con antiguos colonizadores; b) la migración de atletas de países menos desarrollados económicamente para ciertos centros, notadamente del mercado europeo. Sostenemos que esta discusión permite ajustar la interpretación del deporte con algunos debates relacionados al postcolonialismo, especialmente en lo que se refiere a posiciones neocolonialistas.

Amizades de universitários cabo-verdianos no Brasil / Friendships of cape-verdean college students in Brazil

O presente trabalho investigou amizades de universitários cabo-verdianos residindo e estudando no Brasil. Participaram da pesquisa 12 alunos de graduação da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo que foram entrevistados. Os participantes citaram 109 amigos, sendo 81 cabo-verdianos, 18 brasileiros e seis angolanos, além de um português, um guineense, um santomense e um hondurenho. Os idiomas mais utilizados com amigos foram o crioulo e o português. A maioria dos amigos (72) residia na Grande Vitória. Entre os 35 amigos mais próximos, 24 eram conhecidos de Cabo Verde. Os principais interesses comuns e atividades compartilhadas estavam associados a estudo e lazer. Os amigos mais próximos foram descritos com base em características pessoais, seu significado e o relacionamento com o participante, destacando o valor da amizade e a ajuda recebida. Quando dificuldades foram citadas, estas se referiam à distância dos amigos, características pessoais e dificuldades de comunicação. Os episódios marcantes estavam ligados a lazer e ajuda do amigo. A maioria das amizades foi relevante para a adaptação ao Brasil, mas apenas parte delas influenciou a forma de ver o País. Finalmente, é apontada a necessidade de ações da universidade para facilitar a construção de amizades entre estudantes cabo-verdianos e brasileiros, possibilitando uma maior integração social e cultural como base para um aprofundamento de relações de cooperação científica e cultural entre os países.

This study focuses on friendships of college students from Cape Verde living and studying in Brazil. Twelve Cape- Verdean undergraduate students from the Federal University of Espirito Santo were interviewed. The students mentioned 109 friends, including 81 Cape Verdeans, 18 Brazilians, six Angolans, one Portuguese, one Guinean, one Santomean and one Honduran. The most widely used languages with friends were Creole and Portuguese. Most friends (72) lived in the Metropolitan Vitoria. Among the 35 closest friends, 24 were known from Cape Verde. The main common interests and shared activities were associated with study and leisure. The closest friends were described based on personal characteristics, their significance and relationship with the participant, highlighting the value of friendship and assistance received. When difficulties were mentioned, these were related to distance from friends, personal characteristics and communication difficulties. Outstanding episodes were linked to leisure and help from friends. Most friendships were related to adaptation to Brazil, but only part of them influenced how they perceived the country. Finally, it pointed out the necessity of actions from universities to facilitate the development of friendships between Cape Verdeans and Brazilians fostering a large social and cultural integration as the basis for deepening scientific and cultural cooperation between the countries.