RESUMO
l-Arginine is an essential amino acid in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis metabolism. A key enzyme for parasite l-arginine metabolism is arginase (ARG) that uses arginine to produce urea and ornithine, a precursor of polyamine pathway guaranteeing parasite replication in both insect and mammal hosts. There is an alternative pathway to produce ornithine via l-proline and glutamate, but this mechanism is not described in Leishmania. In the mammal host, two enzymes can use l-arginine as substrate, the host ARG and the induced nitric oxide synthase that produces nitric oxide. The competition between induced nitric oxide synthase and both parasite and host ARG can favor the success of the infection or its control. Here, we established the metabolomics profile of the polyamine pathway of wild type (WT) L. (L.) amazonensis, submitted or not to l-arginine starvation, and compared to the ARG-knockout mutant (arg- ). Our results indicated that arginine starvation induces a decrease in arginine, ornithine, and putrescine, but we could not detect the significative level changes of spermidine, spermine, or agmatine. However, the absence of ARG on the arg- induced an increase of arginine and citrulline levels, but decreased the levels of ornithine and putrescine. Similarly to the WT arginine-starved parasites, the arg- parasites presented lower levels of proline when compared to the WT ones. This could be indicative of an alternative pathway to surpass the enzyme or its substrate absence.
RESUMO
Este estudo pretendeu avaliar o limiar de detecção da técnica de PCR aliada à eletroforese capilar para diagnóstico da Leptospira pomona em sêmen bovino. Doses inseminantes livres de patógenos foram contaminadas experimentalmente com Leptospira pomona em escalas que variavam de 10(elevado a 0) a 10(elevado a 7) bactérias/ml e submetidas à extração de DNA pelo método de fenol/clorofórmio. Após a reação de PCR, a visualização dos fragmentos foi realizada em três tipos de eletroforese: agarose 2% sob luz UV, acrilamida 8% corado com prata e eletroforese capilar fluorescente. A detecção de DNA de Leptospira pomona em sêmen bovino através de eletroforese capilar fluorescente foi possível a partir de concentração de 10(elevado a 2 )bactérias/ml. Nos métodos de eletroforese em agarose 2%, observou-se limite de detecção de 10(elevado a 4 )bactérias/ml e em gel de poliacrilamida 8% o limite de detecção foi de 10(elevado a 2 )bactérias/ml. A eletroforese capilar demonstrou ser uma alternativa eficaz e rápida na detecção de DNA de Leptospira em sêmen bovino podendo ser uma valiosa ferramenta para controle de qualidade do sêmen produzido em centrais de inseminação artificial dada a facilidade de automação desse processo.(AU)
This study was performed in order to evaluate the detection limit of PCR with fluorescent capillary electrophoresis for Leptospira pomonadiagnosis in bovine semen. Negative bovine semen samples were artificially contaminated with Leptospira pomona 10(involution 0) to 10(involution 7 ) bacteria/ml) and DNA was extracted by phenol/chloroform protocol. DNA fragments visualization was done by three electrophoresis methods: under UV light in 2 % agarose gel, silver staining 8% polyacrylamide gel and fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. The detection limit of capillary electrophoresis for Leptospira pomona was 10(involution 2) bacteria/ml. Under UV light, in 2 % agarose gel, the detection limit was of 10(involution 4) bacteria/ml while for silver stained 8 % polyacrylamide gel it was 10(involution 2) bacteria/ml. PCR with fluorescent capillary electrophoresis is an efficient andrapid diagnostic test for DNA detection of Leptospira in bovine semen and this can be an important tool for herd and semen sanitary controlin artificial insemination centers.(AU)