Gini index decomposition by deprivation in multidimensional poverty: evidence from Chad.

OBJECTIVE: This paper aims the decomposition of the multidimensional Gini coefficient by deprivation to investigate how aggregate multidimensional poverty inequality translates into inequality within each of its components. This approach provides a better understanding of the distribution of deprivations held, the standard of living of the population and makes recommendations on government policies. METHOD: We use the method of Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985), which allows us to identify the impact of marginal changes on multidimensional inequality (fuzzy poverty inequality). RESULTS: The data used come from the Household Budget and Consumption Surveys of 2003 of 6695 households, 2011 of 9259 households and 2018 of 7493 households. Empirical findings suggest that the Gini index in 2003 is 0.229, 0.215 in 2011 and 0.180 in 2018. CONCLUSIONS: The different social policies to reduce multi-inequalities must mainly be oriented towards health policies and access to drinking water, which are unequally distributed during the three periods. And social policies to reduce inequality in education, sanitation and housing are also to be taken into account.

Gini index decomposition by deprivation in multidimensional poverty: evidence from Chad / Descomposición del índice de Gini por privación en la pobreza multidimensional: evidencia de Chad

Objective: This paper aims the decomposition of the multidimensional Gini coefficient by deprivation to investigate how aggregate multidimensional poverty inequality translates into inequality within each of its components. This approach provides a better understanding of the distribution of deprivations held, the standard of living of the population and makes recommendations on government policies. Method: We use the method of Lerman and Yitzhaki (1985), which allows us to identify the impact of marginal changes on multidimensional inequality (fuzzy poverty inequality). Results: The data used come from the Household Budget and Consumption Surveys of 2003 of 6695 households, 2011 of 9259 households and 2018 of 7493 households. Empirical findings suggest that the Gini index in 2003 is 0.229, 0.215 in 2011 and 0.180 in 2018. Conclusions: The different social policies to reduce multi-inequalities must mainly be oriented towards health policies and access to drinking water, which are unequally distributed during the three periods. And social policies to reduce inequality in education, sanitation and housing are also to be taken into account. (AU)

Objetivo: Este trabajo busca la descomposición del coeficiente de Gini multidimensional por privación para investigar cómo la desigualdad de pobreza multidimensional agregada se traduce en desigualdad dentro de cada uno de sus componentes. Este enfoque permite comprender mejor la distribución de las privaciones y el nivel de vida de la población, y formular recomendaciones sobre las políticas gubernamentales. Método: Utilizamos el método de Lerman y Yitzhaki (1985), que permite identificar el impacto de los cambios marginales sobre la desigualdad multidimensional (desigualdad difusa de la pobreza). Resultados: Los datos utilizados provienen de las Encuestas de Presupuesto y Consumo de Hogares de 2003 en 6695 hogares, de 2011 en 9259 hogares y de 2018 en 7493 hogares. Los hallazgos empíricos sugieren que el índice de Gini en 2003 es 0,229, en 2011 es 0,215 y en 2018 es 0,180. Conclusiones: Las diferentes políticas sociales para reducir las desigualdades múltiples deben orientarse principalmente hacia las políticas de salud y acceso al agua potable, que se distribuyen de manera desigual durante los tres periodos. También deben tenerse en cuenta las políticas sociales para reducir la desigualdad en la educación, el saneamiento y la vivienda. (AU)

Inseguridad alimentaria en los hogares de una comunidad indígena totonacade México / Food insecurity in the households of a totonac indigenous community of mexico

Fundamentos: En México, a pesar de los esfuerzos gubernamentales, no se ha podido asegurar el acceso continuo y suficiente de alimentos para todos. El objetivo principal fue analizar el grado de inseguridad alimentaria en una comunidadindígena totonaca de México. Métodos: El estudio fue una muestra con selección probabilística y representativa. Se aplicó una encuesta a 328 hogares. Se utilizó la Escala Mexicana de Seguridad Alimentaria (EMSA) y Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS). Se efectuó el Análisis de Varianza por rangos (p 0.05) de Kruskal-Wallis aplicada a la mediana, además una prueba post-hoc de Diferencia Mínima Significativa para la comparación entre medias. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que solo 42,38% de los hogares tienen seguridad alimentaria y el 57,61% de la población presenta algún grado de inseguridad. El sector 2 de la comunidad tiene los niveles más altos de inseguridad alimentaria. El sector 6 y 7 son los que mantienen los niveles más bajos en cuestión de incertidumbre alimentaria.Conclusiones: El municipio es heterogéneo en cuanto a inseguridad alimentaria y se refleja en la cantidad, calidad y disponibilidad dentro de las viviendas. Dados los múltiples factores asociados a la inseguridad alimentaria, se necesitanestrategias integrales y focalizadas en grupos vulnerables. (AU)

Background: In Mexico, despite government efforts to ensure food availability, it has not been possible to ensure continuous and sufficient access to food for all. The main objective was to analyze the level of food insecurity in aTotonac indigenous community in Mexico. Methods: The study was a sample with a probabilistic andrepresentative selection. A survey was applied to 328 households. The Mexican Food Safety Scale (EMSA) and Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) were used. The KruskalWallis Analysis of Variance by ranges (p 0.05) applied tothe median was carried out, as well as a post-hoc test of Minimum Significant Difference for the comparison between means. Results: The results showed that only 42.38% of households have food security and 57.61% of the population has some degree of insecurity. Sector 2 of the community has the highest levels of food insecurity. Sector 6 and 7 arethose that maintain the lowest levels in terms of food uncertainty.Conclusions: The municipality is heterogeneous in termsof food insecurity and can be seen in the quantity, quality and availability within households. Due to the multiple factors associated with food insecurity, comprehensive and targeted strategies are needed in vulnerable groups. (AU)

Contexto familiar e necessidade de tratamento em pré-escolares avaliados pelo PSE em Belo Horizonte / Family context and need for treatment in preschoolers evaluated by pse in Belo Horizonte Family context and need for treatment in preschoolers evaluated by PSE in Belo Horizonte

Cárie da primeira infância (CPI) é a presença de lesão cariosa, perda ou restauração em pelo menos um dente decíduo antes de 71 meses de idade, impactando o bemestar e a qualidade de vida da criança e dos pais. Apresenta uma alta prevalência no Brasil e no mundo, com um alto índice de dentes não tratados. Em sua etiologia a CPI apresenta associação das variáveis biológicas e dietéticas, sociodemográficas, psicossociais e ambientais, envolvendo a criança, a família e a comunidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a necessidade de tratamento odontológico e o contexto familiar em crianças pré-escolares, avaliadas pelo Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE). Este estudo transversal foi realizado com o principal cuidador das crianças avaliadas pelo PSE moradoras da área de abrangência de um Centro de Saúde em Belo Horizonte, sendo um estudo descritivo. Dados primários foram coletados por entrevista, através de questionário estruturado com o principal cuidador da criança via contato telefônico. Este questionário incluiu um questionário socioeconômico; demográfico e familiar; o Questionário de Funcionamento Geral Familiar, para investigação do funcionamento familiar; e o Self- Reporting Questionnaire, para triagem de transtornos mentais comuns no principal cuidador. Dados secundários incluíram os registros do banco de dados do PSE, para levantamento da população do estudo e da necessidade de tratamento odontológico. Este trabalho teve como produto um artigo científico que apresenta os seguintes resultados: A mediana de idade das crianças foi de 5 anos e 32,80% tinham necessidade de tratamento em relação à cárie dentária. A maioria dos respondentes foram mães (88,50%), apresentavam ensino médio completo ou mais (52,50%) e estavam desempregados (49,20%). Houve maior prevalência de necessidade de tratamento em famílias com menor renda e com menor apoio social (familiar e amigos<1) e menor prevalência em famílias de formato tradicional. Também foi realizado um produto técnico no formato de material didático ou instrucional com o objetivo de sensibilizar os que trabalham com saúde pública à necessidade de um melhor registro dos dados produzidos nos serviço.

Early childhood caries (IPC) is the presence of carious injury, loss or restoration in at least one deciduous tooth before 71 months of age, impacting the well-being and/ quality of life of the child and parents. It has a high prevalence in Brazil and worldwide, with a high rate of untreated teeth. In its etiology, IPC presents an association of biological and dietary, sociodemographic, psychosocial and environmental variables, involving the child, the family and the community. This study aimed to analyze the need for dental treatment and the family context in preschool children, evaluated by the School Health Program (PSE). This cross-sectional study was conducted with the main caregiver of the children evaluated by the PSE living in the area covered by the Alcides Lins health center in Belo Horizonte, and is a descriptive study. Primary data were collected by interview through a structured questionnaire with the main caregiver via telephone contact. This questionnaire included a socioeconomic, demographic and family questionnaire, the General Family Functioning Questionnaire, for the investigation of family functioning and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire for screening common mental disorders in the main caregiver. Secondary data included the records of the PSE database, to survey the study population and the need for dental treatment. This study had as product a scientific article that presents the following results: The median age of the children was 5 years and 32.80% needed treatment in relation to dental caries (NT). Most of the respondents were mothers (88.50%), had completed high school or more (52.50%) and were unemployed (49.20%). We found a resident/room ratio of 1.00, social support (family and friends) with a median of 1.00. The FGF scores presented median=3.00. The prevalence of CMD was 45.90%. There was a higher prevalence of need for treatment in families with lower income and with lower social support (family and friends<1) and lower prevalence of in traditional families. The fgf and prevalence of SRQ-20 values were similar among preschoolers with and without the need for dental treatment. A high prevalence of CMD and suicidal ideation was found. A technical product was also produced in the form of didactic or instructional material with the objective of sensitizing public health workers of the need for a better record of the data produced in the services.

Factores familiares que predisponen el embarazo adolescente en América Latina y El Caribe 2009-2019: revisión sistemática / Family Factors Predisposing to Adolescent Pregnancy in Latin America and the Caribbean 2009-2019: A Systematic Review / Fatores familiares que predispõem à gravidez na adolescência na América Latina e no Caribe 2009-2019: revisão sistemática

Introducción: el embarazo adolescente, problema de salud pública mundial, requiere un abordaje integral y multidisciplinario de los factores condicionantes; sin embargo, el reconocimiento que se da a la familia frente a este problema es débil, a pesar del rol importante que cumple. Objetivo: analizar la información basada en evidencias acerca de los factores familiares que predisponen el embarazo adolescente en América Latina y El Caribe, para fortalecer el cuidado de enfermería al identicar oportunamente factores de riesgo y diseñar estrategias que reduzcan el impacto. Método: revisión sistemática realizada de mayo a octubre del 2020, se utilizaron descriptores Decs y Mesh en la identificación de palabras clave, los operadores booleanos "AND" y "OR" para generar ecuaciones de búsqueda en las bases de datos SciELO, LILACS, PubMed y los repositorios de Alicia y Latinoamericano. Resultados: el 73 % (1-11) identificó la disfuncionalidad familiar, el 53 % (8) la familia desestructurada y el 47 % (7) el antecedente familiar y escasa o inadecuada educación sexual-reproductiva, respectivamente. Conclusiones: la importancia de la familia en el cuidado de la salud integral del adolescente radica en la identicación oportuna de riesgos como la disfuncionalidad familiar, tener una familia desestructurada, el antecedente de embarazo precoz en la familia y la escasa o inadecuada educación sexual y reproductiva del adolescente que, de mantenerse, afectarían el desarrollo óptimo, el futuro de estas adolescentes y de sus próximas generaciones.

Introduction: adolescent pregnancy, a global public health problem, requires a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to conditioning factors; however, the recognition given to the family in the face of this problem is weak, despite the critical role it plays. Objective: analyze evidence-based information about family factors that predispose adolescent pregnancy in Latin America and the Caribbean to strengthen nursing care by identifying risk factors promptly and designing strategies that reduce the impact. Method: systematic review carried out from May to October 2020. Decs and Mesh descriptors were used to identify keywords, the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR" to generate search equations in the SciELO, LILACS, PubMed databases, and the Alicia and Latinoamericano repositories. Results: 73% (1-11) identified family dysfunction, 53% (8) the unstructured family, and 47% (7) the family history and scarce or inadequate sexual-reproductive education, respectively. Conclusions: the importance of the family in the comprehensive health care of adolescents lies in the timely identication of risks such as family dysfunction, having an unstructured family, the history of early pregnancy in the family, and the scarce or inadequate sexual and reproductive education of the adolescent that, if maintained, would affect the optimal development, their future, and their next generations.

Introdução: a gravidez na adolescência, um problema de saúde pública global, requer uma abordagem abrangente e multidisciplinar dos fatores condicionantes; entretanto, o reconhecimento dado à família diante dessa problemática é fraco, apesar do importante papel que desempenha. Objetivo: analisar informações baseadas em evidências sobre os fatores familiares que predispõem à gravidez na adolescência na América Latina e no Caribe, para fortalecer a assistência de enfermagem, identificando os fatores de risco em tempo hábil e traçando estratégias que reduzam o impacto. Método: revisão sistemática realizada de maio a outubro de 2020, foram utilizados os descritores Decs e Mesh na identificação das palavras-chave, os operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR" para gerar as equações de busca nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS, PubMed e os Repositórios Alicia e Latinoamericano. Resultados: 73% (1-11) identificaram disfunção familiar, 53% (8) a família desestruturada e 47% (7) a história familiar e educação sexual reprodutiva escassa ou inadequada, respectivamente. Conclusões: a importância da família na atenção integral à saúde do adolescente reside na identificação oportuna de riscos como disfunção familiar, ter família desestruturada, história de gravidez precoce na família e a escassa ou inadequada educação sexual e reprodutiva de o adolescente que, se mantido, afetaria o desenvolvimento ótimo, o futuro dessas adolescentes e das suas próximas gerações.

ATTITUDES TOWARD PERSONS WHO ABUSE DRUGS IN ONE URBAN COMMUNITY OF WOODBROOK IN PORT OF SPAIN -TRINIDAD & TOBAGO / Atitudes em relação a pessoas que abusam de drogas em uma comunidade urbana de Woodbrook em Port of Spain - Trinidad e Tobago / Actitudes en relación a personas que hacen uso excesivo de drogas en una comunidad urbana de Woodbrook en Puerto de España - Trinidad y Tobago

ABSTRACT Objective: this study will present insights on the situation in the surveyed sample as it relates to attitudes towards persons who abuse alcohol by age and gender and would constitute a platform upon which further research can be conducted by researchers in the drug field. Method: this cross-sectional study examines the profile of a sample of residents in the Electoral District of Woodbrook, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad and Tobago. The sample consisted of 121 respondents. Results: alcohol was the most abused drug (85.2%), followed by marijuana (86%), cocaine (69%) and cocaine derivative (41.8%). The prevailing attitude towards persons who abused alcohol was ambivalence (64.8%); this was followed to a lesser extent by an attitude of negativity (34.4%), and the least significant attitude among respondents was premised on positivity (.8%). Respondents also held a negative attitude towards those who abused cocaine and marijuana. Conclusion: the high level of ambivalence towards alcohol use may be intertwined with the social acceptability and high usage of this drug reported from among those surveyed in the Electoral District of Woodbrook.

RESUMO Objetivo: este estudo apresentará insights sobre a situação na amostra pesquisada no que se refere a atitudes em relação às pessoas que abusam de álcool por idade e sexo e que constituiria uma plataforma sobre a qual mais pesquisas podem ser conduzidas por pesquisadores no campo das drogas. Método: transversal que examina o perfil de uma amostra de residentes no Distrito Eleitoral de Woodbrook, Port of Spain, Trinidad e Tobago. A amostra foi composta por 121 respondentes. Resultados: o álcool foi a droga mais utilizada (85,2%), seguido pela maconha (86%), cocaína (69%) e derivado de cocaína (41,8%). A atitude predominante em relação às pessoas que abusaram do álcool foi a ambivalência (64,8%); isso foi seguido em menor medida por uma atitude de negatividade (34,4%), e a atitude menos significativa entre os entrevistados foi baseada na positividade (0,8%). Os entrevistados também mantiveram uma atitude negativa em relação àqueles que abusaram de cocaína e maconha. Conclusão: o alto nível de ambivalência em relação ao uso de álcool pode estar interligado com a aceitabilidade social e alto uso dessa droga relatada entre os entrevistados no Distrito Eleitoral de Woodbrook.

RESUMEN Objetivo: este estudio presentará un informe sobre la situación en la muestra investigada en lo que se refiere a actitudes hacia las personas que hacen uso excesivo de alcohol por edad y sexo, y que constituiría una plataforma sobre la cual los investigadores pueden conducir más investigaciones en el campo de las drogas. Método: transversal que examina el perfil de una muestra de residentes en el Distrito Electoral de Woodbrook, Puerto de España, Trinidad y Tobago. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 121 participantes. Resultados: el alcohol fue la droga más utilizada (85,2%), seguida por la marihuana (86%), cocaína (69%) y derivado de la cocaína (41,8%). La actitud predominante en relación a las personas que hicieron uso excesivo de alcohol fue la ambivalencia (64,8%), seguido en menor medida por una actitud negativa (34,4%), y la actitud menos significativa entre los entrevistados se basó en la positividad (0,8%). Los entrevistados también mantuvieron una actitud negativa hacia los que hacen uso excesivo de la cocaína y marihuana. Conclusión: el alto nivel de ambivalencia en relación al uso de alcohol puede estar interconectado con la aceptabilidad social y el uso excesivo de esta droga mencionada entre los entrevistados en el Distrito Electoral de Woodbrook.

Situación socioeconómica familiar y neurodesarrollo de prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer a los dos años de edad / Family socioeconomic situation and neurodevelopment of very low birth weight premature babies at two years of age

La relación entre neurodesarrollo y contexto social ha sido poco estudiada. Este artículo buscó caracterizar a las familias donde crecen los prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer con nivel socioeconómico bajo y medio bajo y explorar la posible asociación entre las características socio-familiares y el neurodesarrollo a los dos años. Métodos: Prematuros en seguimiento de un hospital público de Santiago de Chile nacidos entre 2009 y 2012 con encuestas retrospectivas sobre aspectos familiares y sociales, y datos de la evolución clínica fueron analizados. Se evaluó la relación entre los datos biológicos y sociales con neurodesarrollo normal o en déficit. Resultados: 162 casos fueron analizados, 32 por ciento fueron considerados con déficit de neurodesarrollo. Las variables biológicas asociadas con el déficit de neurodesarrollo fueron peso al nacer menor a 1000 g. (p < 0,001), uso de ventilación mecánica (p < 0,001), oxígeno dependencia a las 36 semanas edad corregida (EC) (p < 0,001), sepsis tardía (p < 0,001), hemorragia intra-cerebral (p < 0,05), leucomalacia (p < 0,05), hidrocefalia (p < 0,05), convulsiones en período neonatal (p < 0,01) y enterocolitis necrotizante (p < 0,01). Los padres contaban con educación media y superior y se mantuvieron como parejas estables durante el período evaluado. El problema de consumo de alcohol a nivel familiar se asoció con déficit de neurodesarrollo (p<0,05). Conclusiones: Las familias en general tienen los recursos socioeconómicos y de estructura relacionados con desarrollo infantil. Los determinantes biológicos pesaron más que los sociales para el desarrollo infantil.(AU)

Research is scarce on the association between neurodevelopment and social context. This paper aimed to characterize the families of children born preterm, with very low birthweight and of low socioeconomic status, and to explore the relation between socio-familial variables and neurodevelopment when children were two years old. Methods: We used a sample of infants who attended the well-child visits at a public hospital in Santiago de Chile, who were born between 2009 and 2012. Data came from the medical register and a retrospective survey applied to the children's primary caregivers, which covered the social variables. We analyzed the relation between biological and social characteristics of children and their neurodevelopmental deficit. Results: Out of 162 cases, 2 percent were considered to have neurodevelopmental deficit. The biological variables related to neurodevelopmental deficit were extreme low birthweight (p < 0.001), mechanic ventilation (p < 0.001), oxygen therapy at week 36 (p < 0.001), late-onset sepsis (p < 0.001), intraventricular hemorrhage (p < 0.05), leukomalacia (p < 0.05), hydrocephalus (p < 0.05), seizures (p < 0.01) and necrotising enterocolitis (p < 0.01). Most parents had at least complete secondary education and remained and as stable couple during the observed period. Problematic alcohol use by any member of the family was negatively related to the children's neurodevelopmental deficit (p<0.05). Conclusion: Most families have the socioeconomic resources and the family structure typically related with child development. The biological determinants of child development were more important than its social determinants.(AU)

Salud familiar en adultos mayores residentes en el Consejo Popular La Julia del municipio Batabanó / Family Health in Older Adults who Live in La Julia Popular Council, in Batabanó Municipality

Introducción: Los estudios sobre la tercera edad resultan de vital importancia por el envejecimiento poblacional que se expresa a nivel mundial y las consecuencias y estigmas asociados que inciden sobre la salud familiar y la calidad de vida del adulto mayor. Objetivo: Determinar el comportamiento de la salud familiar en adultos mayores residentes en el Consejo Popular La Julia del municipio Batabanó. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo-cualitativo, transversal, de septiembre de 2014 a marzo de 2015. El universo lo constituyó 95 adultos mayores y la muestra 30 de ellos. Se utilizaron métodos empíricos (Prueba FF-SIL e Inventario de Características Familiares de Riesgo). Como parte del análisis estadístico se emplearon herramientas descriptivas e inferenciales. Resultados: Prevaleció la funcionalidad familiar (60 por ciento), las características familiares de riesgo predominantes fueron: senescentes en el hogar (100 por ciento), bajo nivel educacional (90 por ciento) y problemas nutricionales (73,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: La mayor cantidad de las familias de los adultos mayores tienen afectaciones a la salud a expensas de la criticidad(AU)

Introduction: Studies about the third age are of great importance due to the population aging all over the world, and the consequences and stigmata associated to it, which influence on family health and older adults quality of life. Objective: Determine the development of family health in older adults who live in La Julia Popular Council, in Batabanó municipality. Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative-qualitative descriptive study was carried out from September, 2014 through March, 2015. The universe was 95 older adults and the sample was composed of 30 of them. Empirical methods were used (FF-SIL Test and the Risk Family Characteristic Inventory). Descriptive and inferential tools were used as part of the statistical analysis Results: Family functionality prevailed (60 percent), the predominant risk family characteristics were: senescence at home (100 percent), low educational level (90 percent) and nutritional problems (73, 3 percent)(AU)

Autopercepción del estado de salud familiar en un área metropolitana de Bucaramanga / Family self-rated health in a metropolitan area of Bucaramanga

Introducción: como sistema abierto transformable ante los cambios, elemento estructural y fundamental de la sociedad, la familia desarrolla y cumple funciones a través de subsistemas formados por generación, sexo, interés y función; según las influencias positivas o negativas, constituye en factor de riesgo que contribuye o no al mantenimiento de la salud y conservación de la calidad de vida de todos sus integrantes. Objetivo: valorar la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, en el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga de febrero a noviembre de 2014. Universo de 120 familias, de las cuales 70 participaron voluntariamente, el jefe de familia respondió al cuestionario de autopercepción del estado de salud familiar. La información fue procesada en el programa SPSSS, análisis de confiabilidad, descripción de los resultados por variables, calculando medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Resultados: predominó la familia nuclear (45,7 por ciento), con 4 integrantes (74,3 pr ciento), el género femenino (52,9 por ciento), la edad entre 18 y 44 años (45,2 por ciento) y el nivel educativo básica primaria (52,9 por ciento); la hipertensión arterial (32,9 por ciento), la diabetes (14,3 por ciento), dislipidemias (4,3 por ciento) y enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas (14,3 por ciento). La autopercepción del estado de salud en general obtuvo 39 puntos de 84 esperados. Conclusiones: en la población estudiada la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar constituye un riesgo para la salud de la familia, que requiere de acciones que fortalezcan comportamientos que afiancen el ambiente familiar, espacio propicio para potenciar estilos de vida saludables en las diferentes etapas del ciclo de la vida de una persona(AU)

Introduction: As transformable open system to change, and key structural element family company, develops and performs functions through subsystems formed by generation, gender, interest and function; according to the positive or negative influence, it is a risk factor that contributes or not to maintain the health and preservation of the quality of life of all its members. Objective: To evaluate the perception of the state of family health. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in the metropolitan area of ​​Bucaramanga from February to November 2014. Universe 120 families of which 70 participated voluntarily, said the head of the household questionnaire familiar self-rated health. The information was processed in the program SPSSS, reliability analysis, description of the results variables, calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: Nuclear family predominated 45.7 percent, with 4 members 74.3 percent 52.9 percent female gender prevails between 18 and 44 years 45.2 percent, basic primary education 52.9 percent . 32.9 percent reported hypertension, diabetes 14.3 percent and 4.3 percent dyslipidemia, neuropsychiatric 14.3 percent. The self-rated general health was 39 points of 84 expected. Conclusions: In the studied population the familiar self-rated health is a risk to the health of the family, which requires actions to strengthen behaviors that strengthen the family atmosphere that is conducive space to promote healthy lifestyles at different stages life cycle of a person(AU)

Autopercepción del estado de salud familiar en un área metropolitana de Bucaramanga / Family self-rated health in a metropolitan area of Bucaramanga

Introducción: como sistema abierto transformable ante los cambios, elemento estructural y fundamental de la sociedad, la familia desarrolla y cumple funciones a través de subsistemas formados por generación, sexo, interés y función; según las influencias positivas o negativas, constituye en factor de riesgo que contribuye o no al mantenimiento de la salud y conservación de la calidad de vida de todos sus integrantes. Objetivo: valorar la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar. Métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal, en el área metropolitana de Bucaramanga de febrero a noviembre de 2014. Universo de 120 familias, de las cuales 70 participaron voluntariamente, el jefe de familia respondió al cuestionario de autopercepción del estado de salud familiar. La información fue procesada en el programa SPSSS, análisis de confiabilidad, descripción de los resultados por variables, calculando medidas de tendencia central y de dispersión. Resultados: predominó la familia nuclear (45,7 por ciento), con 4 integrantes (74,3 pr ciento), el género femenino (52,9 por ciento), la edad entre 18 y 44 años (45,2 por ciento) y el nivel educativo básica primaria (52,9 por ciento); la hipertensión arterial (32,9 por ciento), la diabetes (14,3 por ciento), dislipidemias (4,3 por ciento) y enfermedades neuropsiquiátricas (14,3 por ciento). La autopercepción del estado de salud en general obtuvo 39 puntos de 84 esperados. Conclusiones: en la población estudiada la autopercepción del estado de salud familiar constituye un riesgo para la salud de la familia, que requiere de acciones que fortalezcan comportamientos que afiancen el ambiente familiar, espacio propicio para potenciar estilos de vida saludables en las diferentes etapas del ciclo de la vida de una persona(AU)

Introduction: As transformable open system to change, and key structural element family company, develops and performs functions through subsystems formed by generation, gender, interest and function; according to the positive or negative influence, it is a risk factor that contributes or not to maintain the health and preservation of the quality of life of all its members. Objective: To evaluate the perception of the state of family health. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in the metropolitan area of ​​Bucaramanga from February to November 2014. Universe 120 families of which 70 participated voluntarily, said the head of the household questionnaire familiar self-rated health. The information was processed in the program SPSSS, reliability analysis, description of the results variables, calculating measures of central tendency and dispersion. Results: Nuclear family predominated 45.7 percent, with 4 members 74.3 percent 52.9 percent female gender prevails between 18 and 44 years 45.2 percent, basic primary education 52.9 percent . 32.9 percent reported hypertension, diabetes 14.3 percent and 4.3 percent dyslipidemia, neuropsychiatric 14.3 percent. The self-rated general health was 39 points of 84 expected. Conclusions: In the studied population the familiar self-rated health is a risk to the health of the family, which requires actions to strengthen behaviors that strengthen the family atmosphere that is conducive space to promote healthy lifestyles at different stages life cycle of a person(AU)

[Burnout Syndrome, Family and Work Related Variables on General Practitioners in Bogota. A Strategy of Work Quality]. / Síndrome por quemarse en el trabajo y variables familiares y laborales de los médicos generales de Bogotá. Una estrategia de calidad laboral.

BACKGROUND: The burnout syndrome is a set of work-related symptoms related to weariness and exhaustion, in response to the emotional stress at work and its consequences. The aim of the study was to measure the frequency of burnout in General Practitioners (GPs) from 3 private institutions in Bogotá, Colombia and to determine the associated factors according to the variables taken into account. METHODS: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was used to analyse the Questionnaire for Burnout Syndrome (CESQT). The population was 106 GPs. RESULTS: The level of burnout was at a critical level in 6.6% of the GP population. The variables showed that having a stable partner and children are a protective factor. By contrast, work in emergency rooms is a risk factor.

Síndrome por quemarse en el trabajo y variables familiares y laborales de los médicos generales de Bogotá. Una estrategia de calidad laboral / Burnout Syndrome, Family and Work Related Variables on General Practitioners in Bogota. A Strategy of Work Quality

Introducción: El síndrome por quemarse en el trabajo (SQT) es un conjunto de síntomas relacionados con desgaste laboral y agotamiento en respuesta al estrés emocional en el trabajo y sus respectivas consecuencias. El objetivo del estudio es medir la frecuencia del SQT entre los médicos generales de tres instituciones privadas de Bogotá y determinar los factores asociados según las variables consideradas. Métodos: Es un estudio de corte transversal descriptivo, para el que se utilizó el cuestionario para la evaluación del síndrome de quemarse por el trabajo (CESQT). Constituyeron la población 106 médicos generales. Resultados: Se encontró que el 6,6% de la población presenta un nivel crítico. Las variables muestran que tener pareja estable e hijos es un factor protector y, por lo contrario, trabajar en urgencias es un factor de riesgo.

Background: The burnout syndrome is a set of work-related symptoms related to weariness and exhaustion, in response to the emotional stress at work and its consequences. The aim of the study was to measure the frequency of burnout in General Practitioners (GPs) from 3 private institutions in Bogotá, Colombia and to determine the associated factors according to the variables taken into account. Methods: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study which was used to analyse the Questionnaire for Burnout Syndrome (CESQT). The population was 106 GPs. Results: The level of burnout was at a critical level in 6.6% of the GP population. The variables showed that having a stable partner and children are a protective factor. By contrast, work in emergency rooms is a risk factor.

Estrutura, relações e antecedentes do uso de drogas em famílias de usuários de crack / Structure, relationships and history of drug use in families of crack cocaine users / Estructura, relaciones y antecedentes del uso de drogas en familias de usuarios de crack

O objetivo foi analisar a estrutura, as relações e os antecedentes do uso de drogas em famílias de usuários de crack. Pesquisa transversal, com enfoque na Teoria Geral dos Sistemas, particularmente o uso do genograma. Participaram 15 familiares de usuários de crack acompanhados em um serviço especializado para o tratamento da dependência química do Paraná, no mês de maio de 2011. Utilizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com elaboração de genogramas, os quais foram agrupados por núcleos de similaridade. Os participantes foram, em sua maioria, mães com baixa escolaridade. Quanto à estrutura familiar, verificou-se maior número de pessoas na segunda geração, sendo esta constituída por famílias nucleares, e a primeira geração, por diferentes configurações. Os relacionamentos e os antecedentes familiares do uso de drogas acompanharam as diferenças geracionais encontradas na estrutura. Conclui-se que as características das famílias dos usuários de crack parecem acompanhar as mudanças ocorridas na estrutura social nas últimas décadas.

The objective of this study was to analyze the structure, relationships and history of drug use in families of crack cocaine users. It is a cross-sectional study, based on the General Systems Theory and on the genogram. The sample comprised 15 families of crack cocaine users cared for by a specialized drug dependency service in the state of Paraná, Brazil, throughout the month of May 2011. We conducted semi-structured interviews and created genograms, which were grouped according to similarities. For the most part, participants were mothers with low education levels. Regarding family structure, we found most people belonged to the second generation, constituting nuclear families, and to the first generation, with different family configurations. Relationships and family history of drug use followed the generational structural differences. We conclude that the characteristics of crack cocaine users' families seem to follow the changes in social structure observed over the last few decades.

Se objetivó analizar estructura, relaciones y antecedentes del uso de drogas en familias de usuarios de crack. Investigación transversal, con enfoque en la Teoría General de los Sistemas, utilizándose particularmente el genograma. Participaron 15 familiares de usuarios de crack seguidos por servicio especializado en tratamiento de dependencias químicas de Paraná, en mayo de 2011. Se usó entrevista semiestructurada con elaboración de genogramas, agrupados por núcleos de similitud. Los participantes fueron, mayoritariamente, madres con baja escolarización. Respecto a la estructura familiar, se verificó mayor número de personas en la segunda generación, constituyéndose ésta de familias nucleares, y la primera generación por diferentes configuraciones. Las relaciones y los antecedentes familiares del uso de drogas se correspondieron con las diferencias generacionales encontradas en la estructura. Se concluye en que las características de las familias de usuarios de crack parecen corresponderse con los cambios acontecidos en la estructura social en las últimas décadas.

Riesgo Familiar Total y Grado de Salud Familiar, Familias Desplazadas Residentes en el Municipio de Bugalagrande, Valle del Cauca / Total Family Risk and Family Health Level, Displaced Families Residents in the Municipality of Bugalagrande, Valle del Cauca

OBJETIVO: determinar el riesgo familiar total y el grado de salud familiar de las familias desplazadas residentes en el municipio de Bugalagrande, Valle del Cauca. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Es un estudio de tipo descriptivo transversal con abordaje cuantitativo, que permite identificar el Riesgo familiar total y grado de salud familiar, la muestra estuvo conformada por 59 familias desplazadas residentes en el área urbana del municipio, de estrato socio-económico 1, 2, 3, que aceptaron de manera voluntaria la aplicación de los instrumentos de Riesgo Familiar Total RFT: 5-331 y el instrumento de Salud Familiar General ISF: GEN-212 y cumplían con los criterios de inclusión. RESULTADOS: La tipología familiar predominante es la familia nuclear (85%), en ellas predominan las personas de entre 31 y 49 años (22.4%). Se destaca levemente el género masculino (50.6%), hay más mujeres en las edades de mayor productividad (31 a 49 años con 26%), sin embargo el rol de mayor frecuencia es el de hijo (50%) seguido de la madre (24%). La mayoría de los integrantes de la familia pertenecen al régimen subsidiado (89%) y las familias se perciben aparentemente sanas (63%). La tercera parte de las personas que conforman estas familias tienen menos de 12 años (28.8%)] y tienen como principal riesgo las enfermedades virales y la desnutrición (86%). Dentro de los antecedentes de carácter familiar se destacan la hipertensión arterial (34%), diabetes (31%) y artritis (29%). En cuanto a los riesgos individuales predomina la falta de educación sexual (41%). Referente al apoyo de las familias se encuentra el trabajo (71%), el centro de salud (61%) y la escuela (58%). En cuanto al Riesgo Familiar Total, predominan las familias amenazadas (59%) y con alto riesgo (27%). Las dimensiones más afectadas en las familias amenazadas son las de vivienda y vecindario (85%), y en las familias de alto riesgo predomina la dimensión psicoafectiva (90%). El factor de riesgo sobresaliente en las familias desplazadas es la pobreza: ingreso menor que NBS (81%), seguido del ingreso escaso para cubrir las necesidades de salud (75%). En cuanto al Grado de Salud Familiar se perciben principalmente como familias muy saludables (81%) con un sistema familiar muy organizado (54%) y como familias muy satisfechas (51%). CONCLUSIONES: En general las familias desplazadas residentes en el Municipio de Bugalagrande se encuentran amenazadas y con alto riesgo, debido a factores externos por su situación de desplazamiento, pero se perciben muy saludables y satisfechas en su organización familiar.

OBJECTIVE: seeks to determine the total family risk and the degree of family health of the displaced families living in the municipality of Bugalagrande, Valle del Cauca. MATERIALS AND METHODS: study of transverse descriptive quantitative approach, which allows to identify the total family risk and degree of family health. Shows comprised 59 displaced families living in the urban area of the municipality of Bugalagrande, Valle del Cauca, of socio-economic strata 1, 2 and 3, they voluntarily accepted the application of instruments of risk family Total RFT: 5-33 and the instrument of health family General ISF: GEN-21 and met the inclusion criteria. RESULTS: The predominant type of family is the family type 1, as a nuclear family (85%), in terms of the age group people 31-49 (22.4%). Predominates slightly masculine gender (50.6%), but women predominate in the higher productivity (31 to 49 years with 26%) ages. The role of most often is the son (50%) followed by the mother (24%). The majority of the members of the family belong to the subsidized regime (89%). The families perceive themselves apparently healthy (63%). Children under 12 years old [the third part of the people that these families make up (28.8%)], are main risk viral diseases and malnutrition (86%). They take precedence in the history of familiar character, high blood pressure (34%), diabetes (31%) and arthritis (29%). In terms of individual risks is dominated by the lack of sex education (41%). Concerning the support of families is the work (71%), health (61%) and school (58%). families is work (71%), health (61%) and school (58%). In terms of the overall relative risk, dominated the endangered families (59%) and highrisk (27%). Hardest dimensions in the endangered families are housing and neighborhood (85%), and high-risk families dominated by the dimension psycho (90%). Factor outstanding risk in displaced families is poverty: income less than NBS (81%), followed by the income insufficient for the needs of health (75%). In terms of the degree of family health, are they perceived mainly as very healthy families (81%) with a very organized family system (54%) and families very satisfied (51%). CONCLUSIONS: in general the displaced families living in the municipality of Bugalagrande are threatened and at high risk, due to external factors by their situation of displacement, but they perceive very healthy and satisfied in their family organization

Exposição à violência entre adolescentes de uma comunidade de baixa renda no Nordeste do Brasil / Exposure to violence among adolescents in a low-income community in the northeast of Brazil

This a cross-sectional study made in Fortaleza, Ceará, 2009, which included 458 teenagers and analyzed their exposure to violence, describing their access to weapons, alcohol abuse, illegal drug use and their self-esteem by investigating their socio-economic, school and family characteristics and exposure to the phenomenon. A questionnaire and/or structured interviews were used for data collection, and analysis involved Pearson's chi-square test, with 95% reliability. Of the 458 participants, 17.7% were considered to be exposed to criminal violence. Significant variables for exposure to violence included: place of birth (p = 0.020), years of schooling (p = 0,009), school absenteeism (p < 0.001), the father as the head of the family (p = 0.026), alcohol-addicted parents (p < 0.001), good/very good family relationships (p = 0.009), and parents' dissatisfaction with their children's friends (p < 0.001). Thus, it is necessary that public policies focus on a support network for care of adolescents and that urban centers organize themselves socially and politically in the quest for understanding the effects of exposure to violence among adolescents in low-income communities.

O estudo analisou a exposição dos adolescentes à violência, considerando o acesso à arma, o uso abusivo de álcool e/ou uso de drogas ilícitas e sua autoestima, e investigou a influência de fatores socioeconômicos, escolares e características familiares com a exposição a esse fenômeno. Estudo transversal, realizado em Fortaleza, Ceará, em 2009, com 458 adolescentes. Foram utilizados questionários e/ou entrevistas estruturadas para coleta dos dados e na análise aplicamos o teste de correlação de Pearson, com a confiabilidade de 95%. Ao correlacionar a exposição do adolescente à violência com as variáveis naturalidade (p = 0,020), tempo de estudo em anos (p = 0,009), absenteísmo escolar (p < 0,001), responsável financeiro pela família (p = 0,007), pais ou responsáveis etilistas (p < 0,001), relações familiares boas/muito boas (p = 0,009) e a não satisfação dos pais com amizades de seus filhos (p < 0,001), identificamos associação direta. Assim, é necessário que as políticas públicas enfoquem rede de apoio ao cuidado com o adolescente e que os centros urbanos organizem-se social e politicamente na busca pela compreensão dos efeitos da exposição à violência em adolescentes de comunidades de baixa renda.

Crianças bilíngües Alemão-Português: erros na escrita e características do ambiente familiar / Bilingual German-Portuguese children: handwriting mistakes and characteristics of the familiar environment

OBJETIVO: Relacionar erros na escrita em português, características do ambiente familiar, idade e sexo de crianças bilíngües Alemão-Português. MÉTODOS: Vinte crianças bilíngües alemão/português realizaram ditado balanceado, e seus pais responderam a um questionário. Os tipos de erros na escrita em Português foram classificados e quantificados, e posteriormente relacionados às respostas dos pais no questionário aplicado. RESULTADOS: Houve menos erros relacionados à troca, substituição aleatória, inversão, transposição, omissão e adição de grafemas, e mais erros relacionados às irregularidades da língua portuguesa. A maioria dos pais possuía material escrito em casa; quando mais de uma pessoa lia em casa e quanto maior a escolaridade paterna, maior o número de crianças com menos erros na escrita; quanto menor a escolaridade materna, maior o número de estudantes com mais erros na escrita. Quanto mais novas as crianças, mais erros de todos os tipos. Os meninos apresentaram mais erros na escrita do que as meninas. CONCLUSÕES: Mesmo sendo os participantes deste estudo todos bilíngües, a maioria dos achados foi compatível com os encontrados em outras pesquisas com crianças monolíngües do Português Brasileiro.

PURPOSE: To relate mistakes in Portuguese writing, characteristics of the familiar environment, age and gender of bilingual German-Portuguese children. METHODS: Twenty bilingual children were submitted to balanced dictation, and their parents answered a questionnaire. The analysis classified and quantified the types of errors in Portuguese writing, which was later related to their parents' answers on the questionnaire. RESULTS: There were fewer errors related to change, random substitution, inversion, transposition, omission and adding of graphemes, and more errors associated with Portuguese irregularities. Most parents had written material at home; when more than one person used to read at home and the highest the fathers' level of schooling, the greater the number of children with fewer errors in writing; the lower the maternal level of schooling, the greater the number of students with more writing errors. Younger children had more errors of all kinds. Boys had more writing errors than girls. CONCLUSIONS: Even though all the participants of this study were bilingual, the majority of the findings corroborated researches with monolingual Brazilian Portuguese speaking children.