Study of some morphometric and meristic characteristics of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from the Arabian coast / Estudo de características morfométricas e merísticas de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) coletados na costa da Arábia

The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r≥0.70; p<0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r≤0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexual dimorphism was reported in Alepes vari. Thus, our present study could be valuable in systematic classification, sexual dimorphism, and management of this species on the Karachi coast.

O presente estudo examina as correlações entre 15 caracteres morfométricos e 10 caracteres merísticos e comprimento total (CT) de machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833), coletados do porto de Karachi, West Wharf, na costa de Karachi. As análises estatísticas das relações de regressão linear mostraram, principalmente, correlações fortes (r ≥ 0,70; p < 0,05) entre o CT e a maioria dos caracteres morfométricos em machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados, exceto a altura da nadadeira peitoral e o comprimento da base da nadadeira pélvica, enquanto os caracteres merísticos foram constantes, indicando correlações fracas ou negativas (r ≤ 0,50; p > 0,05) com o CT. Portanto, de acordo com nossos resultados, existe uma relação direta entre o CT dos peixes e todos os caracteres morfométricos, que foram considerados os melhores indicadores de crescimento do padrão alométrico positivo em peixes. Além disso, a análise do teste t de duas amostras revelou (teste t; p > 0,05) que nenhum dimorfismo sexual foi relatado em A. vari.

Study of some morphometric and meristic characteristics of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from the Arabian coast

Abstract The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r0.70; p 0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexual dimorphism was reported in Alepes vari. Thus, our present study could be valuable in systematic classification, sexual dimorphism, and management of this species on the Karachi coast.

Resumo O presente estudo examina as correlações entre 15 caracteres morfométricos e 10 caracteres merísticos e comprimento total (CT) de machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833), coletados do porto de Karachi, West Wharf, na costa de Karachi. As análises estatísticas das relações de regressão linear mostraram, principalmente, correlações fortes (r 0,70; p 0,05) entre o CT e a maioria dos caracteres morfométricos em machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados, exceto a altura da nadadeira peitoral e o comprimento da base da nadadeira pélvica, enquanto os caracteres merísticos foram constantes, indicando correlações fracas ou negativas (r 0,50; p > 0,05) com o CT. Portanto, de acordo com nossos resultados, existe uma relação direta entre o CT dos peixes e todos os caracteres morfométricos, que foram considerados os melhores indicadores de crescimento do padrão alométrico positivo em peixes. Além disso, a análise do teste t de duas amostras revelou (teste t; p > 0,05) que nenhum dimorfismo sexual foi relatado em A. vari. Assim, o presente estudo pode ser valioso na classificação sistemática, dimorfismo sexual e manejo dessa espécie na costa de Karachi.

Mandibular assessment of panoramic radiographs for sex identification / Análise do dimorfismo sexual através de índices radiomorfométricos em radiografias panorâmicas

ABSTRACT Sex determination plays a crucial role in the post-mortem identification of human remains. One effective approach for obtaining sex-related data is to use measurements of anatomical structures such as the mandible. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of mandibular radiomorphometric indices from panoramic radiographs (PRs) for the identification of sexual dimorphism. The study sample included 300 PRs of individuals aged 51 to 80 years from the northeastern region of Brazil. Four linear measures and three numerical indices were analyzed with Inkscape® version 1.0.1 for Windows by two blinded evaluators. After statistical analysis, the results showed that the linear measurements obtained from PRs are a reliable method for sex identification. However, the calculated indices of these measurements exhibited lower efficacy for the same purpose. Therefore, PRs proved to be a valuable method for sexual identification through mandibular assessment.

RESUMO A determinação do sexo é um dado importante para a identificação post-mortem de um indivíduo ou de restos mortais humanos. Uma maneira de adquirir dados quanto ao sexo é utilizar mensurações de estruturas como a mandíbula. O objetivo principal deste estudo é avaliar a utilização de índices radiomorfométricos de mandíbulas para a identificação de dimorfismo sexual, através de radiografias panorâmicas. O estudo foi realizado em exames radiográficos panorâmicos de 300 indivíduos entre 51 e 80 anos, residentes do Nordeste brasileiro. Foram analisadas quatro medidas lineares e três índices numéricos no software Inkscape® versão 1.0.1 para Windows, por dois avaliadores cegos. Após análise estatística, os resultados demostraram que as medidas lineares obtidas se configuram como um método seguro para a identificação sexual. Entretanto, os índices obtidos através destas medidas demostraram menor eficiência para o mesmo fim. Logo, as radiografias panorâmicas podem ser utilizadas como método eficaz para a obtenção da caracterização sexual através da mandíbula.

Inteligencia artificial y administración de justicia: desafíos derivados del contexto latinoamericano / ntel·ligència artificial i administració de justícia: desafiaments derivats del context llatinoamericà / Artificial Intelligence and Justice Administration: Challenges derived from the Latin American context

El surgimiento de la Inteligencia Artificial(IA), en el marco de la Cuarta Revolución Industrial, obliga a reflexionar acerca de su impacto en la administración de justicia desde la óptica plural, interdisciplinaria y social que caracteriza a la bioética. Esto se torna imprescindible no sólo para garantizar una aplicación ética de la IA en la administración de justicia; sino, además, para asegurar el respeto de la persona humana y sus manifestaciones culturales -como el derecho-frente a las innovaciones tecnológicas. Por consiguiente, para lograr ese objetivo resulta clave, por un lado, entender cómo funcionan los sistemas de IA en el campo del derecho, y cuáles son las dificultades que se plantean desde las diversas aristas (ética, de razonamiento y jurídica). Y, por otro lado, mirar con atención las particularidades presenta el contexto latinoamericano signado por la desigualdad; la volatilidad social, política e institucional; y una atávica caracterización de la justicia. La justicia impartida con IA tiene la potencialidad de hacer realidad valores tan preciados como la celeridad y la seguridad jurídica. Y, al mismo tiempo, de amenazar la libertad, la privacidad y la igualdad de los individuos, sobre todo en sociedades atravesadas por diferencias estructurales como la latinoamericana.(AU)

El sorgiment de la Intel·ligència Artificial (IA), en el marc de la Quarta Revolució Industrial, obliga a reflexionar sobre el seu impacte a l'administració de justícia des de l'òptica plural, interdisciplinària i social que caracteritza la bioètica. Això esdevé imprescindible no només per garantir una aplicació ètica de la IA a l'administració de justícia; sinó, a més, per assegurar el respecte de la persona humana i les seves manifestacions culturals –com el dret–davant les innovacions tecnològiques. Per tant, per assolir aquest objectiu resulta clau, per una banda, entendre com funcionen els sistemes d'IA en el camp del dret, i quines són les dificultats que es plantegen des de les diverses arestes (ètica, de raonament i jurídica). I, per altra banda, mirar amb atenció lesparticularitats presenta el context llatinoamericà signat per la desigualtat; la volatilitat social, política i institucional; i una atàvica caracterització de la justícia. La justícia impartida amb IA té la potencialitat de fer realitat valors tan preatscom la celeritat i la seguretat jurídica. I, alhora, d'amenaçar la llibertat, la privadesa i la igualtat dels individus, sobretot en societats travessades per diferències estructurals com la llatinoamericana.(AU)

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI), in the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, forces us to reflect on its impact on the administration of justice from the plural, interdisciplinary and social perspective that characterizes bioethics.This becomes essential not only to guarantee an ethical application of AI in the administration of justice; but also, to ensure respect for the human person and its cultural manifestations -such as law-in the face of technological innovations. Therefore,to achieve this objective, it is key, on the one hand, to understand how AI systems work in the field of law, and what are the difficulties that arise from various angles (ethical, legal and reasoning).And, on the other hand, looking carefully at the particularities presents the Latin American context marked by inequality; social, political and institutional volatility; and an atavistic characterization of justice.The justice imparted with AI has the potential to make values as precious as speed and legalcertainty a reality. And, at the same time, to threaten the freedom, privacy and equality of individuals, especially in societies crossed by structural differences such as Latin America.(AU)

Evaluación de cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) de Vietnam, para su introducción en Cuba

Con el objetivo de evaluar la diversidad fenotípica de ocho cultivares de arroz (Oryza sativa L.) procedentes de Vietnam, para su introducción en los programas de mejora y en la producción en Cuba, apoyados en caracteres morfoagronómicos y técnicas de análisis multivariado, fue desarrollado este trabajo en la Unidad Científico Tecnológica de Base "Los Palacios", perteneciente al Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Agrícolas de Cuba. Los cultivares vietnamitas se sembraron en campo junto a los comerciales INCA LP-5 e INCA LP-7, para ser caracterizados agronómicamente con la utilización de 29 descriptores cualitativos y 22 cuantitativos. Los resultados mostraron que 16 caracteres cualitativos resultaron homogéneos para los ocho cultivares procedentes de Vietnam y los dos cultivares comerciales cubanos, la asociación entre varios caracteres cuantitativos reafirma la influencia que ejercen algunos componentes sobre el rendimiento, los que son considerados como marcadores para la selección, tres cultivares de procedencia vietnamita (GL301, LCG3-4 y DS1) no pueden ser utilizados en la producción arrocera en Cuba, por su susceptibilidad a Tagosodes. Todos los cultivares mostraron resistencia a Rhizoctonia solani y Sarocladium oryzae y dos (GL 301 y LTH 31) fueron susceptibles a Pyricularia grisea. Los cultivares OM6976, OM5451 y OM8087 alcanzaron valores altos de rendimiento, por lo que pudieran ser utilizados, como progenitores en los programas de mejora, así como cultivares comerciales.

With the objective of evaluating the phenotypic diversity of eight rice cultivars (Oryza sativa L.) from Vietnam, for their introduction in breeding programs and production in Cuba, supported by morphoagronomic characters and multivariate analysis techniques, this work was developed in Scientific and Technological Base Unit belonging to the National Agricultural Sciences Institute of Cuba. The Vietnamese cultivars were planted in the field together with the commercial cultivars INCA LP-5 and INCA LP-7, to be characterized agronomically with the use of 29 qualitative and 22 quantitative descriptors. The results showed that 16 qualitative characters were homogeneous for the eight cultivars from Vietnam and the two Cuban commercial cultivars, the association between various quantitative characters reaffirms the influence exerted by some components on yield, which are considered as markers for selection. Three cultivars of Vietnamese origin (GL301, LCG3-4 and DS1) cannot be used in Cuban rice production, due to their susceptibility to Tagosodes. All cultivars showed resistance to Rhizoctonia solani and Sarocladium oryzae and two (GL 301 and LTH 31) were susceptible to Pyricularia grisea. The OM6976, OM5451 and OM8087 cultivars reached high yield values, so they could be used as parents in breeding programs, as well as commercial cultivars.

[Characteristics of chest pain in acute coronary syndromes seen in the cardiology department of Befelatanana (Madagascar)]. / Caractéristiques des douleurs thoraciques au cours des syndromes coronariens aigus vus au service de cardiologie de Befelatanana (Madagascar).

INTRODUCTION: Chest pain is one of the different elements of orientation for the diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Sometimes its clinical presentation is misleading. The objective of this study was to describe the characteristics of chest pain during an acute coronary syndrome in the cardiology department of the Joseph Raseta Befelatanana University Hospital Center, Antananarivo, Madagascar. METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional, descriptive study of 10 months from January 2019 to October 2019. All patients diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome during this period were included. RESULTS: Sixty-five cases were included. A "typical chest pain" was only encountered in 7.7% of cases. Advanced age (p = 0.04) and sedentary lifestyle (p = 0.03) were associated with the occurrence of silent myocardial ischemia, and. hypertension with a prolonged duration (≥15 minutes) of chest pain (p = 0.03). Dyslipidemia was associated with atypical irradiation of chest pain (p = 0.003). Alcoholism had an impact on pain triggered by effort (p = 0.01) and relieved by rest (p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The current symptomatology of acute coronary syndrome is increasingly atypical. Knowledge of the factors that can influence the different characteristics of chest pain could serve as a benchmark in clinical practice in our population.

Caracterización in situ de poblaciones de Aloysia gratissima var. gratissima recolectadas del noreste de la provincia de San Luis, Argentina / In situ characterization of populations of Aloysia gratissima var. gratissima collected from the northeast of the province of San Luis, Argentina

Abstract: The aerial part of Aloysia gratissima (Gil lies & Hook. ex Hook.) Tronc., "Usillo", is used as aromatic and medicinal. It is a shrub of up to 3 meters, distributed in North America, from the south of the USA to the north of Mexico, and in South America up to the 37th parallel. As in other native sp ecies, the demand is covered by harvesting in wild populations, which brings about the deterioration of the resource and lack of homogeneity of the harvested product. The variability was characterized in nine populations of A. gratissima var. gratissima fr om the northeast of San Luis, Argentina, based on morphological and phytochemical characters. It was found that the species in the region presents considerable heterogeneity. Diversity was detected in the chemical characteristics of the essential oils anal yzed and the prevalence of mono and sesquiterpenes was related to the olfactory identities identified. The main components were the sesquiterpene spatulenol and the monoterpene 1,8 cineole

Resumen: La parte aérea de Aloysia gratissima (Gillies & Hook. ex Hook.) Tronc., "usillo", es utilizada como aromática y medicinal. Es un arbusto de hasta 3 metros, distribuido en Norteamerica, desde e l sur de EEUU hasta el norte de México, y en Sudamerica hasta el paralelo 37°. Al igual que en otras especies nativas, la demanda es cubierta por recolección en poblaciones silvestres, lo cual trae aparejado el deterioro del recurso y falta de homogeneidad del producto cosechado. Se caracterizó la variabilidad en nueve poblaciones de A. gratissima var. gratissima del noreste de San Luis, Argentina, en base a caracteres morfológicos y fitoquímicos. Se encontró que la especie en la región presenta una conside rable heterogeneidad. Se detectó diversidad en las características químicas de los aceites esenciales analizados y se relacionó la prevalencia de mono y sesquiterpenos con las identidades olfativas identificadas. Los componentes mayoritarios fueron el sesq uiterpeno espatulenol y el monoterpeno 1,8 cineol.

Civilization within the heart: the image and meaning of 'civilization' and 'culture' in Chinese characters.

'Civilization in Transition' was the theme of the JAP conference in 2021, and also the reality we are facing today, especially amidst the pandemic of COVID-19. From an oriental perspective, within the context of Psychology of the Heart, the author presents his thoughts in this paper, 'Civilization within the heart: the image and meaning of "civilization" and "culture" in Chinese characters'. The meaning of the heart is at the core of Chinese culture, as well as Chinese philosophy and psychology. Most of the basic psychological terms in Chinese characters are formed originally with the images of the heart; even the Chinese character for 'culture' and 'civilization'. C.G. Jung learned Chinese characters, and named them with I Ching symbols as readable archetypes. Today in world affairs we are confronted with highly turbulent and uncertain conditions that threaten any sense of coherent meaning, both personally and collectively. Jung's insights gained from the I Ching and his reflections on analytical psychology are still inspiring us. The images and meaning of the hexagrams which C.G. Jung used: 'Ting' (The Cauldron), 'Bi' (Grace), and 'Chin' (Progress), are the main threads of this paper and presentation, 'Civilization within the Heart', responding to the theme 'Civilization in Transition'.

« La civilisation en transition ¼ est le thème de la conférence du JAP en 2021, et également la réalité à laquelle nous faisons face aujourd'hui, particulièrement avec la pandémie de COVID-19. A partir d'une perspective orientale, dans le contexte de la Psychologie du Cœur, l'auteur présente ses pensées dans cet article « La civilisation à l'intérieur du cœur: l'image et le sens de 'civilisation' et de 'culture' dans les caractères chinois ¼. La signification du cœur est centrale à la culture chinoise, et à la philosophie et la psychologie chinoises. La plupart des termes psychologiques fondamentaux en caractères chinois sont à l'origine formés avec les images du cœur; même ceux pour «culture¼ et pour «civilisation¼. C.G. Jung a appris les caractères chinois, et les a nommés avec les symboles du Yi Jing en tant qu'archétypes lisibles. Aujourd'hui dans les affaires du monde nous sommes confrontés à des conditions hautement turbulentes et incertaines qui menacent toute cohérence de sens, aussi bien au niveau personnel que collectif. Les éclairages de Jung provenant du Yi Jing et ses réflexions sur la psychologie analytique nous inspirent encore. Les images et la signification des hexagrammes que Jung a utilisés: 'Ting' (Le Chaudron), 'Pi' (La grâce), et 'Tsien' (Le Progrès), sont les fils conducteurs principaux de cet article et présentation: « La civilisation à l'intérieur du cœur ¼, pour répondre au thème de « Civilisation en Transition ¼.

'Civilización en Transición' es el tema de la Conferencia del JAP en 2021, y también la realidad que estamos enfrentando hoy, especialmente en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Desde una perspectiva oriental, en el contexto de la Psicología del Corazón, el autor ofrece su reflexión en el presente trabajo, 'Civilización en el corazón: la imagen y el sentido de la 'civilización' y la 'cultura' en los caracteres chinos'. El sentido del corazón está al centro de la cultura China, así como también de la psicología y filosofía China. La mayoría de los términos psicológicos básicos en los caracteres chinos están formados originalmente con las imágenes del corazón; aún el signo chino para 'cultura' y 'civilización'. C. G. Jung aprendió los caracteres chinos, y los denominó junto a los símbolos del I Ching como arquetipos legibles. Actualmente, estamos siendo confrontados a nivel mundial con condiciones excesivamente turbulentas e inciertas que amenazan cualquier sentido de coherencia, tanto personal como colectivamente. Las comprensiones que Jung tomó del I Ching y sus reflexiones en la psicología analítica aún hoy nos inspiran. Las imágenes y el sentido de los hexagramas que Jung usó: 'Ting' (El Caldero), 'Bi' (Gracia), y 'Chin' (El Progreso), son las hebras principales de este trabajo y presentación, 'Civilización en el Corazón', respondiendo al tema 'Civilización en Transición'.

'Civilização em Transição' é o tema da conferência do JAP em 2021, e também a realidade que enfrentamos hoje, especialmente em meio à pandemia de COVID-19. De uma perspectiva oriental, dentro do contexto da Psicologia do Coração, o autor apresenta seus pensamentos neste artigo, 'Civilização dentro do coração: a imagem e o significado de "civilização" e "cultura" em caracteres chineses'. O significado do coração está no centro da cultura chinesa, assim como da filosofia e psicologia chinesas. A maioria dos termos psicológicos básicos em caracteres chineses é formado originalmente com as imagens do coração; até mesmo o caractere chinês para "cultura" e "civilização". C.G. Jung aprendeu caracteres chineses e os nomeou com símbolos I Ching como arquétipos legíveis. Hoje, nos assuntos mundiais, somos confrontados com condições altamente turbulentas e incertas que ameaçam qualquer senso de significado coerente, tanto pessoal quanto coletivamente. Os insights de Jung obtidos com o I Ching e suas reflexões sobre psicologia analítica ainda estão nos inspirando. As imagens e o significado dos hexagramas que C.G. Jung usou: 'Ting' (O Caldeirão), 'Bi' (Graça) e 'Chin' (Progresso), são os principais tópicos deste artigo e apresentação, 'Civilização dentro do Coração', para responder ao tema 'Civilização em Transição'.

Trait groups as management entities in a complex, multispecies reef fishery.

Localized stressors compound the ongoing climate-driven decline of coral reefs, requiring natural resource managers to work with rapidly shifting paradigms. Trait-based adaptive management (TBAM) is a new framework to help address changing conditions by choosing and implementing management actions specific to species groups that share key traits, vulnerabilities, and management responses. In TBAM maintenance of functioning ecosystems is balanced with provisioning for human subsistence and livelihoods. We first identified trait-based groups of food fish in a Pacific coral reef with hierarchical clustering. Positing that trait-based groups performing comparable functions respond similarly to both stressors and management actions, we ascertained biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of trait-group biomass and evaluated their vulnerabilities with generalized additive models. Clustering identified 7 trait groups from 131 species. Groups responded to different drivers and displayed divergent vulnerabilities; human activities emerged as important predictors of community structuring. Biomass of small, solitary reef-associated species increased with distance from key fishing ports, and large, solitary piscivores exhibited a decline in biomass with distance from a port. Group biomass also varied in response to different habitat types, the presence or absence of reported dynamite fishing activity, and exposure to wave energy. The differential vulnerabilities of trait groups revealed how the community structure of food fishes is driven by different aspects of resource use and habitat. This inherent variability in the responses of trait-based groups presents opportunities to apply selective TBAM strategies for complex, multispecies fisheries. This approach can be widely adjusted to suit local contexts and priorities.

Grupos de Atributos como Entidades de Manejo en una Pesquería de Arrecife Compleja y Multiespecie Resumen Los estresantes localizados agravan la continua declinación de los arrecifes de coral causada por el clima, lo que requiere que los administradores de recursos naturales trabajen con paradigmas en constante cambio. El manejo adaptativo basado en caracteres (TBAM, en inglés) es un marco de trabajo nuevo que ayuda a enfrentar las condiciones cambiantes mediante la selección e implementación de acciones de manejo específicas para grupos de especies que comparten atributos, vulnerabilidades y respuestas al manejo esenciales. En el TBAM, el mantenimiento de los ecosistemas funcionales está balanceado con el suministro para la subsistencia humana. Identificamos mediante un agrupamiento jerárquico los grupos basados en atributos de peces para la alimentación en un arrecife de coral del Pacífico. Al plantear que los grupos basados en atributos que desempeñan funciones comparables responden similarmente a los estresantes y las acciones de manejo, determinamos los impulsores biofísicos y socioeconómicos de la biomasa de un grupo de atributos y evaluamos sus vulnerabilidades mediante modelos aditivos generalizados. Identificamos siete grupos de atributos a partir de 131 especies. Los grupos respondieron a diferentes impulsores y desplegaron vulnerabilidades divergentes; las actividades humanas aparecieron como predictores importantes de la estructuración de la comunidad. La biomasa de las especies solitarias asociadas al arrecife incrementó con la distancia desde puertos importantes de pesca y los piscívoros solitarios de gran tamaño exhibieron una declinación en la biomasa junto con la distancia desde un puerto. La biomasa de los grupos también varió en respuesta a los diferentes tipos de hábitat, la presencia o ausencia reportada de actividad pesquera con dinamita y la exposición a la energía del oleaje. Las vulnerabilidades diferenciales de los grupos de atributos revelaron cómo la estructura de la comunidad de peces para la alimentación está impulsada por aspectos diferentes del uso de recursos y del hábitat. Esta variabilidad inherente en las respuestas de los grupos basados en atributos presenta la oportunidad de aplicar estrategias selectivas de manejo basado en atributos en las pesquerías complejas y multiespecie. Este enfoque puede ajustarse abiertamente para adaptarse a los contextos y las prioridades locales.

Estrategia de cruzamientos para el mejoramiento de pollos Camperos. Un proyecto colaborativo INTA-universidad / Crossing strategy for breeding Campero chickens. An INTA-university collaborative project

RESUMEN El pollo campero es un ave destinado a sistemas productivos alternativos al industrial. Campero INTA es un cruzamiento simple entre poblaciones sintéticas generadas por INTA en Pergamino. Estas poblaciones se han mantenido cerradas y con bajo tamaño efectivo con el consiguiente efecto detrimental asociado a fenómenos de depresión endogámica. Con el objetivo de disponer de una población doble propósito con adecuados niveles productivos de carne y huevos y de rusticidad para ser utilizada en sistemas semi-intensivos que preservan el bienestar animal, se implementó un programa de relevamiento del recurso genético disponible y se diseñó un plan de cruzamientos dirigido a la producción de un híbrido terminal de tres vías. La secuencia incluyó la evaluación de cinco poblaciones sintéticas maternas (A, E, DE, ES y CE), la selección de dos de ellas (ES y A), su caracterización en cruzamientos simples recíprocos [(ESxA) y (AxES)], la elección de la alternativa (ESxA) como progenitor femenino y su cruzamiento por gallos de la estirpe paterna mejorada AH' para la obtención como producto final del pollo Campero Casilda. La evaluación de su patrón de crecimiento, conformación corporal, relación de conversión y caracteres productivos a la faena indican que tanto los machos como las hembras cumplen, como aves destinadas a la producción de carne, con las exigencias establecidas en el protocolo respectivo. La evaluación de los caracteres productivos a la madurez sexual, el patrón dinámico de aumento de peso del huevo y las curvas de postura califican a las hembras para su utilización como ponedoras.

ABSTRACT Campero chicken is a bird destined to production systems alternative to the industrial one. Campero INTA is a two-way cross between synthetic populations generated by INTA in Pergamino. These populations have remained closed and with a low effective size with the consequent detrimental effect associated with inbreeding depression. To have a dual-purpose population with adequate meat and egg production levels and rusticity to be used in semi-intensive systems that preserve animal welfare, a survey program of the available genetic resource was implemented and a crossbreeding plan to produce a terminal three-way hybrid was designed. The sequence included the evaluation of five maternal synthetic populations (A, E, DE, ES and CE), the selection of two of them (ES and A), their characterization in two-way reciprocal crosses [(ESxA) and (AxES)], the choice of the alternative (ESxA) as female parent and its crossing by roosters of the improved paternal line AH' to obtain the Campero Casilda chicken as the final product. The evaluation of their growth pattern, body conformation, conversion ratio and productive characters at slaughter indicate that both males and females satisfied the requirements as birds destined for meat production established in the respective protocol. The evaluation of productive characters at sexual maturity, dynamic pattern of egg weight gain and laying curves allowed to qualify the females as layers.

PARÁMETROS GENÉTICOS DE CARACTERÍSTICAS BIOMÉTRICAS DEL FRUTO Y SEMILLA EN Caesalpinia ébano (FABACEAE) / Genetic parameters of fruit and seed biometric characteristics in Caesalpinia ebano (Fabaceae)

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar los parámetros genéticos de las características biométricas del fruto y semillas de Caesalpinia ebano. La investigación se realizó en Montería (Colombia), se seleccionaron diez árboles, y de cada uno diez frutos tomados al azar. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y estimación de parámetros genéticos para nueve características: peso fresco del fruto, largo del fruto, ancho del fruto, grosor del fruto, número de semillas/fruto, peso de semillas por fruto, peso de una semilla, volumen de una semilla y densidad de una semilla. Se detectaron diferencias estadísticas (p < 0,01) entre árboles, para todas las características, excepto para el ancho del fruto y peso de una semilla; denotando la existencia de variabilidad genética entre los árboles para peso del fruto, largo del fruto, grosor del fruto, número de semillas y densidad de una semilla. El peso y largo del fruto presentaron la heredabilidad media familiar y heredabilidad en el sentido estricto con los valores más altos (h2 Fam > 82 % y h2 E > 30 %). La ganancia genética esperada fue mayor del 10 % en cinco de las nueve características estudiadas, y mayor del 20 % para número de semillas y peso de las semillas (27,31 y 27,87 %, respectivamente). Los caracteres peso y largo del fruto se podrían transmitir a las generaciones sucesivas, con mayor posibilidad de éxito, mediante la selección fenotípica de árboles.

ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to evaluate the genetic parameters of the biometric characteristics of the fruit and seeds of C. ebano. The investigation was carried out in Montería, Córdoba (Colombia); ten trees were selected and from each, ten fruits taken at random. Variance analysis and estimation of genetic parameters for nine traits were carried out: fresh fruit weight, fruit length, fruit width, fruit thickness, number of seeds/fruit, weight of seeds by fruit, weight of one seed, volume of one seed and density of one seed. Statistical differences (p < 0.01) were detected between trees, for all traits except for width of the fruit and weight of a seed; denoting the existence of genetic variability between trees for fruit weight, fruit length, fruit thickness, number of seeds and density of a seed. The weight and length of the fruit presented the highest family heritability and narrow sense heritability (h2 Fam > 82 % and h2 E> 30 %). The expected genetic gain was greater than 10 % in five of the nine studied traits, and greater than 20 % for number of seeds and weight of seeds (27.31 and 27.87 %, respectively). The traits fruit weight and length could be transmitted to successive generations, with greater chance of success, by phenotypic selection of trees.

DIMORFISMO SEXUAL EN TAMAÑO Y FORMA EN UNA POBLACIÓN DE ESCÍNCIDOS DE COLA AZUL DEL GÉNERO Plestiodon (SCINCIDAE) / Sexual size and shape dimorphism in a population of blue-tailed skinks of the genus Plestiodon (Scincidae)

RESUMEN En este estudio, investigamos el dimorfismo sexual en el tamaño corporal (longitud hocico cloaca) y rasgos morfológicos (cabeza, cuello, tronco y extremidades) en una población de escíncidos pertenecientes a una especie recién descubierta del género Plestiodon. Además, se determinaron las trayectorias alométricas de los rasgos corporales que mostraron dimorfismo sexual y se discute su importancia en la expresión de las diferencias sexuales encontradas. Se realizó una prueba de t de student para detectar diferencias significativas en la LHC y se siguió un enfoque multivariado para investigar el dimorfismo sexual en los otros caracteres examinados. Se utilizó regresión por ejes principales reducidos (SMA) para determinar las trayectorias alométricas correspondientes. No se detectó dimorfismo sexual en la longitud hocico cloaca y masa corporal. La longitud y ancho de la cabeza, la longitud del cuello y la longitud de las extremidades traseras fueron mayores en machos que en hembras; en contraste, se encontró el patrón opuesto en el caso de la longitud del tronco (axila-ingle). Se detectaron relaciones isométricas, así como alométricas positivas y negativas entre los rasgos analizados. Sin embargo, únicamente el dimorfismo sexual en el ancho de la cabeza fue afectado por sus trayectorias de crecimiento.

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigated sexual dimorphism in body size (snout-vent length) and morphological traits (head, neck, trunk, and limbs) in a population of skinks belonging to a newly discovered species of genus Plestiodon. In addition, we determined the allometric trajectories of body traits that showed sexual dimorphism and discussed their importance in the expression of the sexual differences found. A Student's t-test was performed to detect different significant in the SVL and a multivariate approach was followed to investigate sexual dimorphism in the other characters examined. Reduced major axis regression (SMA) were used to determine the corresponding allometric trajectories. No sexual dimorphism was detected in the snout-vent length and body mass. The length and width of the head, the length of the neck and the length of the hind limbs were greater in males than in females; by contrast, the opposite pattern was found in the case of trunk length. Isometric relationships were detected, as well as positive and negative allometric relationships between the traits analyzed. However, only sexual dimorphism in the head width was affected by their growth trajectories.

Morfología y microestructura interna de la estrella quebradiza Ophiocomella alexandri (Echinodermata: Ophiocomidae) / Morphology and internal microstructure of the brittle star Ophiocomella alexandri (Echinodermata: Ophiocomidae)

Introducción: Ophiocomella alexandri es una especie conspicua del Pacífico Tropical Oriental. La diagnosis esta basada en especimenes adultos y no existen variaciones documentadas. La inclusión de microestructuras internas a las descripciones permitirá hacer comparaciones intraespecíficas e interespecíficas en taxones con problemas taxonómicos. Objetivo: Describir la morfología externa y las microestructuras internas de O. alexandri, incluida la variación. Métodos: Revisamos el material tipo de O. alexandri y el material en general depositado en tres colecciones científicas. Examinamos las microestructuras internas del brazo y la mandíbula con un microscopio electrónico de barrido. Resultados: Se describió detalladamente la morfología externa e interna mostrando las variaciones morfológicas de acuerdo al tamaño. Conclusiones: Las variaciones de la morfología interna de O. alexandri muestran que es necesario este tipo de análisis, y más importante aún que la morfología externa. Se recomienda realizar mas trabajos taxonómicos que incluyan a otras especies del género para esclarecer su estado taxonómico.

Introduction: Ophiocomella alexandri is a conspicuous species in the Eastern Tropical Pacific. The diagnosis is based on adult specimens and there are not documented variations. The inclusion of internal microstructures to the descriptions will allow intraspecific and interspecific comparisons in taxa with taxonomic problems. Objective: To describe the external morphology and internal microstructures of O. alexandri, including variation. Methods: We reviewed O. alexandri type material and general material deposited in three scientific collections. We examined the internal microstructures of the arm and jaw with a scanning electron microscope. Results: The external and internal morphology were described showing the morphological variations according to size. Conclusions: The variations in the internal morphology of O. alexandri show that this type of analysis is necessary, and even more important than the external morphology. It is recommended to carry out more taxonomic work that includes other species of the genus to clarify its taxonomic status.

Dimorfismo sexual, ¿natural? Una reinterpretación crítica de las diferencias biológicas / Sexual dimorphism: innate or acquired? A reinterpretation of biological differences / Dimorfismo sexual: natural? Uma reinterpretação crítica das diferenças biológicas

Resumen El presente trabajo expone una interpretación sexual dimórfica de las diferencias biológicas en la especie humana, que resulta de la lectura androcéntrica de los cuerpos que caracterizó la ciencia moderna. En contraste con esta lectura, se muestra cómo las prácticas sociales asociadas con los roles de género pueden traducirse en diferencias biológicas que "se ajustan" a una lectura dimórfica. Sobre la base de estos hechos, se propone que, si existen ciertos correlatos entre genitalidad y diferencias biológicas, los mismos no necesariamente son causados por los procesos de diferenciación sexual, sino por vínculos estadísticos dados por los estereotipos normativos de género. Las conductas implicadas en tales estereotipos se expresan biológicamente, y los roles de género crean muchas de las diferencias biológicas que hoy se asumen como naturalmente dimórficas.

Abstract This text argues that the dimorphic interpretation of biological differences in the human species results from an androcentric reading of bodies that have characterized modern science. In contrast to this perspective, the article shows how social practices associated with gender roles can produce biological differences that "adjust" themselves to a dimorphic reading. Based on these facts, we propose that if correlations between genitality and biological differences exists, they are not caused by the processes of sexual differentiation, but by statistical links given by normative gender stereotypes. The behaviors implied in such stereotypes are expressed biologically, and gender roles create many of the biological differences currently assumed as innate and sexually dimorphic.

Resumo O presente trabalho expõe a interpretação sexual dimórfica das diferenças biológicas na espécie humana resultante da leitura androcêntrica dos corpos que caracterizou a ciência moderna. Em contraste com esta leitura, mostra-se como práticas sociais associadas aos papéis de gênero podem se traduzir em diferenças biológicas que se encaixam na leitura dimórfica. Com base nisso, propõe-se que, se existem certos correlatos entre genitalidade e diferenças biológicas, estes não são causados necessariamente por processos de diferenciação sexual, mas por vínculos estatísticos dados por estereótipos normativos de gênero. Os comportamentos envolvidos em tais estereótipos são biologicamente expressos, e os papéis de gênero criam muitas das diferenças biológicas hoje assumidas como naturalmente dimórficas.

Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

Two new species from the upper rio Tocantins basin are described in Knodus based on the traditional definition of the genus. The new species are distinguished from other congeners by meristic and morphometric characters, such as the number of cusps in the premaxillary and dentary teeth, the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, the orbital diameter and the body depth. With the two new species, the number of endemic species in the upper rio Tocantins basin upstream of the mouth of the rio Paranã, rises to 53 (89 to the confluence with rio Araguaia). The existence of a meristic character that changes through ontogeny (allomery), viz. the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, was detected in some species of Knodus through a regression analysis. Additionally, this paper describes an unambiguous, more informative and precise new method for counting vertebrae, which will enhance the efficacy of this trait in species comparisons.(AU)

Duas novas espécies do alto rio Tocantins são descritas em Knodus com base na definição tradicional do gênero. As novas espécies são distinguidas das demais congêneres por caracteres merísticos e morfométricos, tais como o número de cúspides nos dentes do pré-maxilar e do dentário, o número de séries de escamas entre a origem da nadadeira dorsal e a linha lateral, o diâmetro da órbita e a altura do corpo. Com as duas novas espécies, o número de espécies endêmicas na bacia do alto rio Tocantins, acima da barra do rio Paranã, sobe para 53 (89 até a confluência com o rio Araguaia). A existência de um caráter merístico que muda ao longo da ontogenia (alomeria), ou seja, o número de séries de escamas entre a origem da nadadeira dorsal e a linha lateral, foi detectado em algumas espécies de Knodus com uma análise de regressão. Adicionalmente, este artigo descreve um novo método não-ambíguo, mas informativo e mais preciso, para a contagem de vértebras, que aumentará a eficácia deste caráter em comparações entre espécies.(AU)

Craniometric geographical variation in Hylaeamys megacephalus populations / Variação geográfica craniométrica em populações de Hylaeamys megacephalus

Hylaeamys megacephalus (G. Fisher, 1814) presents great genetic diversity and wide geographical distribution, and occurs in both the Amazon and Cerrado biomes. Because of its generalist aspect, this species tolerates different eating habits and habitats. It occurs in flooded and dry areas and is predominantly terrestrial, which allows greater gene flow between populations even over long distances. Studies that seek a better understanding of morphological variations resulting from differences imposed by the environment throughout this species' distribution are still lacking. This study aimed to analyze the differences between H. megacephalus populations based on craniometry, investigating whether the environment has an influence on morphology. We analyzed a total of 142 specimens from three scientific mammal collections: National Museum, "Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" (MN-UFRJ); "Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Reservatórios Silvestres", "Instituto Oswaldo Cruz", "Fundação Oswaldo Cruz"(LBCE-Fiocruz); and "Laboratório de Biodiversidade", "Universidade Federal de Goiás", "Regional Jataí" (LZE-UFG), and took 20 craniometric measurements. Craniometry was explored using unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA), canonical variate analysis, and principal component analysis (PCA). The results led us to conclude that there are three craniometric groups of H. megacephalus with a tendency to differentiate as a result of geographical influences.(AU)

Com grande diversidade genética e distribuição geográfica, Hylaeamys megacephalus (G. Fisher, 1814) ocorre tanto na Amazônia quanto no Cerrado. Visto seu aspecto generalista, esta espécie tolera diversos hábitos alimentares e habitats, ocorrendo em áreas inundadas ou não, sendo predominantemente terrestre, permitindo maior fluxo de genes entre as populações, mesmo em longas distâncias. Apresenta ampla distribuição, e carece de estudos que busquem um melhor entendimento sobre as variações morfológicas resultantes das diferenças impostas pelo meio ao longo de sua distribuição. O estudo teve como objetivo, analisar as diferenças entre as populações de H. megacephalus, com base na craniometria investigando se o ambiente interfere na morfologia. Analisamos um total de 142 espécimes oriundos de coleções científicas de mamíferos, do Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MN-UFRJ), Laboratório de Biologia e Parasitologia de Mamíferos Reservatórios Silvestres, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (LBCE-Fiocruz) e Laboratório de Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Regional Jataí, nos quais foram tomadas 20 medidas craniométricas. A craniometria foi explorada nas análises estatísticas de agrupamento de pares não ponderados com médias aritméticas (UPGMA), variação canônica e análise dos Componentes Principais (PCA). Os resultados encontrados nos levaram a concluir a existência de três grupos craniométricos da espécie de H. megacephalus com tendência a se diferenciarem, por influências geográficas.(AU)

Polymorphism of the PLIN1 gene and its association with body measures and ultrasound carcass traits in Qinchuan beef cattle.

The PLIN1 gene produces a phosphorylated protein wrapped in lipid droplets in adipocytes. This phosphorylation assists the mobilization of fat into adipose tissue. The purpose of the experiment was to study the polymorphism of the PLIN1 gene and its relationship with the body and carcass characteristics of Qinchuan cattle to find molecular genetic markers that can be used for breeding. The expression level of the PLIN1 gene was determined in various tissues by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the highest level of PLN1 expression was found in subcutaneous fat, followed by the heart and longissimus muscle, and the lowest level was found in the kidney. Five SNP loci of the PLIN1 gene were identified in 510 Qinchuan cattle, including g.3580T>C (SNP1), g.3898G>A (SNP2), g.8333G>A (SNP3), g.10517T>C (SNP4), and g.10538G>T (SNP5). The results show that SNP1, SNP2, SNP3, and SNP4 were moderately polymorphic (0.25 < PIC < 0.5), while SNP5 was minimally polymorphic (PIC < 0.25). SNP2, SNP3, and SNP5 were within Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P > 0.05), but SNP1 and SNP4 were not (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that the five SNPs of the PLIN1 gene were correlated with back-fat depth, intramuscular fat, and chest depth of Qinchuan cattle. The double haplotype H2H4 in Qinchuan beef was associated with body and carcass traits. We conclude that variants mapped within PLIN1 can be used in marker-assisted selection for carcass quality and body traits in breed improvement programs for Qinchuan cattle.

Fungal species concepts in the genomics era.

The 140 000 or so fungal species reported so far are heterogeneously defined based on varying criteria such as morphological, physiological, mating, and (or) molecular features. Incongruences are common among traits used to separating closely related species and it is often difficult to compare fungal taxonomic groups defined based on different species recognition criteria. Though DNA sequence-based classification and identification have been made, a consensus has not been reached, primarily due to intrinsic limitations in the proposed one or a few genes. Here, I argue that the fundamental reason for the observed inconsistencies is that speciation is a stochastic process with the emergence and fixation of different traits influenced differently by many non-deterministic factors such as population size, random mutation, mode(s) of reproduction, selection imposed by interacting biotic and abiotic factors, and chance events. Each species concept attempts to capture one or a few traits emerged in the continuous process of speciation. I propose that a genome sequence-based classification and identification system could unify and stabilize fungal taxonomy and help integrate taxonomy with other fields of fungal biology. The genomic species concept could be similarly argued for other groups of eukaryotic microbes as well as for plants and animals.

Cambios en los caracteres sexuales secundarios del paciente con disforia de género a consecuencia del tratamiento endocrino en Cuba / Changes in the secondary sexual characteristics of the patient with gender dysphoria as a result of endocrine therapy in Cuba

RESUMEN Introducción: La transexualidad es una incongruencia entre el sexo con el que se nace y el sexo al que se siente pertenecer, por tanto, estas personas desean cambios en su apariencia física que se logran mediante el tratamiento hormonal. Objetivo: Describir los cambios en los caracteres sexuales secundarios en pacientes con disforia de género en Cuba como consecuencia del tratamiento endocrino. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de revisión de las historias clínicas en 76 pacientes atendidas por disforia de género en los últimos 15 años. Se extrajo la información relacionada con datos sociodemográficos y algunos cambios físicos, como resultado del traamiento hormonal. Para el análisis de los datos se obtuvieron distribuciones de frecuencia de las variables cualitativas, media y desviación estándar de las cuantitativas. Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes corresponde a transexuales de hombre a mujer (THM). Al año, la mayoría de las personas ya tenían un estadio III o IV de desarrollo mamario (45,3 por ciento de estos tenían estadio III y el 32,3 por ciento estadio IV). Al año de iniciada la atención de los 58 pacientes, 41,4 por ciento tenían un patrón de vello triangular típico del sexo femenino con el que se identifican y a los 2 años ascendió al 80,5 por ciento. Al año se evaluaron 50 por ciento de todos los casos y en ese momento solo 5,1 por ciento mantenían un vello facial intenso y más de la mitad (56,8 por ciento), ya no tenían. Al inicio, la media del volumen testicular fue de 17,4 ml, a los 3 meses fue de 15,7 ml, a los 6 meses 14,3 ml y 9,7 ml al año. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con disforia de género en la mayoría de los casos logran cambios en los caracteres sexuales secundarios acordes al sexo con que se identifican(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Transsexualism is an inconsistency between the sex with which someone was born and the sex he or she feels belong to; therefore, these subjects want to do changes in their physical appearance that are achieved through hormonal treatment. Objective: To describe changes in the secondary sexual characteristics in patients with gender dysphoria in Cuba as a result of endocrine therapy. Methods: A study was conducted to review the clinical records in 76 patients treated by gender dysphoria in the past 15 years. It was collected the information related to socio-demographic data and some physical changes as a result of the hormonal therapy. For data analysis were obtained frequency distributions of the qualitative variables, the mean and the standard deviation of the quantitative ones. Results: The majority of patients correspond to male to female transsexuals (THM, by its acronym in Spanish). A year after, the majority of the patients already studied had a stage III or stage IV of breast development (45.3 percent) of these had stage III and 32.3 percent had stage IV). A year after the start of the attention of the 58 patients, 41.4 percent had a pattern of triangular hair typical of the female sex which they feel identified with and after 2 years it increased to 80.5 percent. After a year, there were evaluated 50 percent of all cases and at that time only 5.1 percent maintained intense facial hair, and more than half (56.8 percent) had no facial hair. At the beginning, the mean of testicular volume was 17.4 mL, after 3 months it was 15.7 mL, after 6 months was 14.3 mL and 9.7 mL after a year. Conclusions: Patients with gender dysphoria in most cases achieve changes in the secondary sexual characteristics in accordance with the sex which they feel identified with(AU)

[Morphological Keys for Identification of Sandflies from Morocco (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae)]. / Clés morphologiques pour l'identification des phlébotomes du Maroc (Diptera : Psychodidae : Phlebotominae).

The Moroccan phlebotomine fauna is composed of 24 species whose morphological determination may be difficult for non-taxonomists. The identification keys, presented here, allow the identification of sandflies genera and species in Morocco and will facilitate future studies on these insects of medical importance, Leishmaniasis vectors.

La faune phlébotomienne marocaine est composée de 24 espèces dont la détermination morphologique peut être difficile pour les non-taxonomistes. Les clés d'identification présentées ici permettent l'identification des genres et espèces de phlébotomes du Maroc et faciliteront les études futures sur ces insectes d'importance médicale, vecteurs de leishmaniose.