Arterial Blood Gases and Cardiorespiratory Parameters in Etorphine-Medetomidine-Midazolam Immobilized Free-Ranging and Game-Farmed Southern White Rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum simum) Undergoing Electro-Ejaculation.

With the rapid loss of individuals in the wild, semen cryopreservation has gained importance to safeguard the genetic diversity of white rhinoceroses (Ceratotherium simum). For semen collection via electro-ejaculation, immobilization of free-ranging individuals requires the potent opioid etorphine, which is routinely combined with azaperone, but causes hypoxemia, hypercarbia, acidemia, muscle rigidity, tachycardia, and systemic hypertension. In this study, the suitability of two alternative immobilization protocols including etorphine, medetomidine, and midazolam at different doses (high vs. low etorphine) was evaluated in adult white rhinoceros bulls in two different management systems (free-ranging vs. game-farmed) and undergoing electro-ejaculation. Fourteen free-ranging (Group 1) and 28 game-farmed rhinoceroses (Group 2) were immobilized with ≈2.5 µg/kg etorphine (high dose), ≈2.5 µg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 µg/kg midazolam and 1,500-1,700 IU hyaluronidase and received ≈2.5 µg/kg of butorphanol intravenously at first handling. Twenty game-farmed animals (Group 3) received ≈1 µg/kg etorphine (low dose), ≈5 µg/kg medetomidine, ≈25 µg/kg midazolam and 1,700 IU hyaluronidase. Respiratory rate, heart rate and peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured at 5-min intervals; non-invasive oscillometric blood pressures and arterial blood gases at first handling and before reversal of the immobilization; serum clinical chemistry analytes and hematocrit at first handling. Generalized mixed models (fixed factors: group, time, recumbency; random factor: individual rhinoceros) were applied to compare longitudinal changes between free-ranging and game-farmed rhinoceroses immobilized with the higher etorphine dose (Groups 1 and 2), and between the two protocols tested in the game-farmed rhinoceroses (Groups 2 and 3). All animals were successfully immobilized, presented with normal lactate concentrations (<5 mmol/L), experienced no muscle tremors and recovered uneventfully. Hypoxemia and hypertension persisted throughout the immobilization in all groups. Acidemia and hypercarbia were absent in Group 1, but present in the game-farmed animals. The lower etorphine dose in Group 3 resulted in significantly longer induction times, however, tachycardia was not observed. SpO2 was higher for sternal vs. lateral recumbency. Semen-rich fractions were recovered following electro-stimulation in 46 out of the 62 animals. Our findings suggest that etorphine-medetomidine-midazolam provides effective immobilization with fewer side effects compared to previous reports in white rhinoceroses and is suitable for successful electro-ejaculation.

Could Alcohol Abuse Drive Intimate Partner Violence Perpetrators' Psychophysiological Response to Acute Stress?

Proactively aggressive individuals have been shown to present a different pattern of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation from that of individuals characterized by reactive violence. Although attempts have been made to classify intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetrators based on ANS reactivity to acute stress, subsequent studies have failed to replicate this classification. Notably, the proposed classification neglected the role of chronic alcohol abuse in ANS dysregulation and the fact that this dysregulation entails an abnormal stress response. The aim of the present study was to analyze the response profile (psychological state and ANS response) of groups of IPV perpetrators with high (n = 27) and low (n = 33)-risk alcohol use to an acute stressor, compared to controls (n = 35). All IPV perpetrators scored higher on executive dysfunctions and impulsivity and showed larger decreases in positive affect, less satisfaction, and a higher external locus of control after the stressor than controls. IPV perpetrators with low-risk alcohol use had higher skin conductance levels and breathing reactivity than controls, especially during preparatory, task, and recovery periods. This information could help to develop methods for increasing batterers' behavioral self-regulation, thus decreasing IPV recidivism risk.

Respostas fisiológicas do exercício concorrente associado à ETCC em idosos / Physiological responses of concurrent exercise associated with CTEE in the elderly

Introdução: As alterações ocasionadas pelo envelhecimento são diversas, principalmente nos comportamentos fisiológicos e funcionais. A neuromodulação é apresentada como uma técnica promissora nessa temática, podendo aprimorar as respostas cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares, proporcionando assim uma promoção da saúde. A técnica de neuromodulação utilizada foi a Estimulação Transcraniana por Corrente Contínua (ETCC) que pode ser aplicada com uma corrente elétrica em polaridades positiva (anódica) e negativa (catódica). As pesquisas com o uso da ETCC e as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias e neuromusculares na prática da atividade física, ainda são recentes e, por isso, precisam ter seus mecanismos mais bem elucidados. Desta maneira, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar o efeito da aplicação da ETCC anódica em variáveis neuromusculares e cardiorrespiratórias durante e após o exercício de força e aeróbio (concorrente), comparando com a situação placebo. Métodos: Os 12 voluntários idosos que participaram do estudo tinham 75 ± 15 anos, realizaram 4 visitas respeitando um intervalo de 2 à 7 dias entre as coletas. A primeira foi a familiarização e teste de carga de 12rm, na segunda visita foram avaliadas as medidas antropométricas e o teste de esforço máximo no ciclo ergômetro. Nas outras duas visitas os indivíduos foram submetidos a aplicação randomizada duplo-cega da ETCC anódica ou situação placebo por 20 minutos em protocolo de pesquisa com situações em repouso, teste de força na preensão manual e exercícios concorrentes. Os dados coletados foram da força de preensão manual (FPM); variáveis da variabilidade frequência cardíaca (VFC) (domínio do tempo e da frequência); frequência cardíaca (FC); pressão arterial sistólica (PAS), diastólica (PAD) e média (PAM); consumo de oxigênio (VO2) e pós exercício (EPOC); escala adaptada de borg; consumo de caloria (Kcal); trabalho total (W). Tratamento estatístico: As análises estatísticas foram por meio do teste de normalidade Shapiro-Wilk, ANOVA de Medidas Repetidas para duas entradas em todas as variáveis, com post hoc de Bonferroni quando necessário, para todas as variáveis nas duas condições (Anódica e Placebo), exceto nas variáveis do consumo de Kcal/L e do total da carga de trabalho, ambas durante o exercício aeróbio, as quais foram submetidas ao teste-t de student para amostras pareadas. Quando os dados apresentaram distribuição não paramétrica foi aplicado logarítmico neperiano. Para todos os testes foi adotado p ≤ 0,05. Resultados: Os resultados não apresentaram mudanças significativas na FPM do membro direito com p=0,30; após o exercício concorrente na PAS p=0,21, PAD p=0,59 e PAM p=0,59; média da FC após o treino concorrente p=0,35; EPOC com p=0,50; Kcal com p=0,35 e o trabalho total com p=0,35. Conclusão: Os resultados indicam que a técnica de ETCC anódica quando comparada a situação placebo, não apresentou diferenças significativas em nenhuma das variáveis analisadas

Introduction: changes caused by aging are many, especially in the physiological and functional behavior. Neuromodulation is presented as a promising technique in this theme, can improve cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular responses, thus providing a health promotion. The neuromodulation technique used was Transcranial Stimulation Direct Current (tDCS) that can be applied with an electric current of positive polarity (anode) and negative (cathode). Research on the use of tDCS and cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular variables in physical activity, are still recent and, therefore, need to have their mechanisms better elucidated. Thus, the objective of the study was to verify the application of the effect of anodal tDCS in neuromuscular and cardiorespiratory variables during and after resistance exercise and aerobic (concurrent) compared to the placebo situation. Methods: 12 elderly volunteers who participated in the study were 75 ± 15 years, made 4 visits an interval of 2 to 7 days between collections. The first was the familiarization and 12RM strength test. The second visit was evaluated anthropometric measurements and maximal exercise test on a cycle ergometer. In the other two visits, patients underwent double-blind, randomized application of anodic tDCS situation or placebo for 20 minutes in the research protocol with situations at rest, strength testing on hold manual and concurrent exercises. The collected data were the handgrip; variables of heart rate variability (HRV) (time domain and frequency); heart rate (HR); Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean (MBP); oxygen consumption (VO2) and after exercise (EPOC); adapted Borg scale; Calorie consumption (Kcal); total work (W). Statistical analyzes: were by the normality test Shapiro-Wilk, repeated measures ANOVA for two entries in all variables, with post hoc Bonferroni when necessary, for all variables in the two conditions (anodic and Placebo) except the variables of consumption kilocalorie per liter and the total workload, both during aerobic exercise which were submitted t-test for paired samples student. When the data have non-parametric distribution was applied neperian logarithm. For all tests was adopted p ≤ 0.05. Results: The results showed no significant changes in the right member of the handgrip with p = 0.30; after the concurrent exercise SBP p = 0.21, p = 0.59 DBP and MBP p = 0.59; average HR after concurrent training p = 0.35; EPOC p = 0.50; kilocalorie per liter with p = 0.35 and the total work with p = 0.35. Conclusion: The results indicate that the anodic tDCS technique when compared to placebo situation, no significant differences in anyof the variables

Echocardiographic evaluation during weaning from mechanical ventilation

INTRODUCTION: Echocardiographic, electrocardiographic and other cardiorespiratory variables can change during weaning from mechanical ventilation. OBJECTIVES: To analyze changes in cardiac function, using Doppler echocardiogram, in critical patients during weaning from mechanical ventilation, using two different weaning methods: pressure support ventilation and T-tube; and comparing patient subgroups: success vs. failure in weaning. METHODS: Randomized crossover clinical trial including patients under mechanical ventilation for more than 48 h and considered ready for weaning. Cardiorespiratory variables, oxygenation, electrocardiogram and Doppler echocardiogram findings were analyzed at baseline and after 30 min in pressure support ventilation and T-tube. Pressure support ventilation vs. T-tube and weaning success vs. failure were compared using ANOVA and Student's t-test. The level of significance was p<0.05. RESULTS: Twenty-four adult patients were evaluated. Seven patients failed at the first weaning attempt. No echocardiographic or electrocardiographic differences were observed between pressure support ventilation and T-tube. Weaning failure patients presented increases in left atrium, intraventricular septum thickness, posterior wall thickness and diameter of left ventricle and shorter isovolumetric relaxation time. Successfully weaned patients had higher levels of oxygenation. CONCLUSION: No differences were observed between Doppler echocardiographic variables and electrocardiographic and other cardiorespiratory variables during pressure support ventilation and T-tube. However cardiac structures were smaller, isovolumetric relaxation time was larger, and oxygenation level was greater in successfully weaned patients.

Efeitos do treinamento de resistência de força com alto número de repetições no consumo máximo de oxigênio e limiar ventilatório de mulheres / Effects of strength resistance training with high number of repetitions on maximal oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold in women

Os efeitos do treinamento com pesos na aptidão cardiorrespiratória de mulheres não estão amplamente definidos. O estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos do treinamento de resistência de força com alto número de repetições no consumo máximo de oxigênio e limiar ventilatório em mulheres jovens. Participaram deste estudo 20 mulheres, com idade de 21,2 ± 2,7 anos, agrupadas em: I - grupo de treinamento de resistência de força com alto número de repetições (GT, n = 10) e II - controle (GC, n = 10). Todas as voluntárias foram submetidas ao seguinte protocolo: antropometria, teste cardiopulmonar em esteira rolante e testes de 1RM nos exercícios: leg-press 45º, cadeira extensora, mesa flexora, supino reto, puxador costas, desenvolvimento com a barra, rosca direta e tríceps com a barra. Os testes foram realizados antes e após 12 semanas. No período proposto, os grupos realizaram: I - GT: exercícios resistidos, os mesmos dos testes de 1RM, com três séries de 25 repetições, com aproximadamente 30 por cento de 1RM; II - GC: não realizou nenhum treinamento físico. Após 12 semanas, o GC não apresentou alterações nas variáveis estudadas (p > 0,05). O GT apresentou aumento significante da massa magra (p < 0,05) e diminuição do percentual de gordura (p < 0,01) e da gordura corporal (p < 0,01). Houve aumento dos testes de 1RM em todos os exercícios (p < 0,01) e aumento do consumo máximo de oxigênio (p < 0,05), mas não houve alteração no limiar ventilatório (p > 0,05). Conclui-se que o treinamento de resistência de força com alto número de repetições proporcionou melhora da potência aeróbia das voluntárias, evidenciado pelo aumento do consumo máximo de oxigênio, embora não tenha modificado o limiar ventilatório.

The effects of strength training on women's cardiorespiratory capacity have not been widely established. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance strength training with high number of repetitions on maximum oxygen uptake and ventilatory threshold in young women during 12 weeks. Twenty women, aged 21.2 + 2.7 years, were included in the study and assigned to two groups: I - resistance strength training with high number of repetitions group (TG, n = 10), and II - control group (CG, n = 10). All volunteers were submitted to the following protocol: anthropometry, cardiopulmonary testing on treadmill and 1 RM tests in the following exercises: leg-press 45º, seated leg extension, hamstring curl, bench press, lat pull-down, military press, standing barbell curls and lying barbell extension. The tests were performed before and after 12 weeks of training. Along the proposed period, the groups performed: I -TG: resistance exercises, the same of 1 RM tests, with three series of 25 repetitions, almost 30 percent of 1 RM; II - CG: no physical training whatsoever. CG did not show changes in the studied variables (p < 0.05). TG showed significant increase of lean mass (p < 0.05) and decrease of fat percentage (p < 0.01) and body fat (p < 0.01). There was increase in 1 RM tests in all exercises (p < 0.01) and increase of maximum oxygen uptake (p < 0.05); however, there was not change in the ventilatory threshold (p > 0.05) after 12 weeks. It is concluded that the resistance strength training with high number of repetitions improved the aerobic power of volunteers, evidenced by the increase of maximum oxygen uptake. However, the ventilatory threshold did not change.

Variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, índice biespectral e recuperação anestésica em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano, tratados ou não com tramadol / Cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane, treated or not with tramadol

Foram avaliadas possíveis alterações cardiorrespiratórias e no índice biespectral em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano, associado ou não ao tramadol. Utilizaram-se 16 animais, distribuídos em dois grupos denominados GC (grupo-controle) e GT (grupo tramadol). Todos os cães foram induzidos e mantidos sob anestesia com isofluorano. Os animais do GC receberam 0,05ml/kg de solução salina a 0,9 por cento e os do GT 2mg/kg de tramadol, ambos por via intramuscular. Foram avaliados: freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média, eletrocardiografia, freqüência respiratória, saturação de oxiemoglobina, concentração de dióxido de carbono ao final da expiração, índice biespectral e recuperação da anestesia. Concluiu-se que a administração de tramadol em cães anestesiados pelo isofluorano não produz alterações nas variáveis cardiorrespiratórias, no índice biespectral e no tempo de recuperação da anestesia, porém proporciona boa qualidade de recuperação anestésica.

It was studied fortuitous cardiorespiratory and bispectral index changes in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane associated or not to tramadol. Sixteen dogswere distributed in two groups named CG (control group) and TG (tramadol group). General anesthesia was induced in all animals with isoflurane via mask. After 10 minutes, the animals of CG received 0.05ml/kg of saline solution at 0.9 percent, and TG received 2mg/kg of tramadol, both via intramuscular. It was evaluated heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures; electrocardiography; respiratory rate; oxihemoglobin saturation; end tidal carbon dioxide; bispectral index and recovery of anesthesia. The administration of tramadol in dogs anesthetized with isoflurane did not produce changes in cardiorespiratory variables, bispectral index and anesthetic recovery time. In addition, this association promoted good quality of anesthetic recovery.