[The concept of caring and its contemporary translation: the view of French doctoral candidates]. / Le concept de caring et sa traduction contemporaine : regard de candidats au doctorat français.

Jean Watson developed, in the United States, a conceptual model of nursing based on caring. A term sometimes translated as "to care" without properly reflecting what the concept entails. This theory has been adopted in many countries. Some authors report that it brings satisfaction to students, nurses, and managers of health facilities. Based on Watson's work, Chantal Cara built the humanist model of nursing at Montreal University. The aim of the project is to improve the well-being of patients and caregivers. It is likely to retain existing nurses and attract the next generation to the institutions which implement it.

Undergraduate nursing student's attitudes to learning during clinical practice in different semesters when using a conceptual learning model grounded in a caritative caring perspective - A cross-sectional study.

AIM: To describe undergraduate nursing students' attitudes to learning during clinical practice in different semesters when using the conceptual learning model, Model for Improvements in Learning Outcomes (MILO) grounded in a caritative caring perspective. BACKGROUND: With the intention to support interlinking between theory and praxis and offer understanding and structure to facilitate learning, MILO, theoretically grounded in hermeneutics and a caritative caring perspective based on ethical values, was implemented. MILO consists of four contextual concepts (peer learning, co-clinical teachers, student-centred and student-active supervision) and four intrapersonal concepts (nursing, a reflective approach, a critical approach, quality and safety). METHODS: A descriptive comparative quantitative study design was applied at a Swedish university, 3 hospitals and 13 municipalities in one county. Cross-sectional data collected via a questionnaire developed to assess attitudes to learning related to MILO's contextual and intrapersonal concepts and their applications were used. RESULTS: 209 students in semester 3, 4 and 6 participated in 6 different clinical practice courses. In comparison, intrapersonal concepts, that is, the student's own characteristics and abilities were viewed to be of greater value for learning than contextual, that is, organisational-related concepts in all semesters. Understanding the needs of others and reflective learning were rated to be of major importance. Students in semester 3 valued the use of the applications the highest. To be supervised in pairs was rated the lowest in semester 6. Some of the concepts and their applications were to great extent not applied. CONCLUSIONS: In all semesters, fundamentals in caritative caring and characteristics and abilities related to the individual student were rated to be of greater importance for learning than environmental support. Providing students opportunities to develop independency seems essential. Use of a learning model such as MILO is dependent on a bearing of a caritative caring culture and a shared understanding between all involved in student learning during clinical practice.

Frontline nurses experiences about human caring during pandemic of COVID-19: A directed content analysis study.

AIM: This study aims to investigate experiences of frontline nurses about human caring during COVID-19 pandemic based on the Ten Caritas Processes® of Watson's Human Caring Theory. DESIGN: A directed content analysis was performed. METHODS: A total of 15 frontline nurses were recruited by purposive sampling from Razi hospital (north of Iran), in 2020 and semi-structured interviews were conducted. RESULTS: Extracted categories based on Ten Caritas Processes® included feeling satisfied in providing care to patients, effective presence with patients, moving towards self-actualization (moving towards transcendence), care with trust and compassion, experience positive and negative emotions, creativity in providing care, self-directing learning experience in the field of care, unfavourable environment for providing care, feeling acceptance and worth, uncertainty (facing the unknown). This study showed that communication skills, self-sensitivity, patient dignity, teaching-learning and problem-solving skills, holistic attention to the patient, and the provision of a healing environment are necessary for patient care.

COVID-19: An Organizational-theory-guided Holistic Self-caring and Resilience Project.

Purpose: In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) global human caring crisis, this article describes an innovative, theory-guided, holistic practice project at a major academic medical center in Northern California. The purpose of this theory-guided COVID-19 project was to address the self-care needs of caregivers so they could better care for patients/families who are confronting daily pandemic demands. Study design: The organization's professional practices are guided by Watson's theory of human caring and Caritas Processes. This setting has 16 Caritas Coaches® who have acquired expertise in human caring from an accredited program of the Watson Caring Science Institute (www.watsoncaringscience.org). Methods: Caritas Coaches® were mobilized to implement holistic caring-healing modalities such as aromatherapy and mindfulness meditation throughout the organization. Findings: By addressing the self-care needs of caregivers, the organizational culture shifted from fear, fatigue, stress, and burnout, to more intentional conscious, mindful, caring presence, gratitude, and purpose. Conclusion: This study has implications for other institutions regarding theory-guided practice and system responses to self-care needs of staff. This study provides an overview of the project from its origin to implementation and outcomes.

Watson's Ten Caritas Processes with the Lens of Unitary Human Caring Science.

The author in this paper articulates how Watson's caritas processes evolved to caritas-veritas light on virtues, facilitating unitary transformative experience. This shift builds harmonic coherence between major streams of consciousness that focus on (a) the physical and conceptually concrete (objective/quantitative/particulate/determinate); (b) the mental, emotional, meaningful/belief systems (subjective/qualitative/interactive/integrative); and (c) the gestalt of spirit and the natural environment (virtual/quantum/unitary/transformative). The lived experience of harmonically braided streams of consciousness melds human-environment, potentiating health, healing, love, and compassion. Unitary transformative pandimensional awareness unfolds in the consciousness and everyday life of the practicing nurse, facilitating a direct experience of sacred praxis.

Increasing the capacity to provide compassionate care by expanding knowledge of caring science practices at a pediatric hospital.

BACKGROUND: The emotional aspects of patient care affect care givers' capacity to remain present, safe and caring. As demands increase and capacity decreases care providers are at risk for compassion fatigue (CF). LOCAL PROBLEM: Our organization treats children with complicated diagnoses. Nurses carry a heavy emotional burden due to prolonged exposure to suffering with chronically ill children, ethical dilemmas, and an onus to also care for the parents. METHODS: Our program highlights theory guided practices that honor the complexities of caring for others and creates opportunity for the care giver to slow down and prioritize how they care for themselves. INTERVENTIONS: Caritas Circles, a small group intervention program, was developed to offer a deeper exploration of Jean Watson's Caring Sciences practice and theory using intentional practices to pause, be present and find peace in the midst of caring for sick children. RESULTS: Quantitative and qualitative measures show improvement in care providers' ability to prioritize their own needs as they care for others. Care providers noted the need to have organizational support for resiliency, a connection to purpose as a care provider, and opportunity to let go of the emotional residue found in their role. CONCLUSIONS: Organizations can no longer afford to ignore the emotional labor that care givers experience. This program highlights the need for hospitals to prioritize this type of experiential intervention and offer time during work hours where providers are honored and cared for, so they can continue to care for patients and families.

Self-care as an ethical obligation for nurses.

As members of the largest and most trusted healthcare profession, nurses are role models and critical partners in the ongoing quest for the health of their patients. Findings from the American Nurses Association Health Risk Appraisal suggested that nurses give the best patient care when they are operating at the peak of their own wellness. They also revealed that 68% of the surveyed nurses place their patients' health, safety, and wellness before their own. Globally, several nursing codes of ethics include the requirement of self-care. Often, these codes embed the responsibility to protect and promote one's own health within the clearly described obligation to provide safe patient care. The American Nurses Association Code of Ethics for Nurses is unique in that it states explicitly that nurses must adopt self-care as a duty to self in addition to their duty to provide care to patients. One of the basic assumptions of Watson's Philosophy and Science of Caring is that caring science is the essence of nursing and the foundational disciplinary core of the profession. Watson's theory of human caring provides support for the engagement in self-care. Two important value assumptions of Watson's Caritas are that "we have to learn how to offer caring, love, forgiveness, compassion, and mercy to ourselves before we can offer authentic caring and love to others" and we also must "treat ourselves with loving-kindness and equanimity, gentleness, and dignity before we can accept, respect, and care for others within a professional caring-healing model." Embedded within several caritas processes is an outline for a holistic approach to caring for self and others that can guide nurses to improve their mental, physical, emotional, and spiritual health.

Healthcare interprofessional team members' perspectives on human caring: A directed content analysis study.

OBJECTIVES: As Watson's Human Caring Theory continues to evolve and guide the discipline of nursing, the challenge is to find ways to integrate it into practice. The purpose of this study is to describe interprofessional team members' perspectives on human caring based on the Ten Caritas Processes®/Caritas-Veritas Literacy of Watson's Human Caring Theory within the Unitary Caring Science. METHODS: This is a qualitative directed content analysis study, taking place in a Children's Hospital in the United States between November 2017 and April 2018. Information redundancy was utilized to guide the recruitment. Data were collected via a one-time face-to-face individual interview. A qualitative directed content analysis was conducted using Watson's Ten Caritas Processes®/Caritas-Veritas Literacy as a coding framework. RESULTS: Twenty-seven healthcare professionals participated in the study. Interprofessional human caring, based on the Ten Caritas Processes®/Caritas-Veritas Literacy, was referred to as performing loving-kindness to patients, each other, and self; maintaining faith-hope in teamwork; valuing inter-subjective interactions and building trust among team members; cultivating heart-centered-caring relations; acknowledging and processing positive and negative feelings non-judgmentally; applying all ways of knowing in caring; encouraging reciprocal teaching-learning; developing caring-healing environments collaboratively; respecting human dignity of patients and each other; and being open-minded to the unknowns and believing in miracles. CONCLUSIONS: Watson's Human Caring Theory can be an underlying guide to enrich human-to-human relations and create a caring-healing environment. When human caring is applied in interprofessional teams, healthcare professionals find a caring consciousness to care for oneself and each other and promote patient care.

Para conseguir o impossível, é preciso lutar pelo impossível com amor / To achieve the impossible, you must fight for the impossible with love / Para conseguir lo Imposible, es necesario luchar por lo Imposible con amor / Pour obtenir l'impossible, il faut lutter pour l'impossible avec amour

O autor acompanha o amor na obra de Freud, desde uma carta a Jung, de 1906, em que Freud defende com convicção que o amor é o fator essencial na cura psicanalítica. Green diz que todas as correntes concordam com isso até hoje. Do amor individual passamos ao amor da psicologia das massas e, daí, vislumbramos a diminuição da violência e também das guerras no mundo, que se expressa com a longa paz entre as grandes nações, de 1945 até hoje. Para que isso seja possível, o amor tem que estar presente, embora saibamos que os perigos da bomba estejam muito vivos e sejam ameaçadores. Os pontos de vista divergentes de Steven Pinker e John Gray também são considerados. Os europeus criaram uma utopia que se tornou realidade: a União Europeia. Ela se constituiu através de um extraordinário perdão desses povos, fator que permitiu ao Ocidente viver o melhor dos mundos, em termos relativos, até hoje. Habermas defende ardorosamente a universalização dos direitos humanos, mas reconhece que, para realizar tal objetivo, esses direitos dependem de sua incorporação institucional numa sociedade mundial constituída politicamente.

The author has followed Love in Freud's work since the letter to Jung (1906) in which Freud defended with conviction that Love was the essential factor of psychoanalytic healing. To this day, all theories agree, Green says. From individual love, we go through the love of the Psychology of the Masses and, then, we may observe the decrease of violence and wars in the world, which has been expressed by the Long Peace between the Great Nations since 1945. It will only be possible if Love is present, even though we are aware of the dangers of the BOMB, still very alive and threatening. The divergent views of S. Pinker and John Gray are considered in this work. Europeans have created a Utopia that has come true - the European Union. It was constituted through an extraordinary pardon by these people, a factor that so far has enabled the Western world to live The Best of the Worlds, in relative terms. Although Habermas ardently defends the universalization of human rights, he recognizes that, to achieve this goal, these rights “depend on their institutional incorporation into a politically constituted world society.”

El autor acompaña el Amor en la obra de Freud desde la carta a Jung de 1906, cuando Freud defendía con convicción que el Amor era el factor esencial en la cura psicoanalítica. Green dice que todas las corrientes concuerdan con esto hasta hoy. Del amor individual pasamos al amor de la psicología de las masas y, de ahí, podemos vislumbrar la disminución de la violencia y también de las guerras en el mundo, que se expresan en la Larga Paz entre las Grandes Naciones desde 1945 hasta hoy. Para que esto sea posible el Amor tendrá que estar presente aunque seamos conscientes de que los peligros de la BOMBA están muy vivos y amenazadores. Los puntos de vista divergentes, de S. Pinker y de John Gray, también son considerados. Los europeos crearon una Utopía que se hizo realidad - la Unión Europea. Ella se constituyó a través de un extraordinario perdón de estos pueblos, perdón que permitió al mundo occidental vivir Lo Mejor de los Mundos, en términos relativos, hasta hoy. Habermas defiende ardorosamente la universalización de los derechos humanos, pero reconoce que para lograr tal objetivo estos derechos “dependen de su incorporación institucional en una sociedad mundial constituida políticamente”.

L'auteur suit l´amour dans l'ouvrage de Freud depuis la lettre à Jung en 1906, où Freud défendait avec conviction que l'amour était le facteur essentiel pour la guérison psychanalytique. Green dit que tous les courants sont d'accord avec Freud jusqu'à aujourd'hui. De l'amour individuelle, on passe par l'amour de la psychologie des masses et, ainsi, on peut apercevoir la diminution de la violence, aussi bien que celle des guerres dans le monde, ce qui est exprimé avec La Longue PaIX entre les Grands Pays depuis 1945 jusqu'aujourd'hui. Pour que ceci soit possible l'amour devrait être présent, même si nous savons que les dangers issus d'une Bombe sont encore très présents et terrifiants. Les points de vue divergents de S. Pinker et de John Gray sont aussi considérés. Les Européens ont créé une utopie qui est devenue réalité: l'Union Européenne. Celle-ci s'est constitué au moyen d'un extraordinaire pardon de ces peuples, pardon qui a permis au monde occidental de vivre “le meilleur des mondes”, en termes relatifs, jusqu'à présent. Habermas défend avec ardeur l'universalisation des droits de l´homme, mais il reconnait que, pour mener à bien un tel objectif, ces droits “dépendent de son incorporation institutionnelle dans une société mondiale constituée politiquement”.

Awakened by Love: Saint Francis of Assisi as Model for the Church's Mission to Health Care and Charitable Service.

Departing from the story of his encounter with the leper, Saint Francis of Assisi is offered as a paradigm of Christian health care and charitable service. In this grace-filled moment, Francis testifies that what had previously seemed bitter to him "was turned into sweetness of soul and body." He was changed by the encounter and awakened to his capacity to love. Francis's story witnesses to the divine initiative in calling us to charity, of recognizing the presence of Christ in those who suffer, and of acknowledging that our service of others is a privileged space in which the mystery of God becomes a reality. Weaved together with reflections from recent magisterial teachings, Francis's experience teaches us that Christian charity can never be reduced to an ideology or the accomplishment of works but flows from a heart touched by God, converted to truth, and expanded by love. Summary: In speaking to those involved in the charitable mission of the Church, Pope Benedict XVI once spoke of the need for a formation of the heart through an "encounter with God in Christ which awakens their love and opens their spirits to others." In this reflection, I offer Saint Francis of Assisi as a model of such formation, inspired by the celebrated moment of his encounter with the leper on the road: an encounter which witnesses to the primacy of God's initiative in enabling us to love with His own love and see His presence in those we serve.

E3 Ubiquitin Ligase c-cbl Inhibits Microglia Activation After Chronic Constriction Injury.

E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Caritas B cell lymphoma (c-cbl) is associated with negative regulation of receptor tyrosine kinases, signal transduction of antigens and cytokine receptors, and immune response. However, the expression and function of c-cbl in the regulation of neuropathic pain after chronic constriction injury (CCI) are unknown. In rat CCI model, c-cbl inhibited the activation of spinal cord microglia and the release of pro-inflammatory factors including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), which alleviated mechanical and heat pain through down-regulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Additionally, exogenous TNF-α inhibited c-cbl protein level vice versa. In the primary microglia transfected with c-cbl siRNA, when treated with TNF-α or TNF-α inhibitor, the corresponding secretion of IL-1ß and IL-6 did not change. In summary, CCI down-regulated c-cbl expression and induced the activation of microglia, then activated microglia released inflammatory factors via ERK signaling to cause pain. Our data might supply a novel molecular target for the therapy of CCI-induced neuropathic pain.

Ethics of Caring Conversation and Dialectic of Love and Justice.

Through the framework of Ricoeur's philosophy, Fredriksson and Eriksson develop an influential ethics of the caring conversation, which instructs nurses to have caritas, self-esteem, and autonomy on one hand and to engage respectfully and responsibly in caring conversations on the other. This article brings the ethics of the caring conversation into dialogue with Ricoeur's philosophy again. While Fredriksson and Eriksson draw upon Ricoeur's little ethics, this article relies on Ricoeur's dialectic of love and justice. The dialogue throws light on other aspects of caritas, which is vital in Fredriksson and Eriksson's ethics. It shows a need for nurses to strike a balance between love and justice and, also, to cultivate love.

Rendering LGBTQ+ Visible in Nursing: Embodying the Philosophy of Caring Science.

Although health care institutions continue to address the importance of diversity initiatives, the standard(s) for treatment remain historically and institutionally grounded in a sociocultural privileging of heterosexuality. As a result, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities in health care remain largely invisible. This marked invisibility serves as a call to action, a renaissance of thinking within redefined boundaries and limitations. We must therefore refocus our habits of attention on the wholeness of persons and the diversity of their storied experiences as embodied through contemporary society. By rethinking current understandings of LGBTQ+ identities through innovative representation(s) of the media, music industry, and pop culture within a caring science philosophy, nurses have a transformative opportunity to render LGBTQ+ visible and in turn render a transformative opportunity for themselves.

Creating Healing Environments Through the Theory of Caring.

We describe the journey of personnel at one hospital to create a healing environment for patients and staff members at all levels through the implementation of Watson's Theory of Human Caring and her Caritas Processes (ie, loving kindness, authentic presence, spirituality, being the environment, believing in miracles). We used experiential teaching and learning to explore the nursing theory with staff members. Positive outcomes include using Caritas Processes care plans in our electronic medical record, greater ease in the understanding and application of Watson's theory, integrating a blessing for nurses during National Nurses Week, inclusion of ministry formation courses to extend the mission of the hospital's founding religious order to current and future employees, and positive patient feedback. As a result of theory application, our nurses are more open to discussing caring, authentic presence and, when appropriate, prayer in their clinical narratives and how it is affecting patients and themselves.

A Globally-Conscious Nonlocal Nursing Community: From Caritas to Communitas.

The purpose of this article is to describe the creative process and nursing implications of the website, Holding Heartspace: A Nonphysical Ashram for the Like-hearted to Honor Story, Process, and Sacred Intentions of Caring-Healing-Loving in the World. Holding Heartspace is an example of a virtual community that links the experiences of nurses from around the world to a centralized forum. This site is the culminating project of the author's participation in and graduation from the Caritas Coach Education Program (CCEP). Human caring science is a theory of nursing maintaining several relevant components and definitions that have fostered the creation of Holding Heartspace. It is within the contextual realm of caring science that facilitation from caritas (compassionate, generous love) to the more universal communitas (recognition of our collective humanity) is realized and experienced (Watson, 2008).

The core of love when caring for patients suffering from addiction.

Drug addiction is a serious health problem. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the core of love when caring for patients suffering from addiction. The study had a hermeneutical approach. Four nurses working at a detoxification unit were interviewed. Data were interpreted using a hermeneutical text interpretation based on Gadamer's hermeneutics. The results revealed the core of love in four dimensions: love as an inner driving force, searching for the human being behind the addiction, faith in the inner power of human beings and love as a movement of giving and receiving. The hermeneutical interpretation revealed the core of love as sacrifice, showing that sacrifice is an ethical dimension and that sacrifice involves searching for the patient's ontological suffering. Sacrifice is connected to faith, and faith in love is decisive for a life without drugs. Sacrifice involves being mutual gifts to one another, a self-reinforcing motion of sacrifice that energizes the nurses to go on with their work.

Continuing Caritas Journey-Reflections Upon a Shared Private Pilgrimage.

This manuscript is a continuing saga of an earlier walking pilgrimage (El Camino in northern Spain): now a journey to Nepal, Bhutan, and Tibet, this time with others instead of alone. As I journeyed in close company with five others we experienced and expressed surprises about our selves and each other-our shared vulnerability, tolerance, and humility-uncovering lessons in living Caritas. As I trekked through these inner and outer adventures, Bhutan was discovered as a light of hope-a living metaphor of a people and a culture that hold and practice Caritas principles of loving-kindness, compassion, and equanimity for all sentient beings. Bhutan, a small country bordered by China and India, the only country in the world with a gross national happiness index and shared Caritas consciousness of oneness and connectedness of all, serves as a sacred path for humanity-a geographic Bodhisattva.

Disponibilidades para a realidade psíquica não sensorial: fé, esperança e caritas / Accesses to the non sensorial psychic reality: faith, hope and caritas

Nesse artigo o ser humano é abordado como ser aberto, no qual o psiquismo estaria em contínuo processo de constituição, que se daria por meio de três interfaces fundamentais: com a corporeidade, com o outro, com a área das experiências não sensoriais. Nessa última fronteira, encontramos a abertura para os fenômenos do sagrado, dos valores e pensamentos abstratos. Percebe-se que o psiquismo humano organiza-se por meio de uma estrutura religiosa. Nesse tipo de vínculo psíquico encontra-se a presença de imagens de potência e do divino, matriz a partir da qual surgem os fenômenos conhecidos por idealização. Discute-se a passagem desse registro saturado sensorialmente para o registro não sensorial, por meio de três disponibilidades fundamentais: Fé, Esperança e Caritas. Essa discussão é feita em companhia de três autores: Bion, Winnicott e São João da Cruz.

In this paper, the human being is addressed as an open being, in which the psyche was continuously in process of formation, this happen through three basic interfaces: with corporeality, with other, with the area of non-sensory experiences. In this last frontier is an openness to the phenomena of sacred, to the values and to abstract thoughts. It is observed that the human psyche is organized by a religious structure. In this kind of psychic bond, we find the presence of images of power and images of the divine; this is the matrix from which arise the phenomena known as idealization. This article tries to discuss the passage from the saturated sensorial psychic experience, to the non sensorial psychic experience through three fundamental accesses: Faith, Hope and Caritas. This discussion is made in the company of three authors: Bion, Winnicott and St. John of the Cross.

Disponibilidades para a realidade psíquica não sensorial: fé, esperança e caritas / Accesses to the non sensorial psychic reality: faith, hope and caritas

Nesse artigo o ser humano é abordado como ser aberto, no qual o psiquismo estaria em contínuo processo de constituição, que se daria por meio de três interfaces fundamentais: com a corporeidade, com o outro, com a área das experiências não sensoriais. Nessa última fronteira, encontramos a abertura para os fenômenos do sagrado, dos valores e pensamentos abstratos. Percebe-se que o psiquismo humano organiza-se por meio de uma estrutura religiosa. Nesse tipo de vínculo psíquico encontra-se a presença de imagens de potência e do divino, matriz a partir da qual surgem os fenômenos conhecidos por idealização. Discute-se a passagem desse registro saturado sensorialmente para o registro não sensorial, por meio de três disponibilidades fundamentais: Fé, Esperança e Caritas. Essa discussão é feita em companhia de três autores: Bion, Winnicott e São João da Cruz.(AU)

In this paper, the human being is addressed as an open being, in which the psyche was continuously in process of formation, this happen through three basic interfaces: with corporeality, with other, with the area of non-sensory experiences. In this last frontier is an openness to the phenomena of sacred, to the values and to abstract thoughts. It is observed that the human psyche is organized by a religious structure. In this kind of psychic bond, we find the presence of images of power and images of the divine; this is the matrix from which arise the phenomena known as idealization. This article tries to discuss the passage from the saturated sensorial psychic experience, to the non sensorial psychic experience through three fundamental accesses: Faith, Hope and Caritas. This discussion is made in the company of three authors: Bion, Winnicott and St. John of the Cross.(AU)