Preliminary characterization of chemical and sensory attributes for grapes and wines of different cultivars from the Weibei Plateau region in China.

Chemical and sensory attributes play a vital role in evaluating the quality of grapes and wines. This study compared basic physicochemical parameters, organic acids, phenolic compounds, and aroma profiles of grapes and wines of six cultivars using chemometrics. The results showed that the reducing sugar contents of Beibinghong, Gongniang, and Granoir grapes were significantly higher than those of others cultivars, whereas their juice yields were significantly lower. The phenolic compound contents in Moldova, Beibinghong, and Gongniang grape skins and wines were higher than those in others cultivars. The organic acid contents in Beibinghong grape and Dunkelfelder wine were highest. Beibinghong and Gongniang grapes and wines showed richer aldehyde and ester concentrations. Beibinghong wine obtained the highest sensory scores. Ethyl decanoate, coumaric acid, and methyl dodecanoate were characteristic variables distinguishing wine cultivars, exhibiting important contributions to their sensory characteristics. These findings were useful for viticulturists and winemakers to select grape varieties.

Toxic effects of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and tetracycline (TC) on the growth and development of Triticum aestivum: A meta-analysis.

The environmental issue of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and tetracycline (TC) contamination in cereal crops has become a growing concern worldwide. An in-depth understanding of this issue would be of importance to promote effective management strategies for heavy metals and antibiotics worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess the toxic effects of heavy metals (Cd, Pb) and antibiotics (TC) on Triticum aestivum (T. aestivum, common wheat) based on studies conducted in the past 22 years. Data pertaining to the growth and development of T. aestivum were extracted and analyzed from 89 publications spanning from 2000 to 2022. Our results showed that Pb, Cd and TC significantly reduced growth and development by 11 %, 9 %, and 5 %, respectively. Additionally, significant accumulation of Cd (42 %) and Pb (17 %) was observed in T. aestivum samples, although there was little change in TC accumulation, which showed limited absorption, accumulation, and translocation of TC in wheat plants. Pb had the greatest impact on the yield of T. aestivum, followed by Cd, while TC had no apparent effect. Furthermore, exposure to Cd, Pb and TC reduced the photosynthetic rate due to chlorophyll reduction, with Cd having the most pronounced effect (58 %), followed by Pb (37 %) and TC (8 %). Cd exposure also significantly enhanced gaseous exchange (37 %) compared to TC and Pb, which reduced gaseous exchange by 4 % and 10 %, respectively. However, the treatments with TC (>50-100 mgL-1), Pb (>1000-2000 mg L-1) and Cd (>500-1000 mg L-1) increased the defense system of T. aestivum samples by 38 %, 15 %, and 11 %, respectively. The obtained findings have significant implications for risk assessment, pollution prevention, and remediation strategies to address soil contamination from Pb, Cd and TC in farmland.

Spatial variability of soil fertility under agroforestry system and native forest in eastern Amazonia, Brazil

The usage of spatial tools might be helpful in the optimization of decision-making regarding soil management, with technologies that assist in the interpretation of information related to soil fertility. Therefore, the present study evaluated the spatial variability of chemical attributes of the soil under an agroforestry system compared to a native forest in the municipality of Tomé-açu, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. Soil samples were performed at 36 points arranged in a 55 x 55 m grid. The soils were prepared and submitted to analysis in order to determine pH in H2O, exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and aluminium, available phosphorus, potential acidity, organic matter, bases saturation and aluminium saturation. For each soil attribute, the spherical, gaussian and exponential models were adjusted. After the semivariograms fitting, data interpolation for assessment of spatial variability of the variables was performed through ordinary kriging. The spherical and gaussian models were the most efficient models in estimation of soil attributes spatial variability, in most cases. Most of variables presented a regular spatial variability in their respective kriging maps, with some exceptions. In general, the kriging maps can be used, and we can take them as logistical maps for management and intervention practices in order to improve the soil fertility in the study areas. The results principal components indicate the need for integrated management of soil chemical attributes, with localized application of acidity correctors, fertilizers and other types of incomes, using the spatial variability of these fertility variables.

Physio-chemical characterization of indigenous agricultural waste materials for the development of potting media.

Organic residues are an important factor that directly affects fruiting tree seedlings' health at earlier stages. It provides a suitable environment for seedling growth by providing better nutrient ions, water, and aeration. However, low organic contents and high shrinkage of most organic materials mostly deteriorate ideal potting media characteristics. Low aeration, high water, and nutrients leaching decrease seedling growth and cause a significant loss of valuable resources. That is why the current study was conducted to screen out the best indigenous materials based on particle size to produce good characteristics bearing potting media. For that, eight different ingredients, i.e., "sugarcane", "coconut coir", "wheat straw", "rice straw", "corn cob", "leaf litter", "farmyard manure", and "sunflower heads" were collected. Initially, all the materials were air-dried and processes as per requirement. After grinding, three particles size (fine = < 2 mm, medium = 3 mm and coarse = 5 mm) were separated by sieving. Results showed that decreasing particle size in "rice straw", "corn cob", "farmyard manure," and "sunflower head" decreased leachate pH. Higher EC in leachates was negatively correlated with particle size in all potting media ingredients. Except for farmyard manure, fine particle size increases the water-holding ability of potting media ingredients. However, air-filled porosity was associated with a decrease in particle size of potting media in gradients. In conclusion, farmyard manure, "sunflower heads", "leaf litter" and "sugarcane" should be incorporated while making a combination for potting media. More investigations are suggested by mixing different particle size ingredients to prepare potting media.

Attributes of pedoindicator soils in areas cultivated with typical crops in the Western Amazon, Brazil / Atributos de solos pedoindicadores em áreas cultivadas com culturas típicas na Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil

The crop systems adopted in the Amazônia region have been studied several times in terms of the variability and to indicate the soil attributes more sensitive to the different crops. Thus, the objective of this work was to apply multivariate techniques in order to identify the chemical attributes most sensitive to environmental changes in different crop systems in Western Amazonia, Brazil. The research was conducted in five rural properties located in the Humaitá city region, Western Amazonia, Brazil. There were selected four environments with natural characteristics (Native Forest - NF) and five cropping systems (Grazing, Cassava, Açaí, Agroforestry and Reforestation). In the selected areas, soil samples were collected at depths layers of 0.0-0.05 m; 0.05-0.1 m and 0.1-0.2 m and the following chemical analyzes were performed: pH in water, Ca2+, Mg2+, K +, Resin-P, phosphorus bio-available particulate (Pbp), OC, Al3+, H++Al3+ and from these results SB, T, t, m% and V% were calculated. Multivariate statistical techniques were used to verify similarities between the crop systems in the attempt to relate the crops grown and the chemical attributes. The multivariate analysis was essential in the crop systems distinction, as well as to describe the relationship with the chemical properties. The results demonstrate and reinforce the existing variability between crop systems, with emphasis on the variation in crop systems, compared to natural environments. (AU)

Os sistemas de cultivos adotados na região Amazônica vêm sendo utilizados em diversos estudos em termo da variabilidade exercida pelas práticas de manejo e até mesmo indicar aqueles atributos mais sensíveis a esses manejos. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar técnicas multivariadas a fim de identificar os atributos químicos mais sensíveis às mudanças ambientais em diferentes sistemas de cultivo na Amazônia Ocidental, Brasil. A pesquisa foi realizada em cinco propriedades rurais localizadas na região de Humaitá, Amazônia Ocidental. Foram selecionados quatro ambientes com características naturais (Floresta Nativa ­ FN) e cinco ambientes cultivados (Pastagem, Mandioca, Açaí, Agrofloresta e Reflorestamento). As amostras de solos nas áreas selecionadas foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0,0-0,05 m; 0,05-0,1 m e 0,1- 0,2 m. Foram realizadas as seguintes análises químicas: pH em água, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Presina, CO, Al3+,H ++Al3+ e a partir do resultado dessas análises foram calculadas a SB, T, t, m% e V%. Utilizaram-se técnicas de estatística multivariada para verificar semelhanças entre as práticas de manejo na tentativa de agrupar os sistemas de uso/atributos químicos. A análise multivariada foi preponderante na distinção dos sistemas de cultivos estudados, bem como caracterização da relação com as propriedades químicas. Os resultados demonstram e reforçam a variabilidade existente entre os sistemas de cultivo, com ênfase na variação dos sistemas de cultivo, em comparação com os ambientes naturais. (AU)

Association between parent materials and soil attributes along different geological environments in western Pará, Brazil / Associação entre materiais de origem e atributos de solos ao longo de diferentes ambientes geológicos no oeste do Pará, Brasil

The expansion of the agricultural frontier into different geological environments in the west of the state of Pará, northern Brazil, makes it necessary to know the influence of the parent material on local soil attributes. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of different parent materials on five soil profiles along a lithosequence exposed by the BR-163 highway, which runs from north to south through western Pará. The soils were classified, morphologically described and their main horizons sampled for physical, mineralogical and chemical analyses, including the determination of micronutrients, forms of phosphorus and secondary forms of iron. Multivariate analysis was used to group the different soil-parent material associations. The results demonstrated that the diversity of the parent material was a determinant of soil attributes, and was a conditioning factor for the formation of different clay minerals. Multivariate analysis grouped the soils along the lithosequence into a group formed by profiles derived from basic and intermediate igneous rocks, and a second group consisting of profiles derived from sediments and sedimentary rocks. The profile derived from acidic igneous rock showed greater similarity with the profiles derived from sedimentary materials in comparison to those derived from other igneous rocks.

A expansão da fronteira agrícola em diferentes ambientes geológicos no oeste do Estado do Pará, norte do Brasil, torna necessário conhecer a influência do material de origem sobre os atributos dos solos locais. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência de diferentes materiais de origem sobre cinco perfis de solo ao longo de uma litosequência exposta pela rodovia BR-163, que vai de norte a sul pelo oeste do Pará. Os solos foram classificados, morfologicamente descritos e seus principais horizontes amostrados para análises físicas, mineralógicas e químicas, incluindo a determinação de micronutrientes, formas de fósforo e formas secundárias de ferro. Análises multivariadas foram usadas para agrupar as diferentes associações solo-material de origem. Os resultados demonstraram que a diversidade do material de origem foi determinante para os atributos do solo, sendo um fator condicionante para a formação de diferentes argilominerais. A análise multivariada agrupou os solos ao longo da litosequência em um grupo formado por perfis derivados de rochas ígneas básicas e intermediárias, e um segundo grupo constituído por perfis derivados de sedimentos e rochas sedimentares. O perfil derivado de rocha ígnea ácida apresentou maior similaridade com os perfis derivados de materiais sedimentares em comparação àqueles derivados de outras rochas ígneas.

Loin eye muscle physico-chemical attributes, sensory evaluation and proximate composition in Korean Hanwoo cattle subjected to slaughtering along with stunning with or without pithing.

Korean Hanwoo Cattle (KHC) were utilized to compare existing and modified methods of slaughtering. Carcass traits, loin eye muscle color coordination, physico-chemical attributes, sensory evaluation and proximate composition were assessed. Twelve KHC were slaughtered following 1) CSNHS: non-halal way neck cutting as following captive bolt stunning with pithing and 2) CSHS: halal way neck cutting as following captive bolt stunning without pithing. Loin eye muscle color coordination, physico-chemical attributes and sensory evaluation did not differ significantly subjected to slaughter types (P > 0.05). However, loin eye muscle crude ash content was higher in CSHS group relative to CSNHS (P < 0.05). Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that several traits were affected by slaughter types. Overall, CSHS ensures no negative impact on meat yield and qualitative traits rather led a higher loin eye muscle crude ash content. Therefore, CSHS could be adopted in Korean slaughterhouses with modification of existing practice.

SOIL-PLANT NUTRIENT INTERACTIONS IN TWO MANGROVE AREAS AT SOUTHERN BRAZIL / Interacciones de nutrientes entre suelo y planta en dos áreas de manglares en el sur de Brasil / Interação entre a composição química de solo e planta em dois manguezais no sul do Brasil

Mangrove forests have a simple architecture. They shelter a few number of arboreal species that grow in a saline environment subject to tidal activity. The research objective was to evaluate possible interactions between physical-chemical soil attributes and plant-leaf nutrient concentrations of different mangrove species. Different mangrove species growing in the same soil, and the same mangrove species growing in two different soil classes were evaluated as to their leaf nutrient concentration patterns. The study was carried out in mangrove areas of the State of Paraná, southern Brazil, in two distinct soil classes: HISTOSOL THIOMORPHIC Salic sodic and GLEYSOL THIOMORPHIC Salic sodic; and three different species: Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle. Two subareas were delimited within each area from which soil and leaf samples were collected. Samplings from five individuals of each dominant mangrove species were taken from the soil (0-10 cm deep) under each tree crown projection. The data was submitted to statistical analysis using a set of simple and multivariate analysis in order to determine possible differences among mangrove species leaf nutrient concentrations, and whether these differences might be correlated with the soil attributes or not. The results exposed that the nutritional state of the mangrove species is different and independent form the soil attributes in which they grow. Few correlations were found among leaf nutrient concentrations and soil attributes, suggesting differential selective nutrient uptake among species.

Los manglares son bosques de arquitectura simple que albergan pocas especies arbóreas, creciendo en un ambiente salino sometido a la influencia de las mareas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las posibles interacciones entre las propiedades fisicoquímicas del suelo y la concentración de nutrientes en hojas de diferentes especies de mangle. Se investigó si las diferentes especies que se desarrollan en la misma clase de suelo tienen concentraciones de nutrientes foliares similares, y si las plantas de mangles de la misma especie que se desarrollan en diferentes tipos de suelos tienen concentraciones foliares similares. El estudio se desarrolló en manglares del Estado de Paraná, sur de Brasil, en dos tipos de suelos diferentes (HISTOSOL TIÓNICO Salino sódico y GLEYSOL TIÓNICO Salino sódico). Se analizaron tres especies vegetales diferentes (Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa y Rhizophora mangle). En cada área se delimitaron dos subáreas para recolectar el suelo y las hojas de cada una de las especies. Se tomaron cinco individuos de cada especie del dosel dominante para recoger hojas y muestras de suelo de 0-10 cm, en la proyección de la copa de los árboles seleccionados. Se realizaron análisis univariados y multivariados para probar si las especies de mangle tienen perfiles nutricionales diferentes, y si existe alguna correlación entre las propiedades del suelo con la composición química de las hojas. Los resultados mostraron que el estado nutricional de las especies de mangle es distinto e independiente de los atributos de los suelos en los que se encuentran. Las concentraciones de elementos en las hojas presentan poca correlación con los nutrientes del suelo, lo que sugiere que la absorción de nutrientes por las plantas es selectiva.

Manguezais são florestas de arquitetura simples, abrigando poucas espécies arbóreas, vegetando em ambiente salino e sujeito ao regime de marés. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar as possíveis interações entre os atributos físico-químicos do solo e a concentração de nutrientes nas folhas de diferentes espécies de mangue. Assim, foi investigado se as diferentes espécies que se desenvolvem sobre a mesma classe de solo apresentam concentrações de nutrientes foliares similares, e se plantas de mangue da mesma espécie que ocorrem sobre diferentes classes de solo apresentam concentrações de nutrientes foliares similares. O estudo foi desenvolvido em manguezais no Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil, em duas classes distintas de solo (ORGANOSSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Sálico sódico e GLEISSOLO TIOMÓRFICO Sálico sódico), e três espécies diferentes de plantas (Avicennia schaueriana, Laguncularia racemosa and Rhizophora mangle). Em cada área foram delimitadas duas subáreas para coleta de solo e folhas das espécies. Cinco indivíduos do dossel dominante de cada espécie para coleta de folhas, na projeção da copa das árvores, e amostras de solo de 0-10 cm foram selecionados. Para testar se espécies de mangue apresentam perfis nutricionais distintos e se há correlação entre os atributos do solo com a composição química foliar um conjunto de análises univariadas multivariadas foram realizadas. Os resultados demonstraram que o estado nutricional das plantas é distinto e individualizado, independente dos atributos do solo em que se encontram as espécies. As concentrações dos elementos nas folhas pouco se correlacionaram com os nutrientes do solo, sugerindo absorção seletiva dos nutrientes pelas plantas.

The Effects of Zataria multiflora Boiss Essential Oil and Nisin on Chemical Characteristics of Rainbow Trout Fillet Stored at 4 °C.

This study evaluated the effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil (EO) and nisin on fresh rainbow trout fillets during storage at 4 °C. Treatments included the following: A (control samples without EO and nisin), E1 (treated samples with 0.2% EO), E2 (treated samples with 0.4% EO), N (treated samples with 150 IU nisin/g), E1N (treated samples with 0.2% EO and nisin) and E2N (treated samples with 0.4% EO and nisin). Chemical and oxidation changes were investigated in this study as the functions of treatment and storage time. E1N and E2N had better effects on oxidation changes and maintaining values of peroxide value and thiobarbituric acid than A, E1, E2 and N treatments. Lower total volatile base nitrogen was found in E2N than in other treatments during storage time.

Aplicação de adubo e corretivo após o corte da cana-planta utilizando técnicas geoestatísticas / Fertilizer and limestone applications after the harvest of sugarcane as determined by geostatistics techniques

O conhecimento da variação espacial de atributos do solo pode contribuir para o planejamento e a otimização na condução de experimentos e de lavouras comerciais, objetivando a agricultura de precisão. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a necessidade de fertilizante e calcário para implantação da agricultura de precisão, com base no comportamento espacial de atributos químicos de um Latossolo após o corte da cana-planta. Os dados foram avaliados pela estatística descritiva e análise da dependência espacial, com base no ajuste de semivariogramas. As técnicas de geoestatísticas apresentam-se como ferramentas auxiliares na aplicação de fertilizantes por meio de taxa variada, detectando, para a área em estudo, que não se recomenda a aplicação de fósforo e calagem por taxa variada.

Knowing the spatial variation of soil properties can contribute for planning and optimization of experiments and commercial crops based on precision agriculture. The objective of this research was to evaluate the necessity of fertilizer and limestone applications for the implantation of precision agriculture techniques based on the spatial behavior of chemical attributes of one Latosol after the harvest of the sugarcane. The data were evaluated by means of descriptive statistics and spatial dependence analysis with the adjustment of semivariograms. The geostatistics techniques applied were found to be suitable as auxiliary tools in the fertilizer application by means of variable rates. It was detected that phosphorus and limestone applications were not necessary according to the variable rate.