Women's Autonomy and Anemia in Children under Five Years of Age: A Peruvian Population-Based Survey.

To determine the association between women's autonomy and the presence of childhood anemia in children under five years of age in Peru, a cross-sectional study utilizing data from the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey was carried out. The study employed generalized linear models with a Poisson distribution and log link function. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) were calculated, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), to assess the association of interest. A total of 15,815 women and their children under five years of age were analyzed. The prevalence of childhood anemia was 30.4% (95%CI: 29.5-31.3%), while the proportions of low, moderate and high autonomy of the mothers were 44.5%, 38.4% and 17.1%, respectively. Children under five years of age of women with a low level of autonomy were more likely to have anemia (aPR: 1.10; 95%CI: 1.00-1.21). Three out of ten children under five years of age suffer from anemia, and four out of ten mothers have a low level of autonomy. A low level of women's autonomy was associated with a higher probability of anemia in children under 5 years of age.

Malnutrition in mother-child dyads in the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) / Má nutrição em díades mãe-filho no Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) / Malnutrición en díadas madre-hijo en el Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019)

Abstract: Malnutrition affects billions of individuals worldwide and represents a global health challenge. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition (undernutrition or overweight) among mother-child dyads in children under 5 years old in Brazil in 2019 and to estimate changes in this prevalence from 2006 to 2019. Individual-level data from the Brazilian National Survey on Child Nutrition (ENANI-2019) and the Brazilian National Survey of Demography and Health of Women and Children carried out in 2006 (PNDS 2006) were analyzed. Malnutrition outcomes in mother-child dyads included overweight mother and child, undernourished mother and child, and the double burden of malnutrition, i.e., overweight mother and child having any form of undernourishment (stunting, wasting, or underweight). Prevalence and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated. Most women (58.2%) and 9.7% of the children were overweight, 6.9% were stunted, and 3.1% of mothers and 2.9% of the children were underweight. The prevalence of overweight in the mother-child dyad was 7.8% and was statistically higher in Southern Brazil (9.7%; 95%CI: 7.5; 11.9) than in the Central-West (5.4%; 95%CI: 4.3; 6.6). The prevalence of overweight mother and stunted child was 3.5%, with statistically significant difference between the extremes of the mother's education [0-7 vs. ≥ 12 years, 4.8% (95%CI: 3.2; 6.5) and 2.1%, (95%CI: 1.2; 3.0), respectively]. Overweight in the dyad increased from 5.2% to 7.8%, and the double burden of malnutrition increased from 2.7% to 5.2% since 2006. Malnutrition in Brazilian mother-child dyads seems to be a growing problem, and dyads with lower formal education, higher maternal age, and from the South Region of Brazil were more vulnerable.

Resumo: A má nutrição afeta bilhões de indivíduos em todo o mundo e representa um desafio de saúde global. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de má nutrição (desnutrição ou excesso de peso) entre díades mãe-filho em crianças menores de cinco anos no Brasil em 2019 e estimar as mudanças nessa prevalência de 2006 a 2019. Foram analisados dados individuais do Estudo Nacional de Alimentação e Nutrição Infantil (ENANI-2019) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde da Criança e da Mulher realizada em 2006 (PNDS 2006). Os desfechos de má nutrição incluíram mãe e filho com excesso de peso, mãe e filho desnutridos e a dupla carga de má nutrição, ou seja, mãe com excesso de peso e filho com qualquer forma de desnutrição (défict de crescimento, magreza ou baixo peso). Foram estimadas a prevalência e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A maioria das mulheres (58,2%) e 9,7% das crianças estavam acima do peso, 6,9% apresentaram déficit de crescimento e 3,1% das mães e 2,9% das crianças estavam abaixo do peso. A prevalência de excesso de peso na díade mãe-filho foi de 7,8% e foi estatisticamente maior no Sul do Brasil (9,7%; IC95%: 7,5; 11,9) do que no Centro-oeste (5,4%; IC95%: 4,3; 6,6). A prevalência de mãe com sobrepeso e filho com déficit de crescimento foi de 3,5%, com uma diferença estatisticamente significante entre os extremos de escolaridade materna [(0-7 vs. ≥ 12 anos de estudo), 4,8% (IC95%: 3,2; 6,5) and 2,1% (IC95%: 1,2; 3,0), respectivamente]. O excesso de peso na díade aumentou de 5,2% para 7,8% e a dupla carga de má nutrição aumentou de 2,7% para 5,2% desde 2006. A má nutrição nas díades mãe-filho brasileiras parece ser um problema crescente, sendo as mais vulneráveis aquelas com menor escolaridade e maior idade materna e residentes na Região Sul do Brasil.

Resumen: La malnutrición afecta a muchas personas en todo el mundo y representa un desafío para la salud mundial. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición (desnutrición o sobrepeso) entre díadas madre-hijo en niños menores de cinco años en Brasil en 2019 y estimar cambios en esta prevalencia de 2006 a 2019. Se analizaron datos individuales del Estudio Nacional de Alimentación y Nutrición Infantil (ENANI-2019) y de la Encuesta Nacional de Demografía y Salud del Niño y de la Mujer de 2006 (PNDS 2006). Los resultados de la malnutrición incluyeron a madre e hijo con sobrepeso, madre e hijo desnutridos y la doble carga de mala nutrición, es decir, madre con sobrepeso e hijo con cualquier forma de desnutrición (retardo en el crecimiento, emaciación o bajo peso). Se calcularon prevalencias y los intervalos de 95% de confianza (IC95%). La mayoría de las mujeres (58,2%) y el 9,7% de los niños tenían sobrepeso, el 6,9% de los niños presentaban retraso en el crecimiento, y el 3,1% de las madres y el 2,9% de los niños, bajo peso. La prevalencia de sobrepeso en la díada madre-hijo fue del 7,8%, estadísticamente mayor en el Sur de Brasil (9,7%; IC95%: 7,5; 11,9) que en el Centro-Oeste (5,4%; IC95%: 4,3; 6,6). La prevalencia de madres con sobrepeso y de niños con retraso del crecimiento fue del 3,5%, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los extremos de nivel educativo de la madre [(0-7 vs. ≥ 12 años de nivel educativo), 4,8% (IC95%: 3,2; 6,5) y 2,1% (IC95%: 1,2; 3,0), respectivamente]. El sobrepeso en la díada tuvo un aumento del 5,2% al 7,8%, y la doble carga de mala nutrición aumentó del 2,7% al 5,2% desde 2006. La malnutrición en la díada madre-hijo brasileña resulta ser un problema creciente, siendo las más vulnerables aquellas con menor escolaridad y mayor edad materna y residentes en la Región Sur de Brasil.

A Mediterranean-Diet-Based Nutritional Intervention for Children with Prediabetes in a Rural Town: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial.

Prediabetes is a pathological condition in which the blood glucose concentration is higher than normal concentrations but lower than those considered necessary for a type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis. Various authors have indicated that the Mediterranean Diet is one of the dietary patterns with the most healthy outcomes, reducing high levels of HbA1c, triglycerides, BMI, and other anthropometric parameters. The main objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of the nutritional intervention for children with prediabetes, including the effectiveness of this nutritional education regarding anthropometric parameters. A randomized pilot trial with two groups, an experimental group (EG) and a control group (CG), using intervention in dietary habits with nutritional reinforcement was carried out on 29 children with prediabetes from a rural area. The nutritional intervention was analyzed through astrophotometric and glycemic measurements and validated surveys. Results: The results indicated improvement in eating habits, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, anthropometric measurements, mainly body mass index and perimeters, and analytical parameters, with a significant decrease in glycated hemoglobin in the EG compared to the CG (p < 0.001). Although the results showed that both groups' anthropometric parameters improved, a more significant decrease was observed in the experimental group compared to the control.

Growth management and prevalence of underweight of indigenous children (Orang Asli) in Peninsular Malaysia: a clinical audit.

BACKGROUND: Most indigenous people (Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia) live in poverty, and their children are at risk of growth problems due to nutrition deficiency. Routine health and growth assessments are essential to identify these children. This clinical audit aimed to determine the growth management of indigenous children and the prevalence of underweight among these children in Perak state, Malaysia. METHODS: A clinical audit was conducted in 2016 after obtaining consensus from stakeholders for audit criteria, forms, and procedures. All weight-for-age growth charts of Orang Asli children aged 2 and below were sampled for retrospective audit. This audit excluded children who required special needs. Growth charts were examined against audit criteria: (i) quality of growth chart plotting (charts were not plotted, incompletely plotted, or incorrectly plotted), (ii) presence of underweight, and (iii) appropriateness of action taken (appropriate or inappropriate action) according to local standard operating policies. Eligible auditors were first trained using simulated growth charts. RESULTS: Out of 1329 growth charts audited, 797 (60%) growth charts were correctly plotted, 527 (39.7%) were incompletely or incorrectly plotted, and five (0.3%) were not plotted. Overall, 40.0% of the growth chart was plotted incorrectly or completely not plotted. 550 (41.4%) children were found to be underweight, and 71.5% of them received inappropriate care management. Where growth charts were correctly plotted, 283 children were identified with underweight problems, and 194 (68.6%) of them received inappropriate care. For growth charts that were plotted incompletely or incorrectly, 267 children were identified as having underweight problems, and 199 (74.5%) received inappropriate care. The growth status of 265 (19.9%) children was unable to be determined due to incomplete plotting. CONCLUSION: Approximately 40% of indigenous Orang Asli children aged 2 years and under were underweight, and most of them received inappropriate care.

HRV analysis: undependability of approximate entropy at locating optimum complexity in malnourished children.

INTRODUCTION: Approximate Entropy is an extensively enforced metric to evaluate chaotic responses and irregularities of RR intervals sourced from an eletrocardiogram. However, to estimate their responses, it has one major problem - the accurate determination of tolerances and embedding dimensions. So, we aimed to overt this potential hazard by calculating numerous alternatives to detect their optimality in malnourished children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 70 subjects split equally: malnourished children and controls. To estimate autonomic modulation, the heart rate was measured lacking any physical, sensory or pharmacologic stimuli. In the time series attained, Approximate Entropy was computed for tolerance (0.1→0.5 in intervals of 0.1) and embedding dimension (1→5 in intervals of 1) and the statistical significances between the groups by their Cohen's ds and Hedges's gs were totalled. RESULTS: The uppermost value of statistical significance accomplished for the effect sizes for any of the combinations was -0.2897 (Cohen's ds) and -0.2865 (Hedges's gs). This was achieved with embedding dimension = 5 and tolerance = 0.3. CONCLUSIONS: Approximate Entropy was able to identify a reduction in chaotic response via malnourished children. The best values of embedding dimension and tolerance of the Approximate Entropy to identify malnourished children were, respectively, embedding dimension = 5 and embedding tolerance = 0.3. Nevertheless, Approximate Entropy is still an unreliable mathematical marker to regulate this.

Impact of home food production on nutritional blindness, stunting, wasting, underweight and mortality in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials.

Vitamin A deficiency is highly prevalent and remains the major cause of nutritional blindness in children in low-and middle-income countries, despite supplementation programmes. Xeropthalmia (severe drying and thickening of the conjunctiva) is caused by vitamin A deficiency and leads to irreversible blindness. Vitamin A supplementation programmes effectively reduce vitamin A deficiency but many rural children are not reached. Home food production may help prevent rural children's vitamin A deficiency. We aimed to systematically review trials assessing effects of home food production (also called homestead food production and agricultural interventions) on xeropthalmia, nightblindness, stunting, wasting, underweight and mortality (primary outcomes). We searched Medline, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane CENTRAL and trials registers to February 2019. Inclusion of studies, data extraction and risk of bias were assessed independently in duplicate. Random-effects meta-analysis, sensitivity analyses, subgrouping and GRADE were used. We included 16 trials randomizing 2498 children, none reported xerophthalmia, night-blindness or mortality. Home food production may slightly reduce stunting (mean difference (MD) 0.13 (z-score), 95% CI 0.01 to 0.24), wasting (MD 0.05 (z-score), 95% CI -0.04 to 0.14) and underweight (MD 0.07 (z-score), 95% CI -0.01 to 0.15) in young children (all GRADE low-consistency evidence), and increase dietary diversity (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.24, 95% CI 0.15 to 0.34). Home food production may usefully complement vitamin A supplementation for rural children. Large, long-duration trials with good randomization, allocation concealment and correct adjustment for clustering are needed to assess effectiveness of home food production on nutritional blindness in young children.

Parâmetros hematológicos de crianças desnutridas após intervenção nutricional: ensaio clínico randomizado / Parámetros hematológicos de niños desnutridos después de intervención nutricional: ensayo clínico aleatorizado / Hematological parameters of malnourished children after nutritional intervention: a randomized clinical trial

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar parâmetros hematológicos de crianças desnutridas após intervenção nutricional com farinha da castanha de caju. Métodos Ensaio clínico randomizado, controlado, cego. O estudo foi realizado no período de abril a dezembro de 2017, em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde. A amostra foi composta de crianças menores de 5 anos que preencheram os critérios de inclusão, sendo 15 no Grupo Intervenção (farinha da castanha de caju) e 15 crianças no Grupo Controle (farinha de carboximetilcelulose), alocadas nos grupos de forma randômica aleatória simples. Foram analisados os parâmetros de eritrócitos, hemoglobina e hematócrito (série vermelha) e de leucócitos, neutrófilos, segmentados, eosinófilos, monócitos e linfócitos (série branca). A coleta de sangue foi realizada em dois momentos: o primeiro antes da implementação da intervenção e o segundo após 32 semanas de utilização da farinha da castanha de caju. Para avaliação da normalidade e homogeneidade da amostra, utilizaram-se os testes de Shapiro-Wilk e de variância de Bartlett, respectivamente. Utilizou-se o teste T pareado dentro de cada grupo e, para avaliar possíveis associações entre os Grupos Intervenção e Controle e o nível de leucócitos (abaixo, normal e acima), utilizaram-se o teste exato de Fisher e/ou o teste Fisher-Freeman-Halton. Resultados Houve incremento na média das células individuais da série vermelha do hemograma, sobretudo nos padrões de hemoglobina de crianças desnutridas do Grupo Intervenção (p<0,05). A investigação também apontou diferença intragrupo no parâmetro da hemoglobina, tanto no Grupo Controle (p=0,007) como no Intervenção (p<0,001), bem como no parâmetro hematócrito para ambos os grupos (p=0,001). Especificamente na série branca, após a intervenção, evidenciou-se diminuição significativa nos leucócitos (p=0,04) e linfócitos (p<0,01) Conclusão Após intervenção, a utilização da farinha da castanha de caju melhorou os parâmetros hematológicos das crianças desnutridas. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (REBEC): U1111.1213.9219

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar parámetros hematológicos de niños desnutridos después de la intervención nutricional con harina da castaña de cajú. Métodos Ensayo clínico aleatorizado, controlado, ciego. El estudio se realizó en el período de abril a diciembre de 2017, en dos Unidades Básicas de Salud. La muestra se compuso por niños menores de 5 años que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, 15 en el Grupo Intervención (harina de castaña de cajú) y 15 niños en el Grupo Control (harina de carboximetilcelulosa), repartidas en los grupos de forma muestreo aleatorio simple. Se analizaron los parámetros de eritrocitos, hemoglobina e hematocrito (serie roja) y de leucocitos, neutrófilos, segmentados, eosinófilos, monocitos e linfocitos (serie blanca). La muestra de sangre se realizó en dos momentos: el primero antes de la implementación de la intervención y el segundo después de 32 semanas de utilización de la harina da castaña de cajú. Para la evaluación de la normalidad y la homogeneidad de la amuestra, se utilizaron los tests de Shapiro-Wilk y de varianza de Bartlett, respectivamente. Se utilizó la prueba T pareada dentro de cada grupo y, para evaluar posibles asociaciones entre los Grupos Intervención y Control y el nivel de leucocitos (debajo, normal y superior), se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher o prueba de Fisher-Freeman-Halton. Resultados Hubo un aumento en el promedio de las células individuales de la serie roja del hemograma, sobre todo en los estándares de hemoglobina de niños desnutridos del Grupo Intervención (p<0,05). La investigación también apuntó una diferencia intragrupo en el parámetro de la hemoglobina, tanto en el Grupo Control (p=0,007) como en la Intervención (p<0,001), así como en el parámetro hematocrito para ambos grupos (p=0,001). Específicamente en la serie blanca, después de la intervención, se evidenció una disminución significativa en los leucocitos (p=0,04) y linfocitos (p<0,01) Conclusión Después de la intervención, la utilización de la harina de la castaña de cajú mejoró los parámetros hematológicos de los niños desnutridos.

Abstract Objective To assess hematological parameters of malnourished children after nutritional intervention with cashew nut flour. Methods This is a randomized, controlled, blind trial. The study was conducted from April to December 2017, in two Basic Health Units. The sample consisted of children under 5 years of age who met the inclusion criteria, 15 in the Intervention Group (cashew nut flour) and 15 children in the Control Group (carboxymethylcellulose flour), randomly allocated to the groups. The parameters of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit (red blood cells) and leukocytes, neutrophils, segmented, eosinophils, monocytes and lymphocytes (white blood cells) parameters were analyzed. Blood collection was performed in two moments: the first before intervention implementation and the second after 32 weeks of use of cashew nut flour. To assess the sample normality and homogeneity, Shapiro-Wilk and Bartlett variance tests were used, respectively. The paired t-test was used within each group and, to assess possible associations between the Intervention and Control Groups and the level of leukocytes (below, normal and above), Fisher's Exact test and/or Fisher-Freeman-Halton test were used. Results There was an increase in the mean of the individual red blood cell count, especially in the hemoglobin patterns of malnourished children in the Intervention Group (p<0.05). The investigation also showed an intragroup difference in the hemoglobin parameter, both in the Control Group (p=0.007) and in the Intervention (p<0.001) as well as in the hematocrit parameter for both groups (p=0.001). Specifically in the white blood cells, after intervention, there was a significant decrease in leukocytes (p=0.04) and lymphocytes (p<0.01) Conclusion After intervention, the use of cashew nut flour improved the hematological parameters of malnourished children. Brazilian Clinical Trial Registry (REBEC): U1111.1213.9219

Desnutrición crónica en niños menores de cinco años de la comunidad indígena awá, Barbacoas (Nariño, Colombia), 2019 / Chronic Malnutrition in Children under 5 Years Old in the Awá Indigenous Community, Barbacoas (Nariño ­ Colombia) in 2019 / Desnutrição crônica em crianças menores de cinco anos da comunidade indígena Awá, Barbacoas (Nariño, Colombia), 2019

Introducción: la desnutrición crónica en menores de 5 años se define como el retraso en el crecimiento, resultado de recurrentes carencias nutricionales, asociadas con pobreza, de salud y nutrición materna. El objetivo fue identificar la prevalencia de desnutrición crónica y factores asociados en menores de 5 años de la comunidad indígena awá, atendidos en la ips Unidad del Pueblo Indígena Awá (unipa) de Barbacoas (Nariño, Colombia) durante 2019. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal con enfoque analítico. Se incluyeron 527 niños menores de 5 años de la comunidad awá acudientes al programa de crecimiento y desarrollo de la ipsunipa. Se evaluó como desenlace la desnutrición crónica y, como factores asociados, características sociodemográficas, nutricionales y otras del estado de salud. Se consideró un valor de p menor al 5 % cuando se utilizó chi cuadrado, test exacto de Fisher y U de Mann-Whitney para determinar asociación estadística; además, se ajustó la relación a través de un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: el 17.6 % de los niños pre-sentó desnutrición crónica. Se encontró asociación estadística con ser hijo de madre adolescente (p = 0.006), esquema de vacunación incompleto (p = 0.012), la edad (p = 0.017) y el peso al nacer (p = 0.017). Conclusión: en menores de 5 años de la comunidad awála frecuencia de desnutrición crónica está por encima de la media para esta población en general en Colombia. Es importante priorizar la búsqueda activa de desnutrición crónica en niños cuyas madres son adolescentes, niños con bajo peso al nacer y vacunación incompleta

Introduction: Chronic malnutrition in children under 5 years old is defined as stunting due to recurrent nutritional deficiencies associated with poverty, maternal health, and nutrition. This study aimed to iden-tify the prevalence of chronic malnutrition and associated factors in children under 5 years old from the indigenous Awá community, at Barbacoas, Nariño in 2019. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 527 children under 5 years old from the Awá community who attended a health institution for growth and development program. Chronic malnutrition was evaluated as an outcome, whereas sociodemographic, nutritional and other health characteristics as associated factors. Chi-square, Fisher's exact, and Mann­Whitney's U test were used to determine statistical association. Additionally, the relationship was adjusted through a multiple logistic regression model. Results: Chronic malnutrition was found in 17.6% of children. The statistical association was found in children of the ado-lescent mother, incomplete vaccination schedule, and age and birth weight. Conclusion: In children under 5 years old in the Awá community, the frequency of chronic malnutrition is above the average for the general population in Colombia. Prioritizing the active search for chronic malnutrition in children whose mothers are adolescents and those with low birth weight and incomplete vaccination is important

Introdução: a desnutrição crônica em crianças menores de cinco anos é definida como retardo de crescimento como resultado de deficiências nutricionais recorrentes associadas à pobreza, saúde materna e nutrição. O objetivo é identificar a prevalência de desnutrição crônica e fatores associados em crianças menores de 5 anos da comunidade indígena Awá, atendidas na Unidade ips do Povo Indígena Awá (unipa) de Barbacoas, Nariño durante 2019. Materiais e métodos: estudo transversal de abordagem analítica. Foram incluídas 527 crianças menores de 5 anos da comunidade Awá que participaram do programa de crescimento e desen-volvimento da ipsunipa. A desnutrição crônica foi avaliada como desfecho e as características sociodemo-gráficas, nutricionais e outras características de saúde como fatores associados. Um valor de p inferior a 5% foi considerado quando o qui-quadrado, o teste exato de Fisher e o U de Mann Whitney foram usados para determinar a associação estatística, além disso, a relação foi ajustada por meio de um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: 17,6% das crianças apresentavam desnutrição crônica. Associação estatística foi encontrada com os fatores ser filho de mãe adolescente (valor p: 0,006), esquema vacinal incompleto (valor p: 0,012), idade (valor p: 0,017) e peso ao nascer (valor p: 0,017). Conclusão: em crianças menores de 5 anos da comunidade Awá, a frequência de desnutrição crônica está acima da média geral para esta popu-lação na Colômbia. É importante priorizar a busca ativa da desnutrição crônica em crianças cujas mães são adolescentes, em crianças com baixo peso ao nascer e com esquema de vacinação incompleto

Effects of HAART in the nutritional status of children and adolescents infected by HIV in Brazil: a systematic review / Efeitos da HAART no estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV no Brasil: uma revisão sistemática

Abstract The verification of factors associated with growth, body composition and nutritional and nutritional aspects after HIV infection in children or adolescents in Brazil is fundamental for progress in this area. We selected articles published until 2018, available on the platforms PubMed and Lilacs, using the keywords The following descriptors and their associations were used, extracted from MeSH: "Children", "Adolescent", "Anthropometry", "Nutritional Assessment", "HIV", "Brazil" adding the filter "and" for advanced searches. A total of 1,450 articles were found, and after selection and full reading, 19 were selected. The studies agreed that children and adolescents living with HIV present or may present alterations in bone metabolism, lipid metabolism and body composition due to infection or associated with therapy. Significant differences were observed in weight and height in infected infants compared to uninfected infants. The evaluation and monitoring of diet quality, as well as serum micronutrient monitoring, are fundamental to guarantee the clinical and treatment conditions of these patients, as well as to prevent disorders due to low nutrient intakes.

Resumo A verificação de fatores associados ao crescimento, composição corporal e aspectos alimentares e nutricionais, após a infecção pelo HIV em crianças ou adolescentes no Brasil é fundamental para avanços nesta área. Foram selecionados artigos publicados até 2018, disponibilizados nas plataformas PubMed e Lilacs, extraídas do MeSH: "Children", "Adolescent", "Anthropometry", "Nutritional Assessment", "HIV", "Brazil" adicionadas do filtro "and" para as pesquisas. Foram encontrados 1.450 artigos e após seleção e leitura integral foram selecionados 19. Os estudos concordaram que crianças e adolescentes vivendo com HIV apresentam ou podem apresentar alterações no metabolismo ósseo, de lipídeos e na composição corporal devido à infecção ou associadas à terapia. Observou-se diferença significativa do peso e estatura em crianças infectadas em relação às não infectadas. Percebe-se que a avaliação e o monitoramento da qualidade da dieta, bem como o acompanhamento sérico de micronutrientes, são fundamentais para garantir as condições clínicas e de tratamento destes pacientes, bem como para prevenir desordens por baixo consumo de nutrientes.

[Infant feeding, how to choose an infant milk?] / Alimentation du nourrisson : comment choisir un lait infantile ?

Infant feeding, how to choose an infant milk? The infant's nutrition is of particular concern, not only to assume a good nutritional status, an adequate growth and development, but also, to some extent, for his future health. Breast feeding remains the best choice but needs to be counseled in practice and in order to avoid deficiencies as well as chemical or in¬fectious contaminations. As a substitute to breast milk, none non modified mammalian milk fits the infant's nutritional needs. Similarly, no non-modified vegetal juice fits these needs, being able to provoke severe nutritional deficiencies. Out of the numerous available formulas, a choice criterion should be the presence of arachidonic acid in infant and follow-up formulae. No other ingredient can yet be counseled as inescapable for every healthy infant. Anti-reflux substitutes are useful for the spitting infants. The lac¬tose-free formulas should be used only in protracted or severe acute diarrheas. Extended hydrolysates of cow's milk proteins, or hydrolyzed rice formulas are prescribed in cow's milk allergy. In rare cases of allergy to these formulas, an amino-acid mixture-based formula is an alternative.

Alimentation du nourrisson : comment choisir un lait infantile ? L'alimentation du nourrisson revêt une importance cruciale non seulement pour assurer un bon état nutritionnel, un développement et une croissance optimaux mais aussi, dans une certaine mesure, pour sa santé ultérieure. L'allaitement maternel est à l'évidence le meilleur choix, mais il doit être accompagné, en termes de pratique et de prévention, des risques caren¬tiels, toxiques et infectieux. À titre de substitut du lait maternel, aucun lait brut de mammifère ne convient au nourrisson. Il en est de même des boissons végétales, non adaptées, qui font courir le risque de carences graves. Parmi les multiples préparations infantiles disponibles, le critère principal de choix pour l'enfant de moins de 1an en bonne santé serait la présence d'acide arachidonique, composé que la réglementation européenne n'a pas rendu obligatoire. Il ne se dégage actuellement aucun autre critère de choix dont l'intérêt soit totalement prouvé pour tous les nourrissons. Les laits antireflux ont un intérêt contre les régurgitations, les laits sans lactose en cas de diarrhée sévère ou prolongée. Les hydrolysats poussés et les préparations à base de riz sont utilisés en cas d'allergie au lait de vache, remplacés par des mélanges d'acides aminés en cas d'allergie à ces deux substituts.

[Diversification de l'alimentation du nourrisson]. / Complementary feeding in infant.

Adequate dietary intake for infant development. The main nutrients required for an adequate infant de¬velopment, particularly neurological, are some lipids (essential fatty acids, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids), iron, calcium and vitamind. Appropriate energy intake is also necessary to allow growth. During the first 6 months, these needs are well covered by breastfeeding or infant formula. After complementary feeding intro¬duction, breastfeeding with iron supplementation or consumption of at least 700ml per day of infant for¬mula, addition of fat in each of the salty dishes and vitamin d supplementation allow to ensure all these basic needs. Contrary to popular belief, neither the reasonable addition of salt and sugar to infant meals, nor the excess protein intake induce any risk.

Les apports alimentaires indispensables au développement du nourrisson. Les principaux nutriments indispensables au bon développement, notamment neurologique, des nourrissons sont certains lipides (acides gras essentiels, acides arachidonique et docosahexaénoïque), le fer, le calcium et la vitamine  D. Des apports énergétiques suffisants sont aussi nécessaires pour assurer une croissance staturo-pondérale satisfaisante. Au cours des six premiers mois, ces besoins sont bien couverts par l'allaitement maternel ou une préparation infantile. Après la diversification, l'allaitement avec une supplémentation martiale ou la consommation d'au moins 700  mL par jour de lait infantile, l'ajout de graisses dans chacun des plats salés et la supplémentation en vitamine  D permettent d'assurer la totalité de ces besoins essentiels. Contrairement à une idée répandue, ni l'ajout raisonnable de sel et de sucre dans les plats du nourrisson ni l'excès d'apports protéiques n'exposent à un quelconque risque.

[Adequate dietary intake for infant development]. / Les apports alimentaires indispensables au développement du nourrisson.

Adequate dietary intake for infant development. The main nutrients required for an adequate infant de¬velopment, particularly neurological, are some lipids (essential fatty acids, arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids), iron, calcium and vitamind. Appropriate energy intake is also necessary to allow growth. During the first 6 months, these needs are well covered by breastfeeding or infant formula. After complementary feeding intro¬duction, breastfeeding with iron supplementation or consumption of at least 700ml per day of infant for¬mula, addition of fat in each of the salty dishes and vitamin d supplementation allow to ensure all these basic needs. Contrary to popular belief, neither the reasonable addition of salt and sugar to infant meals, nor the excess protein intake induce any risk.

Les apports alimentaires indispensables au développement du nourrisson. Les principaux nutriments indispensables au bon développement, notamment neurologique, des nourrissons sont certains lipides (acides gras essentiels, acides arachidonique et docosahexaénoïque), le fer, le calcium et la vitamine  D. Des apports énergétiques suffisants sont aussi nécessaires pour assurer une croissance staturo-pondérale satisfaisante. Au cours des six premiers mois, ces besoins sont bien couverts par l'allaitement maternel ou une préparation infantile. Après la diversification, l'allaitement avec une supplémentation martiale ou la consommation d'au moins 700  mL par jour de lait infantile, l'ajout de graisses dans chacun des plats salés et la supplémentation en vitamine  D permettent d'assurer la totalité de ces besoins essentiels. Contrairement à une idée répandue, ni l'ajout raisonnable de sel et de sucre dans les plats du nourrisson ni l'excès d'apports protéiques n'exposent à un quelconque risque.

[Inadequate infant diets and false food allergies]. / Régimes alimentaires inadaptés du nourrisson et fausses allergies alimentaires.

INADEQUATE INFANT DIETS AND FALSE FOOD allergiesthe administration, by families, of more or less extensive avoidance diets of food to their infants has been a growing problem in recent years. Regardless of certain parental beliefs, these diets are also often set up to treat mild digestive disorders or suspected food allergies. In young children, these diets, without cow's milk protein, vegetarians or even vegans or eliminating foods on unsuitable allergological tests, not supervised by health professionals, can lead to nutritional complications which are sometimes serious and life-threatening. It is therefore important to detect possible nutritional deficiencies, to treat them and to resume, after explanations to the family, a diet as little restricted as possible.

RÉGIMES ALIMENTAIRES INADAPTÉS DU NOURRISSON ET FAUSSES ALLERGIES alimentairesla mise en place, par les familles, de régimes d'évictions, plus ou moins larges, de certains aliments pour leurs nourrissons est un problème croissant depuis quelques années. Indépendamment de certaines croyances parentales, ces régimes sont également souvent destinés à traiter des troubles digestifs bénins ou des allergies alimentaires supposées. Chez le jeune enfant, ces régimes qu'ils soient végétariens, végétaliens ou reposant sur des tests allergologiques inadaptés et non encadrés par des professionnels de santé, peuvent conduire à des complications nutritionnelles parfois graves, engageant le pronostic vital. Il est donc important de dépister d'éventuelles carences, de les traiter et de reprendre, idéalement après explications à la famille, un régime le moins restreint possible.