Core items selection and psychometric properties of the adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder self-report scale-chinese short version (ASRS-CSV).

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop and validate the Chinese Short Version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS-CSV), addressing the need for culturally appropriate diagnostic tools for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in the Chinese adult population. METHODS: Utilizing a combination of intergroup difference analysis, factor analysis, and network analysis, we identified core ADHD symptoms pertinent to the Chinese cultural context. The study involved two samples: a vocational and technical school sample (N=1144) and an internet sample (N=1654), comprising adults aged 16-25 years. Reliability, validity, and diagnostic efficacy of the ASRS-CSV were assessed through psychometric testing. RESULTS: The ASRS-CSV demonstrated high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha > 0.9) and robust convergent validity (AVE > 0.7). The scale's diagnostic cutoff points were optimized, revealing high sensitivity and specificity for ADHD screening. Cross-cultural analysis highlighted differences in core ADHD symptoms between Chinese and Western populations, underscoring the scale's cultural sensitivity. CONCLUSION: The ASRS-CSV is a reliable, valid, and efficient tool for screening ADHD in Chinese adults, reflecting the socio-cultural nuances of ADHD symptomatology. Its development marks a significant advancement in the field of psychiatry, offering a tailored approach for ADHD assessment in China and contributing to the global discourse on cross-cultural psychiatric diagnosis.

Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of 15 mg-tolvaptan administered orally for 7 consecutive days to Chinese patients with child-Pugh B cirrhosis.

Background: Tolvaptan, a selective vasopressin V2-receptor antagonist, can elicit a diuretic effect without significant electrolyte loss. The aims were to evaluate multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of daily administration of 15 mg tolvaptan in Chinese adult patients with confirmed Child-Pugh Class B cirrhosis accompanied by ascites. Methods: This was an open-label, single-center, single- and multiple-dose study. All patients received a daily 15 mg dose of tolvaptan for 7 consecutive days. The plasma concentrations of tolvaptan and its two metabolites (DM-4103, DM-4107) were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). In addition, various pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated. The pharmacodynamic outcomes evaluated changes in serum sodium and potassium concentrations, daily urine volume, daily water consumption, fluid balance and body weight. Safety profiles, including the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), were carefully recorded. Results: Eleven patients with Child-Pugh B cirrhosis were eventually enrolled in the study. Plasma concentrations of tolvaptan and DM-4107 reached steady-states after 7 days of consecutive oral administration. No accumulation of tolvaptan or DM-4107 was found, but DM-4103 accumulated 18.2-fold after multiple-dosing. The daily urine volume and daily water consumption were statistically significantly increased after administration of tolvaptan from Day 1 to Day 7 (all p < 0.05), accompanied by an increased serum sodium concentration. Of 11 patients, 9 (81.8%) reported 20 TEAEs, with the majority being mild to moderate in severity. The most commonly occurring TEAEs were thirst (45.5%), pollakiuria (36.4%) and dry mouth (27.3%). Conclusion: Tolvaptan at a daily dose of 15 mg had a diuretic effect but did not increase serum sodium excretion or lead to tolvaptan accumulation. It is therefore can be safely used for short-term treatment of Chinese adult patients with confirmed Child-Pugh B cirrhosis. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/search?term=NCT01359462, identifier NCT01359462.

Association of changes in waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio and weight-adjusted-waist index with multimorbidity among older Chinese adults: results from the Chinese longitudinal healthy longevity survey (CLHLS).

BACKGROUND: The association of changes in waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and weight-adjusted-waist index (WWI) with subsequent risk of multimorbidity remains unclear among older Chinese adults. Therefore, we aimed to assess this association by utilizing data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). METHODS: Our study was based on the 2011/2012 wave of the CLHLS whose follow-up surveys were conducted in 2014 and 2017/2018. A total of 2900 participants aged 65 and above at baseline were enrolled. WC, WHtR, and WWI were calculated from measured height, weight, and waist circumference. Multimorbidity refers to the coexistence of two or more of 18 chronic diseases. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) to evaluate the effect of three-year changes in WC, WHtR, and WWI on the risk of multimorbidity. RESULTS: During a mean follow-up time of 4.2 (2.0) years, 906 multimorbidity cases were identified. Compared to participants in the persistently low WC group, those in the WC gain group and the persistently high WC group had a higher multimorbidity risk with adjusted HRs (95%CI) of 1.23 (1.01-1.50) and 1.34(1.14-1.58), respectively. Participants in the WHtR gain group and the persistently high WHtR group also had higher risks of multimorbidity with HRs (95%CI) of 1.35 (1.08-1.67) and 1.27 (1.05-1.53), respectively, relative to the persistently low WHtR group. Compared to the persistently low WWI group, those in the WWI loss group had a lower risk of multimorbidity with HRs (95%CI) of 0.80 (0.66-0.98). For every standard deviation increase in WC, WHtR, and WWI over three years, the risk of multimorbidity was higher by 12% (95%CI: 1.05-1.19), 13% (95%CI: 1.06-1.20), and 12% (95%CI: 1.05-1.20), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Associations of changes in WC, WHtR and WWI with multimorbidity are significant among older Chinese adults. The findings highlight the importance of evaluating changes in WC, WHtR, and WWI in screening and prevention of multimorbidity in older adults.

Comparison of Several Adiposity Indexes in Predicting Hypertension among Chinese Adults: Data from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (2015-2017).

The current study is to explore the association of the Chinese visceral adiposity index (CVAI) with hypertension, and to compare the predictive power of different adiposity indexes regarding hypertension among Chinese adults aged over 45 years. A total of 99,201 participants aged over 45 years from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017 were included in this study. Multivariate adjusted logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of hypertension. Multivariate adjusted restricted cubic spline analyses were applied to explore the association of adiposity indexes with hypertension. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were used to compare the predictive powers of different adiposity indexes of hypertension. All eight adiposity indexes included in this study were positively associated with hypertension. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of the CVAI, the participants in the highest quartile showed a significantly higher risk of hypertension (OR = 3.70, 95% CI = 3.54-3.86) after multiple adjustments. The ROC analyses suggested that the CVAI was the strongest predictor of hypertension compared to other adiposity indexes in both genders. The findings supported that the CVAI could serve as a reliable and cost-effective method for early identifying hypertension risk.

Changes in Plant-Based Dietary Quality and Subsequent Risk of Cognitive Impairment Among Older Chinese Adults: a National Community-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear how changes in plant-based dietary quality are linked to the subsequent risk of cognitive impairment. OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate this relationship using data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. METHODS: A total of 6662 participants free of cognitive impairment in 2008 were included and followed ≤2018. Plant-based dietary quality was assessed by 3 indices: overall plant-based diet index (PDI), healthful PDI (hPDI), and unhealthful PDI (uPDI). Changes in plant-based diet quality from 2008 to 2011 were classified into quintiles. In addition, we assessed incident cognitive impairment (from 2011 to 2018) by using the Mini-Mental State Examination. Cox proportional-hazards models were performed. RESULTS: We recorded 1571 incident cases of cognitive impairment during a median of 10 y of follow-up. Compared with participants whose plant-based diet had no change or was relatively stable over 3 y, the full-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for cognitive impairment were 0.77 (0.64, 0.93), 0.72 (0.60, 0.86), and 1.50 (1.27, 1.77) among participants with a large increase in PDI, hPDI, and uPDI, respectively. The HRs with 95% CI were 1.22 (1.02, 1.44), 1.30 (1.11, 1.54), and 0.80 (0.67, 0.96) among participants with a large decrease in PDI, hPDI, and uPDI, respectively. Every 10-point increase in PDI and hPDI was associated with a 26% and 30% lower risk of cognitive impairment, whereas every 10-point increase in uPDI was associated with a 36% higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with increased adherence to an overall plant-based diet and a healthful plant-based diet over 3 y have a lower risk of cognitive impairment, whereas those with increased adherence to an unhealthy plant-based diet had a higher risk of cognitive impairment.

Dietary diversity and frailty among older Chinese people: evidence from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Study.

BACKGROUND: Dietary diversity is widely advocated as a means to promote health, but little is known regarding whether the beneficial effects still apply in older adults. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between the dietary diversity score (DDS) and frailty among older Chinese adults. METHODS: A total of 13,721 adults aged ≥65 y without frailty at baseline were enrolled. The DDS at baseline was constructed based on 9 items of a food frequency questionnaire. We used 39 self-reported health items to construct a frailty index (FI), with FI ≥ 0.25 indicating frailty. Cox models with restricted cubic splines were used to evaluate the dose-response relationships of DDS (continuous) with frailty. In addition, Cox proportional hazard models were used to examine the association between DDS (categorized as scores ≤4, 5-6, 7, and ≥8) and frailty. RESULTS: During the mean follow-up of 5.94 y, 5250 participants met the criteria for frailty. Each 1-unit increase in DDS corresponded to a 5% lower risk of frailty (hazard ratio [HR]; 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.97]. Compared with participants with DDS ≤4 points, those with a DDS of 5-6, 7, and ≥8 points exhibited a lower frailty risk, with HRs of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.71, 0.87), 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.83), and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.81), respectively (P-trend < 0.001). Protein-rich food items, such as meat; eggs; and beans, were associated with protective effects against frailty. In addition, a significant association was observed between higher consumption of 2 high-frequency foods, tea and fruits, and lower risk of frailty. CONCLUSIONS: A higher DDS was associated with a lower risk of frailty among older Chinese adults. This study highlights the importance of a diverse diet as a potential modifiable behavioral factor for preventing frailty in older Chinese adults.

A body-size-dependent series of Chinese adult standing phantoms for radiation dosimetry.

Phantoms of different sizes, as indicated by several studies, have a significant impact on the accuracy of dose calculations. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a body-size-dependent series of Chinese standing adult phantoms to improve the accuracy of radiation dosimetry. In this study, the Chinese reference polygon-mesh phantomsCRAM_S/CRAF_Shave been refined and a method for automatically constructing lymph nodes in a mesh phantom has been proposed. Then, based on the refined phantoms, this study has developed 42 anthropometric standing adult computational phantoms, 21 models for each gender, with a height range of 145-185 cm and weight as a function of body mass index corresponding to healthy, overweight and obese. The parameters were extracted from the National Occupational Health Standards (GBZ) document of the People's Republic of China, which covers more than 90% of the Chinese population. For a given body height and mass, phantoms are scaled in proportion to a factor reflecting the change of adipose tissue and the internal organs. The remainder is adjusted manually to match the target parameters. In addition, the constructed body-size-specific phantoms have been implemented in the in-house THUDose Monte Carlo code to calculate the dose coefficients (DCs) for external photon exposures in the antero-posterior, postero-anterior and right lateral geometries. The results showed that organ DCs varied significantly with body size at low energies (<2MeV) and high energies (>8MeV) due to the differences in anatomy. Organ DC differences between a phantom of a given size and a reference phantom vary by up to 40% for the same height and up to 400% for the whole phantom. The influence of body size differences on the DCs demonstrates that the body-size-dependent Chinese adult phantoms hold great promise for a wide range of applications in radiation dosimetry.

Population pharmacokinetics and dosing optimization of unbound teicoplanin in Chinese adult patients.

Objectives: To develop a population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model describing unbound teicoplanin concentrations in Chinese adult patients and perform Monte Carlo simulations to optimize the dosing regimens. Methods: The raw data for PopPK analysis in this study were collected from Chinese adult patients. A PopPK model of unbound teicoplanin was developed and Monte Carlo simulations were used to optimize the dosing regimens. The trough concentrations of unbound teicoplanin were targeted at 0.75 mg/L and 1.13 mg/L for most infection induced by Gram-positive bacteria and endocarditis or severe infections, respectively. Results: A total of 103 teicoplanin unbound concentrations were collected from 72 Chinese adult patients. A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first-order elimination was established. The typical values of clearance and the volume of distribution were 11.7 L/h and 811 L, respectively. The clearance and volume of distribution of unbound teicoplanin were positively correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and serum albumin concentrations, respectively. Dosing simulation results showed that standard dosing regimens were unable to meet the treatment needs of all patients, and the dosing regimen need optimize based on eGFR and serum albumin concentrations. The high eGFR and serum albumin concentration were associated with reduced probability of achieving target unbound trough concentrations. Conclusion: We successfully characterized the pharmacokinetics of unbound teicoplanin in Chinese adult patients. Importantly, we further highlight the importance of guiding dosing through unbound drugs. To achieve safe and effective treatment, the dosing regimens need to be adjusted according to eGFR and serum albumin concentrations.

Association between Habitual Tea Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome and Its Components among Chinese Adults Aged 18~59 Years: Based on China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017.

BACKGROUND: Tea consumption is widely reported to have beneficial effects on metabolic functions. The current study is to evaluate the association between habitual tea consumption and risk for metabolic syndrome and its components among Chinese adults aged 18~59 years. METHODS: 43,757 participants aged 18~59 years from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017 were included and divided into four groups based on the amount of daily tea consumption in the current study. Using multiple-adjustment logistic regression to explore the relationship between habitual tea consumption and metabolic syndrome-related health outcomes. RESULTS: Compared with those who did not consume tea habitually, participants who drank over 5 cups of tea per day showed a significantly lower risk of metabolic syndrome (OR = 0.836, 95% CI = 0.771-0.905), blood pressure elevated (OR = 0.906, 95% CI = 0.845-0.972), triglyceride elevated (OR = 0.797, 95% CI = 0.741-0.857), and fasting plasma glucose elevated (OR = 0.772, 95% CI = 0.715-0.833), but higher risk for central obesity (OR = 1.354, 95% CI = 1.236-1.484). Regardless of gender, higher tea consumption was related to lower risk of triglyceride and fasting blood glucose elevated but higher risk for central obesity. While for protective effect on metabolic syndrome, blood pressure elevated, and HDL-C reduction only showed in females. CONCLUSIONS: Results from current study support that habitual tea consumption would benefit metabolic syndrome and its related components, especially among females.

Higher Intake of Fat, Vitamin E-(ß+γ), Magnesium, Sodium, and Copper Increases the Susceptibility to Prostatitis-like Symptoms: Evidence from a Chinese Adult Cohort.

Background: Prostatitis-like symptoms (PLS) lead to severe discomfort in males in their daily lives. Diet has been established as affecting PLS in our prior study, but the effect of nutrients, particularly for micronutrients remains largely unclear. Methods: This study enrolled 1284 participants from August 2020 to March 2021. The National Institute of Health−Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index was used to assess PLS. The diet composition was evaluated by the Chinese Food Composition Tables. Results: Participants were separated into PLS (n = 216), control (n = 432), and noninflammatory-abnormal symptoms (NIANS) (n = 608) groups. We observed higher levels of carotene, vitamin C, vitamin E-(ß+γ) and subclass, zinc, magnesium, selenium, potassium, sodium, iron and manganese in the PLS group than in the control group. After adjustment for the potential confounders, the elevated risk from IQR2 to IQR4 of fat (P for trend = 0.011), vitamin E-(ß+γ) (P for trend = 0.003), magnesium (P for trend = 0.004), sodium (P for trend = 0.001) and copper (P for trend < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: This is the first study to evaluate the nutrient distribution in PLS patients and reveal that the higher intake of fat, vitamin E-(ß+γ), magnesium, sodium, and copper is associated with a risk of PLS.

Bundle branch block and nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay prevalence using Chinese nationwide survey data.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to determine the prevalence of and the factors associated with intraventricular conduction disturbance in the Chinese population. METHODS: Electrocardiographic data from 42,031 people were retrospectively analysed. The weighted prevalences of left bundle branch block (LBBB), right bundle branch block (RBBB), bifascicular block and nonspecific intraventricular conduction delay (NS-IVCD) were calculated. The independently associated factors were determined using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The weighted prevalence for Chinese people older than 45 years was 0.17% for LBBB, 2.16% for RBBB and 0.44% for NS-IVCD. The weighted prevalence for RBBB combined with left anterior fascicular block was 0.17%, and 0.05% for RBBB combined with left posterior fascicular block. There were significant differences in the weighted prevalences of RBBB and NS-IVCD between men and women. The weighted prevalence of LBBB and RBBB increased markedly with increasing age. Age and diabetes were independent factors associated with LBBB, compared with age and sex for RBBB and sex and coronary artery disease for NS-IVCD. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided reliable data for the weighted prevalence of and factors associated with LBBB, RBBB and NS-IVCD in Chinese adults.

Normative data on the subjective gustatory function of Chinese adults / Datos normativos de la función gustativa subjetiva en adultos chinos

Purpose: the study aims to assess the gustatory function of healthy Chinese adults with the whole-mouth test based on five basic tastants, including umami taste. Methods: the study recruited 464 participants reporting a normal sense of smell/taste (227 females and 237 males with an age range of 19-65 years). A drop (approximately 0.1 mL) of liquid tastant was applied on the anterior third of the extended tongue of each subject. The taste solutions involved 5 tastants (sour, sweet, salty, umami, and bitter) and 7 concentrations. Taste perception scores and recognition scores of the five basic tastants were obtained with this whole-mouth taste method. Results: total taste score of recognition showed a significant negative correlation with age. The elder group (51-65 years) had the lowest scores. The 10th percentile of total taste score of recognition in the group of 36 to 50 years was used to distinguish normogeusic subjects from hypogeusic subjects. The perception scores and recognition scores of females were higher than those of males. The perception and recognition scores of salty, umami, and bitter for females were high than those for males. Total taste score of recognition for non-smokers was significantly higher than that of smokers. The whole-mouth method showed a high test-retest reliability with an intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) from 0.774 to 0.833. Conclusion: this whole-mouth method is simple and time-saving and can be easily adjusted to obtain reliable data. The gustatory function was significantly negatively correlated with age. Females were more sensitive to the sour, salty, umami and bitter tastes than males. The gustatory function of non-smokers was more sensitive (AU)

Propósito: el estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la función gustativa de adultos chinos sanos con la prueba de boca completa basada en cinco saborizantes básicos, incluido el sabor umami. Métodos: el estudio reclutó a 464 participantes que informaron tener un sentido del olfato/gusto normal (227 mujeres y 237 hombres con un rango de edad de 19 a 65 años). Se aplicó una gota (aproximadamente 0,1 ml) de saborizante líquido en el tercio anterior de la lengua extendida de cada sujeto. Las soluciones de sabor incluyeron 5 saborizantes (ácido, dulce, salado, umami y amargo) y 7 concentraciones. Los puntajes de percepción del gusto y los puntajes de reconocimiento de los cinco saborizantes básicos se obtuvieron con este método de sabor de boca completa. Resultados: la puntuación total de reconocimiento del gusto mostró una correlación negativa significativa con la edad. El grupo de ancianos (51-65 años) tuvo las puntuaciones más bajas. Se utilizó el percentil 10 de la puntuación total de reconocimiento del gusto en el grupo de 36 a 50 años para distinguir a los sujetos normogéusicos de los hipogéusicos. Los puntajes de percepción y los puntajes de reconocimiento de las mujeres fueron más altos que los de los hombres. Los umbrales de percepción y reconocimiento de salado, umami y amargo de las mujeres fueron más bajos que los de los hombres. La puntuación total de reconocimiento del gusto de los no fumadores fue significativamente más alta que la de los fumadores. El método de boca completa mostró una alta fiabilidad test-retest con un coeficiente de correlación intraclase (CCI) de 0,774 a 0,833. Conclusión: este método de boca completa es simple, ahorra tiempo y se puede ajustar fácilmente para obtener datos confiables. La función gustativa se correlacionó significativamente de forma negativa con la edad. Las mujeres fueron más sensibles a los sabores agrio, salado, umami y amargo que los varones. La función gustativa fue más sensible en los no fumadores (AU)

Longitudinal association of egg intake frequency with cardiovascular disease in Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Reducing dietary cholesterol is generally acceptable for the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Eggs are nutrient-dense and common food items across the world, while rich in cholesterol. The potential effects of egg intake on cardiovascular health remain uncertainty and have been under debate in past decades. METHODS AND RESULTS: A nationwide cohort of 20,688 participants aged 16-110 years without CVD at baseline were derived from the China Family Panel Studies. Egg consumption was assessed by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. We adopted stratified Cox proportional hazards model with random intercepts for provinces to evaluate associations of egg intake with CVD incidence. During a median follow-up of 6.0 years, we identified 2395 total CVD incidence and mean egg consumption was 3 times/week. Egg intakes were associated lower risks of CVD incidence in the multivariate-adjusted model. Compared with the non-consumers, the corresponding HRs (95% confidence interval) for total CVD events were 0.84 (0.74-0.94) for 1-2 times per week, 0.78 (0.69-0.88) for 3-6/week, and 0.83 (0.72-0.95) for ≥7/week. Similar relationships were found in hypertension. Approximately non-linear relationships were observed between egg consumption with total CVD and hypertension incidence, identifying the lowest risk in 3-6 times/week. Subgroup analyses estimated lower risks of total CVD and hypertension in females only, with significant effect modification by sex (P for interaction = 0.008 and 0.020). CONCLUSION: Egg consumption may be associated with lower risks of CVD incidence among Chinese adults. Our findings could have implications in CVD prevention and might be considered in the development of dietary guidelines.

Nutrition Literacy Measurement Tool With Multiple Features for Chinese Adults.

BACKGROUND: Nutrition literacy is an emerging term which is increasingly used in policy and research. Progression is limited by the lack of an accepted method to measure nutrition literacy in Chinese adults, even as research in this area is growing. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to develop a valid instrument to assess nutrition literacy in Chinese adults. METHODS: The process involved 2 steps: constructed nutrition literacy conceptual framework, and developed potential items of scale based on literature review; and conducted 2 rounds of Delphi consultation to select items of the preliminary questionnaire. RESULTS: In the Delphi survey, the content validity index for each domain, level, and dimension of nutrition literacy was 1.0, coefficient of variation was less than 0.10, and Kendall's coefficient of concordance was greater than 0.83. All of the 2 domains, 3 levels, and 6 dimensions initially formulated by our research team were reserved in the conceptual framework of nutrition literacy. Furthermore, a 43-item nutrition literacy measurement scale was established. Each item kept in the final scale reaches a high degree of concentration and a high degree of coordination, with the mean of importance ranging from 4.38 to 5.00. CONCLUSIONS: A nutrition literacy measurement scale with multiple features was established for Chinese adults, providing an operationalized tool to assess comprehensively nutrition literacy for research and practice in the field of nutrition, diet, and health.

Genetic predisposition to impaired metabolism of the branched chain amino acids, dietary intakes, and risk of type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Circulating branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) increase the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The genetic variants in the BCAA metabolic pathway influence the individual metabolic ability of BCAAs and may affect circulating BCAA levels together with dietary intakes. So, we investigated whether genetic predisposition to impaired BCAA metabolism interacts with dietary BCAA intakes on the risk of type 2 diabetes and related parameters. METHODS: We estimated dietary BCAA intakes among 434 incident T2D cases and 434 age-matched controls from The Harbin Cohort Study on Diet, Nutrition and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases. The genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated on the basis of 5 variants having been identified in the BCAA metabolic pathway. Multivariate logistic regression models and general linear regression models were used to assess the interaction between dietary BCAAs and GRS on T2D risk and HbA1c. RESULTS: Dietary BCAAs significantly interact with metabolism related GRS on T2D risk and HbA1c (p for interaction = 0.038 and 0.015, respectively). A high intake of dietary BCAAs was positively associated with diabetes incidence only among high GRS (OR 2.40, 95% CI 1.39, 4.12, P for trend = 0.002). Dietary BCAAs were associated with 0.14% elevated HbA1c (p = 0.003) and this effect increased to 0.21% in high GRS (p = 0.003). Furthermore, GRS were associated with 9.19 µmol/L higher plasma BCAA levels (p = 0.006, P for interaction = 0.015) only among the highest BCAA intake individuals. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that genetic predisposition to BCAA metabolism disorder modifies the effect of dietary BCAA intakes on T2D risk as well as HbA1c and that higher BCAA intakes exert an unfavorable effect on type 2 diabetes risk and HbA1c only among those with high genetic susceptibility.

Electrophysiological correlates of visual attention span in Chinese adults with poor reading fluency.

Individuals with reading fluency difficulty (RFD) show an impairment in the simultaneous processing of multiple elements, which could be reflected in their visual attention span (VAS) capacity. However, the relationship between VAS impairment and RFD is still controversial. A series of processes underlie VAS, such as the early stage of visual attentional processing and the late stage of allocating and maintaining attentional resources. Therefore, the present study explored the relationships between VAS skills and RFD through the event-related potential (ERP) technique to disentangle the contributing cognitive processes regarding VAS from a temporal perspective. Eighteen Chinese adults with poor reading fluency and 18 age-matched normal readers participated. Their VAS skills were measured by a visual one-back task with symbols as nonverbal stimuli and key pressing as nonverbal responses, while relevant electrophysiological signals were recorded. The results showed that lower d' values and abnormal electrophysiological activities (especially weak amplitudes in the N1 and P3 components) in the VAS task were observed for the nonfluent readers compared with the controls. These findings suggested that the low VAS capacity in adults with poor reading fluency could be reflected by problems both in directing selective attention to visually discriminate stimuli within a multielement string at the early processing stage and in allocating attention to further encode targets at the late processing stage. Alternative explanations were further discussed. The current results provide theoretical explanations of the VAS-RFD relationship from a temporal perspective and provide insights for future remediation of reading fluency difficulty.

Interaction between dietary branched-chain amino acids and genetic risk score on the risk of type 2 diabetes in Chinese.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Previous studies have found the important gene-diet interactions on type 2 diabetes (T2D) incident but have not followed branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), even though they have shown heterogeneous effectiveness in diabetes-related factors. So in this study, we aim to investigate whether dietary BCAAs interact with the genetic predisposition in relation to T2D risk and fasting glucose in Chinese adults. METHODS: In a case-control study nested in the Harbin Cohort Study on Diet, Nutrition and Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases, we obtained data for 434 incident T2D cases and 434 controls matched by age and sex. An unweighted genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated for 25 T2D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms by summation of the number of risk alleles for T2D. Multivariate logistic regression models and general linear regression models were used to assess the interaction between dietary BCAAs and GRS on T2D risk and fasting glucose. RESULTS: Significant interactions were found between GRS and dietary BCAAs on T2D risk and fasting glucose (p for interaction = 0.001 and 0.004, respectively). Comparing with low GRS, the odds ratio of T2D in high GRS were 2.98 (95% CI 1.54-5.76) among those with the highest tertile of total BCAA intake but were non-significant among those with the lowest intake, corresponding to 0.39 (0.12) mmol/L versus - 0.07 (0.10) mmol/L fasting glucose elevation per tertile. Viewed differently, comparing extreme tertiles of dietary BCAAs, the odds ratio (95% CIs) of T2D risk were 0.46 (0.22-0.95), 2.22 (1.15-4.31), and 2.90 (1.54-5.47) (fasting glucose elevation per tertile: - 0.23 (0.10), 0.18 (0.10), and 0.26 (0.13) mmol/L) among participants with low, intermediate, and high genetic risk, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that dietary BCAAs could amplify the genetic association with T2D risk and fasting glucose. Moreover, higher BCAA intake showed positive association with T2D when genetic predisposition was also high but changed to negative when genetic predisposition was low.

A cohort study on risk factors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol hypolipidemia among urban Chinese adults.

BACKGROUND: High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) hypolipidemia, a major type of dyslipidemia, has been associated with many kinds of diseases, such as stroke, coronary heart disease, obesity and diabetes, and has displayed an increasing prevalence in China. This study explores the risk factors of HDL-C hypolipidemia and makes recommendations for controlling and preventing HDL-C hypolipidemia and the diseases caused by it. METHODS: Using a retrospective cohort study design, 26,863 urban adults without dyslipidemia, diabetes, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, hepatosis, renal insufficiency and thyroid diseases were enrolled in the study between 2010 and 2015. Data on each individual were collected at the 2010 baseline year and at a follow-up medical check. A Cox regression model was constructed to evaluate the influence of potential risk factors on the outcome event- HDL-C hypolipidemia. RESULTS: The incidence of HDL-C hypolipidemia was 5.7% (1531/26863). Sex, age, body mass index (BMI), HDL-C, triglyceride (TG) and urea nitrogen (UN) were significant risk factors of HDL-C hypolipidemia. Men were more likely to develop HDL-C hypolipidemia than women during follow-up medical checks (HR = 1.258, P = 0.014). The incidence of HDL-C hypolipidemia in the over 65 years old group was higher than that of the ≤65 age group (HR = 1.276, P = 0.009). The incidence of HDL-C hypolipidemia increased with increasing BMI (HR = 1.030, P = 0.002), TG (HR = 1.321, P = 0.001) and UN (HR = 1.054, P = 0.019), while falling with increasing HDL-C in the baseline year (HR = 0.002, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Men, aged over 65, with high BMI were at the highest risk of developing HDL-C hypolipidemia. Measures should be taken to prevent HDL-C hypolipidemia even for healthy urban adults whose blood biochemical indicators were in the normal range when their level of TG, UN and HDL-C are closed to the border of the normal value range.

Reasons why Chinese smokers prefer not to use electronic cigarettes.

INTRODUCTION: China is the world's largest e-cigarette manufacturer. It also has the world's largest smoking population. Although smoking is strongly associated with e-cigarette use, the prevalence of e-cigarette use is low among Chinese smokers compared with smokers in countries such as the US and UK. This study aims to explore the reasons why Chinese smokers prefer not to use e-cigarettes. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from the Tobacco Questions for Surveys (TQS) conducted in four large Chinese cities (Chengdu, Wuhan, Xiamen, and Xi'an) in 2017-2018 were analyzed. A multi-stage cluster sampling approach was applied to select a representative sample of adults for each city. Weighted percentages and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated for self-reported reasons why smokers in China had never tried e-cigarettes, in total and by demographic characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the adjusted associations between the top reasons why smokers never tried e-cigarettes and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. RESULTS: The top three reasons that Chinese adult smokers reported for never having tried e-cigarettes were: 'I do not want to quit smoking' (35.35%), 'I do not think they would help me quit or cut down' (24.31%), and 'I am not addicted to smoking and don't need help to quit' (14.93%). Other prominent reasons included: 'I am concerned they are not safe enough', and 'I do not want to substitute one addiction for another'. Generally, there were no statistically significant associations between reasons why smokers never tried e-cigarettes and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that many Chinese smokers associate e-cigarette use with smoking cessation. Continued monitoring of smokers' views, beliefs, and risk perceptions regarding e-cigarettes is warranted. Health education campaigns communicating the risks of e-cigarettes are also needed.

The Mediating Role of Parental Influence on the Relationship Between Adult Children's Filial Piety Beliefs and Mate Preferences.

In the present study, we aim to examine the mediating roles of the two types of perceived parental influence in the relation between the dual filial piety model and adult children's long-term mate preferences. A survey was administered to 499 Chinese adult children on their filial piety beliefs, perceptions about parental influence, and long-term mate preferences. Structural equation modeling revealed the following findings. (a) For both genders, reciprocal filial piety was positively correlated with good father/mother traits, and authoritarian filial piety was positively correlated with good gene traits. (b) For both genders, sensitivity from the perceived parental influence mediated the link between authoritarian filial piety and good provider traits. (c) For females, sensitivity mediated the link between authoritarian filial piety and good gene traits. (d) For males, parental monitoring from perceived parental influence mediated the link between authoritarian filial piety and good gene and good mother traits. In addition, authoritarian filial piety was positively correlated with good provider and good mother traits. In summary, filial piety can link both directly and indirectly to mate preference through parental sensitivity for males and females and through parental monitoring mainly for males.