Prevalence of consumption of mechanically separated meat, consumer profile, nutrient intake and food choices among manufacturing workers in Northeastern Brazil.

Mechanically separated meat (MSM) is widely used in the food industry, however, there is a lack of studies on its consumption in populations. The objective of this study was to identify the frequency and amount of MSM consumption, factors associated with MSM consumption, nutrient intake and preferential choice of food groups among MSM consumers. This was an observational, cross-sectional prospective study based on a probability sample of manufacturing workers, conducted in Brazil. Logistic and linear multiple regression with robust standard errors were used. 921 workers from 33 manufacturing companies were studied, with an average age of 38.2 ± 10.7 years, 55.9% males. MSM products are consumed by 28.8% and represent in average 10% of total daily caloric intake, and 47.3% of the daily kcal from ultra-processed products. Younger age and greater waist circumference are associated with MSM consumption. Younger age and lesser educational level are associated with increased contribution of MSM to total daily kcal intake. MSM consumers have greater consumption of energy, fats, carbohydrates and sodium. Their dietary patterns are characterized by lower consumption of in natura and minimally processed foods, such as tubers and roots, fruits, white and red meat, and eggs and greater consumption of ultra-processed foods and beverages.

Relaxed minds for healthier food choice at school: A field experiment in southern Mexico.

Stress leads to unhealthy food choices since the school-age stage. Yet, there is limited evidence particularly in low- and middle-income countries regarding the impact of stress-reduction strategies on school-age children's food choices. Such aspects were crucial during the recent COVID-19 pandemic, which exacerbated psychological distress and unhealthier food choices among children. Two years after the pandemic began, we conducted a field experiment in southern Mexico to assess the impact of stress-reduction strategies on the food choices of over 1400 children aged 9-12. Half of the school-classes in the sample were randomly assigned to a stress reduction strategy namely meditation, which comprised six audios with basic relaxation techniques and intuitive messages to guide food choices. Additionally, all participants received information signalling that an amaranth snack was nutritious (i.e., the healthy snack), which was paired with a chocolate bar (i.e., the unhealthy snack) as part of a snack choice experiment. Students that practiced meditation were slightly more likely to choose the healthy snack than those in the control group, but the effect was not statistically significant. Upon collecting their snack, students had the chance to exchange their original choice for the other snack. Students that meditated were more likely to exchange their originally chosen "unhealthy snack" towards the healthy snack than students in the control group. The meditation program effectively reduced chronic stress among treated children. The effect was larger among students attending schools in lower-income areas. Our study sheds some light on the challenges to translate an improved psychological well-being into healthier food choices at school.

The Decision-Making of High-Level Volleyball Setters in the 2021-2022 Volleyball Men's Superliga: Does the Opponent Matter?

Our primary objective in this study was to investigate the offensive strategies employed in the attack phase of men's volleyball, specifically focusing on side-out as stratified by the type of confrontation that was determined by the opponent's team performance. We analyzed 5524 attacking actions during 22 games of the 12 teams that participated in the Volleyball Men's Superliga (season 2021-2022). Based on their final rankings in the championship, we classified these teams into three tiers: high-performance, intermediate-performance, and low-performance. Subsequently, we examined the dynamics of these matches using Social Network Analysis. We found that the opponent teams' performance levels did not influence the game dynamics. Notably, the eigenvector values were prominently higher for Attack Zones 2 and 4, wherein the middle-blocker jumped to attack close to the setter across all networks. Thus, setters opted for traditional and low-risk strategies to minimize errors, disregarding available information about the skill level of the opposing team, making their offensive tactics predictable.

Do Brazilian consumers intend to use food labels to make healthy food choices? An assessment before the front-of-package labelling policy.

Front-of-package labelling is a measure that can facilitate consumption of healthier foods. This study examined the predictors of consumers' intentions to use food labelling to make healthy food choices and prevent non-communicable diseases before the implementation of the front-of-package labelling policy in Brazil. An extended theory of planned behaviour incorporating knowledge and food literacy served as the theoretical foundation. First, experts (n = 6) and the target population (n = 30) validated the questionnaire, and the validation data were analysed using content validity coefficients (CVC). An online questionnaire was administered to 783 participants, and data were collected between May and October 2022. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) was used to test the prediction hypothesis. The questionnaire showed adequate content validity, with all indicators of CVC ≥ 0.75. In the PLS-SEM attitudes (p < 0.001), subjective norms (p < 0.001), knowledge (p < 0.001), and food literacy (p < 0.001) positively predicted the intention to use food labels to make healthy food choices, confirming the main hypothesis. Also, Food literacy and knowledge predicted all constructs of the theory of planned behaviour (p < 0.001). The results highlight the importance of providing nutritional knowledge and food literacy, developing nutritional skills and abilities to encourage consumers to make healthy food choices, and to strengthen other policies such as front-of-package labelling.

Centering culture in an mHealth adaptation of an alcohol-exposed pregnancy prevention program for American Indian Youth.

Native WYSE CHOICES adapted an Alcohol Exposed Pregnancy (AEP) prevention curriculum for mobile health delivery for young urban American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) women. This qualitative study explored the relevance of culture in adapting a health intervention with a national sample of urban AIAN youth. In total, the team conducted 29 interviews across three iterative rounds. Participants expressed interest in receiving culturally informed health interventions, were open to cultural elements from other AIAN tribes, and highlighted the importance of culture in their lives. The study underscores why community voices are central in tailoring health interventions for this population.

Qualitative menu labelling in university restaurants and its influence on food choices: A systematic review and synthesis without meta-analysis.

Qualitative menu labelling can be defined as descriptive or non-numerical interpretive labels (e.g. traffic light labelling, healthy food symbols, messages or ingredient lists). Qualitative information seems to have a positive influence on consumers' food choices, particularly in institutional food service establishments, such as in universities. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the influence of different formats of qualitative menu labelling on food choices in university restaurants. This systematic review was guided by the Preferred Reported Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Synthesis Without Meta-Analysis (SWiM) and conducted vote counting of studies based on the direction of effect. Studies were retrieved from Cochrane Library, Scopus, MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO and Web of Science databases and reference lists of selected articles. Experimental and quasi-experimental studies were included. Two independent researchers searched and extracted the data and assessed the methodological quality using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies. From the initial search (460 records), four papers were selected, plus one paper identified in a previous study and a further six from an update search, totalling 11 included studies, reporting 14 different interventions (n = 499 174). Types of interventions included the use of symbols and the inclusion of traffic light labelling. Outcomes of interest were food choice, expressed as mean, median or percent healthy food choices or purchases. Qualitative menu labels increased healthy food choices and/or purchase behaviour, with 10 of 12 interventions favouring the intervention (83%; 95%CI 55-95%; p = 0.0386). Most of the studies favouring the intervention used healthy food symbols for healthier foods or food components, alone or in association with another intervention and were of moderate and weak quality. These findings may serve as a basis for the implementation of nutrition information policies in university restaurants.

Etiologic mechanisms in an adapted family-based preventive intervention for underage alcohol use in Mexico: Results of an exploratory pilot study.

Alcohol use represents a global health problem, especially for Latin American youth. As part of the Global Smart Drinking Goals campaign, a family-based preventive intervention was adapted and piloted in Mexico based on an existing evidence-based program, Guiding Good Choices. In this study, we explored the malleability and session-specific mean-level changes in protective and risk factors targeted by the adapted family intervention as related to the prevention of underage alcohol use and abuse. The sample consisted of 177 parents working at four private local companies who had children between the ages of 8 and 16. Data were collected before and after each program session. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine growth trajectories and session-specific mean differences for selected etiologic factors. Significant effects on protective and risk factors were found. Among protective factors, positive family involvement showed the most considerable linear growth over time, while clear standards for youth showed the largest within-session increase. The greatest linear decrease in risk was observed for family conflict, which also showed the greatest pre-, and post-session reduction. Our findings suggest that the adapted program helped families develop protection against, and reduce risk of, alcohol use in their adolescent children. Results from this exploratory pilot study provide support for further rigorous evaluation and dissemination of the adapted intervention for Hispanic families.

O hatha-yoga no Serviço de Orientação ao Exercício (SOE) em Vitória: liberdade e estilo de vida / Hatha-yoga in the Exercise Guidance Service (SOE) in Vitória: freedom and lifestyle / Hatha-yoga em el Servicio de Orientación del Ejercicio (SOE) em Vitória: libertad y estilo de vida

RESUMO Este artigo aborda os usos do hatha-yoga como parte da oferta do Serviço de Orientação ao Exercício (SOE), vinculado à Secretaria Municipal de Saúde (Semus), da cidade de Vitória (ES). Utilizando como estratégia metodológica entrevistas semiestruturadas, aplicação de questionários e diário de campo, tem como objetivo interpretar as motivações vinculadas às escolhas pelo yoga, uma prática corporal que integra espiritualidade e bem-estar nas aulas do serviço público em Vitória. Conclui-se que as estruturas e a reflexividade fazem parte do repertório de ação para que as pessoas consigam acionar projetos de vida que os tirem de situações de insegurança e risco social.

ABSTRACT This article discusses the uses of hatha-yoga as part of the Exercise Guidance Service (SOE), linked to the Municipal Health Department (Semus), at Vitória (ES). Using semi-structured interviews as a methodological strategy, the application of questionnaires, and a field diary, the aim is to interpret the motivations linked to the choices for yoga, a body practice that integrates spirituality and well-being, in public service classes in Vitória. It is concluded that structures and reflexivity are part of the action repertoire so that people can trigger life projects that take them out of situations of insecurity and social risk.

RESUMEN Este artículo discute los usos del hatha-yoga como parte del Servicio de Orientación del Ejercicio (SOE), vinculado a la Secretaría Municipal de Salud (Semus), en la ciudad de Vitória (ES). Utilizando como estrategia metodológica entrevistas semiestructuradas, la aplicación de cuestionarios y el diario de campo, el objetivo es interpretar las motivaciones vinculadas a las elecciones por el yoga, práctica corporal que integra espiritualidad y bienestar en las clases de servicio público en Vitória. Se concluye que las estructuras y la reflexividad forman parte del repertorio de acción para que las personas puedan desencadenar proyectos de vida que las saquen de situaciones de inseguridad y riesgo social.

How Interdisciplinary Interventions Can Improve the Educational Process of Children Regarding the Nutritional Labeling of Foods.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of interdisciplinary educational interventions on children's attitudes, knowledge, preferences, and perceptions about different nutrition labels. Four hundred and ten elementary school children, aged between seven and ten years, participated in the research. The children completed questionnaires on attitudes, knowledge, and preferences about nutrition labeling and on perceived healthiness of a food product considering different types of nutrition labels (Pre-Intervention). They then participated in educational interventions as a strategy to address nutrition labeling of foods (Intervention). Finally, the Pre-Intervention questionnaires were reapplied (Post-Intervention). The intervention improved children's attitudes and knowledge about nutrition labeling. It also showed that this public has a greater preference for labels printed on the front of the food package. The label in the form of a warning was considered the most favorable for comparing the healthiness of the food product among children, while the table was the least preferred. It is concluded that interdisciplinary educational interventions are effective in improving children's attitudes, knowledge, preferences, and perceptions about different nutrition labels on a food product. The front label model is the most suitable for food packaging aimed at children.

Appealing dish names to nudge diners to more sustainable food choices: a quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Promoting plant-rich diets, i.e., diets with significantly reduced amounts of animal products, including vegan and vegetarian, is a promising strategy to help address the dual environmental and health crises that we currently face. Appealing dish names could boost interest in plant-rich dishes by attracting diners' attention to them. In this study, a systematic approach to naming plant-rich dishes with appealing descriptors was tested with a quasi-experimental design in four workplace, self-service, buffet-style cafeterias in Chicago, Sydney, São Paulo and Singapore. METHODS: Three different plant-rich dishes were tested at each site. Appealing names were generated systematically through a workshop and emphasized the dish ingredients, origin, flavor and/or the eating experience. Each test dish appeared once in a four-week menu cycle where menu options changed on a daily basis. The cycle was then repeated four times (six times in Chicago) with the total number of showings for each dish to be four (six in Chicago). The dish names alternated between basic and appealing across dish repetitions. For each dish, the food taken per plate was estimated by weighing the overall food taken and dividing it by the plate count in the cafeteria. Data was analysed as percentage change from baseline (i.e., the first showing of each dish that always had a basic name) with linear mixed effects analysis using the lme4 package in R. RESULTS: Overall, appealing dish names significantly increased the amount of food taken per plate by 43.9% relative to baseline compared to basic dish names (54.5% vs. 10.6% increase for appealing vs. basic names, respectively, p = .002). This increase corresponded to a 7% increase in actual grams of food taken per plate. Secondary analysis showed that the effect was site-specific to English-speaking countries only and that there was no substitution effect between plant-rich and meat dishes. CONCLUSIONS: The study tested an approach to creating appealing dish names in a systematic way and indicates that, in some settings, appealing dish titles are a relatively easy, scalable, cost-effective strategy that the food services sector can adopt to shift food choices towards more plant-rich, sustainable ones.

Alternative caregivers` role in food choices for young children in semi-urban and urban Mexico.

Alternative caregivers (i.e., someone besides the primary caregiver who also takes care of children) make food choices for children. This study investigated what alternative caregivers consider when making food choices for children and their perspectives on their role in making food choices to feed children. In-depth interviews were conducted with 16 alternative caregivers of children aged 1-5 years old in semi-urban and urban areas of the State of Mexico in Mexico. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed using constant comparative method. Alternative caregivers described spaces and situations that exposed children to food while under their care. Alternative caregivers who spent longer periods of time with the child described more involvement in what the child ate. Healthy or nutritious food, cost of food and affection for children were important considerations for alternative caregivers when deciding what to feed the child. Alternative caregivers had a substantial role in child feeding, decisions about cooking, and advising mothers on how to feed their children. Efforts to promote healthy food choices for children should include targeting of alternative caregivers.

Positive attitudes toward legumes are associated with legume intake among adults in Puerto Rico.

Legumes are a traditional healthy staple food in Latin America, with great potential for use in diet-related chronic disease prevention interventions. This study aimed to investigate attitudes about legume consumption and associations with dietary intake. Adult participants from the Puerto Rico Assessment of Diet, Lifestyle, and Diseases, who completed a validated food frequency questionnaire and a legumes questionnaire (n = 229) were included. A 25-item Likert scale was used to assess agreement with stated attitudes regarding legumes consumption. Exploratory factor analysis produced 3 factors: (1) taste and perceived benefits; (2) barriers and negative attitudes; and (3) social support and cultural beliefs. A combined attitudes scale was computed, with higher scores indicating more positive attitudes toward legumes. Adjusted linear regression models examined associations between each factor and the combined scale with legumes intake, rice intake, and ratio of legumes to rice intake. Significant positive associations were observed for the taste and perceived benefits factor (ß = 0.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07-0.21) and the social support and cultural beliefs factor (ß = 0.14; 95% CI, 0.07-0.22) with legume intake. The social support and cultural beliefs factor was also associated with a higher ratio of legumes to rice intake (ß = 1.59; 95% CI, 0.04-3.14). A 3-unit increase in the combined attitudes scale (corresponding to 1 additional positive attitude) was associated with a 0.03 (95% CI, 0.01-0.05) higher servings/day legume intake. The barriers and negative attitudes factor was inversely associated with rice intake (ß = -0.10; 95% CI, -0.02 to -0.17) and positively associated with ratio of legumes to rice intake (ß = 1.55; 95% CI, 0.03-3.07). Nutritional programs to increase legume intake as a healthy staple food among Puerto Ricans and Hispanic/Latino populations should emphasize building positive attitudes, especially those related to taste, perceived benefits, social support, and cultural beliefs, while diminishing barriers and negative attitudes.

Prácticas alimentarias, un fenómeno multinivel

RESUMEN El presente ensayo tiene como propósito posicionar el entender las prácticas alimentarias de las personas y de las poblaciones desde la perspectiva de curso de vida como tema relevante para generar conocimientos desde perspectivas interdisciplinarias. Así, se expondrán a las prácticas alimentarias desde una perspectiva sociohistórica, posicionándonos desde una visión que integre los diferentes niveles, dominios y temporalidades, con el fin de ampliar la perspectiva de un fenómeno esencialmente interdisciplinario. De esta manera, se abren las preguntas sobre qué niveles y dominios de la vida de las personas y las poblaciones se encuentran involucrados y cuáles son las formas temporales que se manejan en la interconexión de los diferentes elementos. Se busca posicionar a las prácticas alimentarias desde una perspectiva holística que pueda orientar la planificación e interpretación de investigaciones aplicadas para afrontar los desafíos de salud pública en el presente.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this essay is to position the understanding of food practices of individuals and populations from a life course perspective as relevant to focus in producing knowledge from an interdisciplinary perspective. So, here I discuss food practices as a sociohistorical phenomenon, acquiring a point of view that integrates different levels, domains and temporalities, with the purpose of broaden the perspective of a essentially multidisciplinary phenomenon. This opens questions about what levels and domains of the life of individuals and societies are involved, as well as what temporal forms are handled in the interconnection of the different elements. Thus, this essay seeks to position food practices from a wide perspective that can guide interpretation in empirical research necessary to face public health challenges that appear in the present.

A intencionalidade das decisões e das escolhas - "Liberdade é escolher Deus!" / The intentionality of decisions and choices - "Freedom is choosing God!" / La intencionalidad de las decisiones y de las elecciones - "¡La libertad es elegir a Dios!"

O texto contém proposições de diferentes autores sobre a existência de "pensantes" em todos os seres mineral, vegetal e animal com os quais uma interação se faz e, como decorrência, nos leva a entender o fenômeno das intencionalidades de decisões e escolhas como um fato que tem origem e fundamento inconscientes. Esses relatos comprovam o quanto o processo decisório na vida dos humanos se exerce de forma autônoma. O processo se apresenta, como intuições, desejos inexplicáveis, sincronicidades, sonhos, bem como outras realidades aleatórias para as quais o Ego se sente inclinado a aceitar o esforço necessário para cumprir o compromisso demandado. Uma das conclusões implica atentar para o quanto essas decisões e intencionalidades se fazem fundamentais para que o processo de individuação se cumpra.

The text contains propositions from different authors about the existence of "thinkers" among all mineral, plant and animal beings with which an interaction takes place and, as a result, we understand the phenomenon of intentionality of decisions and choices as a fact that has an unconscious origin and foundation. These reports prove how much the decision making process in human life is exercised autonomously. The process presents itself as intuitions, inexplicable desires, synchronicities, dreams, as well as other random realities for which the Ego feels inclined to accept the effort necessary to fulfill the demanded commitment. One of the conclusions implies paying attention to how fundamental these decisions and intentions are for the individuation process to be fulfilled.

El texto contiene proposiciones de diferentes autores sobre la existencia de "pensar" en todos los seres minerales, vegetales y animales con los que se realiza una interacción y, como resultado, nos lleva a comprender el fenómeno de la intencionalidad de las decisiones y elecciones como un hecho que tiene origen y base inconscientes. Estos informes demuestran cómo el proceso de toma de decisiones en la vida de los humanos se ejerce de forma autónoma. El proceso se presenta como intuiciones, deseos inexplicables, sincronicidades, sueños, así como otras realidades aleatorias para las cuales el Ego se siente inclinado a aceptar el esfuerzo necesario para cumplir con el compromiso exigido. Una de las conclusiones implica la atención sobre cómo estas decisiones e intenciones son fundamentales para que el proceso de individualización se cumpla.

Lifestyle and eating habits before and during COVID-19 quarantine in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in daily habits, food choices and lifestyle of adult Brazilians before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. DESIGN: This observational study was carried out with Brazilian adults through an online questionnaire 5 months after the social distance measures implementation. The McNemar, McNemar­Bowker and Wilcoxon tests were used to investigate differences before and during the COVID pandemic period, adopting the statistical significance of P < 0·05. SETTING: Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Totally, 1368 volunteers aged 18+ years. RESULTS: The volunteers reported a lower frequency of breakfast, morning and lunch snacks (P < 0·05) and a higher frequency of evening snacks and other meal categories during the pandemic period (P < 0·05). The results showed an increase in the consumption of bakery products, instant meals and fast food, while the consumption of vegetables and fruits decreased (P < 0·005). There was a significant increase in the frequency of consumption of alcoholic beverages (P < 0·001), but a reduction in the dose (P < 0·001), increased frequency of smoking (P = 0·007), an increase in sleep and screen time in hours and decrease in physical activity (P < 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: It was possible to observe an increase in screen time, hours of sleep, smoking and drinking frequency. On the other hand, there was a reduction in the dose of alcoholic beverages but also in the practice of physical activity. Eating habits also changed, reducing the performance of daytime meals and increasing the performance of nighttime meals. The frequency of consumption of instant meals and fast food has increased, while consumption of fruits and vegetables has decreased.

O problema da sobreutilização de recursos e o projeto Choosing Wisely Portugal - Escolhas Criteriosas em Saúde / The problem of overutilization of resources and the Choosing Wisely Portugal program - Judicious Choices in Health

Resumo A variação da prática clínica é um fenómeno que se encontra bem descrito e que se caracteriza por uma prática clínica utilizando testes diagnósticos e esquemas terapêuticos diversos, em doentes semelhantes na patologia que apresentam e no seu risco basal. A sobreutilização de recursos em saúde caracteriza-se por apresentar um benefício-risco negativo. Infelizmente ambos os fenómenos se verificam em diversos países, em particular países desenvolvidos. Neste contexto, o American Board of Internal Medicine lançou a campanha Choosing Wisely, a qual foi, entretanto, implementada em diversos países incluindo Portugal.

Abstract The variation of clinical practice is a well-described phenomenon in which patients with similar diagnoses, prognoses and demographic status receive different levels of care depending on when, where and by whom they are treated, despite agreed and documented evidence of best practice. The overutilization of health resources is also known to have a negative risk-benefit ratio. Unfortunately, both phenomena occur in several countries, especially in developed countries. In the light of this, the American Board of Internal Medicine launched the Choosing Wisely campaign, which has subsequently been implemented in several countries, including Portugal.

Contextual Fit of a Family Evidence-Based Intervention for Preventing Youth Alcohol Use in Mexico.

Reducing youth alcohol use is a public health priority that can be addressed by implementing evidence-based preventive interventions (EBPIs) with high fidelity. However, when EBPIs are delivered in a new geographical setting, lack of contextual fit might interfere with expected effects. The purpose of our study was to understand the contextual fit of the family preventive program, Guiding Good Choices (GGC), to inform its future adaptation in Zacatecas, Mexico. Four focus groups were conducted with parents of children aged 9-14 years (N = 43) from four private companies. After transcribing audiotaped sessions, we used a general inductive approach to obtain codes and derive themes. Parents expressed a high level of interest in program content, highlighting its potential to decrease underage drinking in Mexico. Surface-structure modifications of program audiovisual materials (e.g., new videos with Mexican actors and locations) and delivery methods were recommended by parents to maximize participant acceptability and engagement. Participant definitions of family and perception of family dynamics both support the cultural relevance of the program modules and activities related to this content. Underage drinking was acknowledged by parents as a major problem in Zacatecas. Our findings suggest a need for incorporating an extra session that focuses on addressing low alcohol literacy levels and parents' positive alcohol expectancies. Machismo was not considered a cultural factor that could affect attendance and program activities. In fact, we observed an opportunity to use local masculinity to ensure practice of parental skills at home. Due to the needs expressed by participants and the apparent compatibility and fit of the curriculum contents with the new context, we conclude that GGC could be an adequate EBPI for preventing underage drinking in Mexico.

Auditory decisions in the supplementary motor area.

In human speech and communication across various species, recognizing and categorizing sounds is fundamental for the selection of appropriate behaviors. However, how does the brain decide which action to perform based on sounds? We explored whether the supplementary motor area (SMA), responsible for linking sensory information to motor programs, also accounts for auditory-driven decision making. To this end, we trained two rhesus monkeys to discriminate between numerous naturalistic sounds and words learned as target (T) or non-target (nT) categories. We found that the SMA at single and population neuronal levels perform decision-related computations that transition from auditory to movement representations in this task. Moreover, we demonstrated that the neural population is organized orthogonally during the auditory and the movement periods, implying that the SMA performs different computations. In conclusion, our results suggest that the SMA integrates acoustic information in order to form categorical signals that drive behavior.