Nephrotic syndrome in infants and children: pathophysiology and management.

Nephrotic syndrome is defined by nephrotic-range proteinuria (≥40 mg/m2/hour or urine protein/creatinine ratio ≥200 mg/mL or 3+ protein on urine dipstick), hypoalbuminaemia (<25 g/L) and oedema. This review focuses on the classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, management strategies and prognosis of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome of childhood, and includes a brief overview of the congenital forms.

Effect of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α on Acyl Coenzyme A: Cholesteryl Acyltransferase Activity and ACAT1 Gene Expression in THP-1 Macrophages / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In order to explore the effect and mechanisms of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the activity of the acyl coenzyme A: cholesteryl acyltransferase (ACAT), THP-1 monocytes were cultured and induced to differentiate into macrophages with phorbol ester. TNF-α (60 ng/mL) was added at different time points into the macrophage-containing medium and the ACAT enzyme activity was measured by quantifying the incorporation of [1-14C] oleoyl CoA into cholesteryl esters. The expression of ACAT-1 protein and mRNA was respectively detected by Western blotting and RT-PCR in THP-1 macrophages 24 h after treatment with TNF-α (60 ng/mL). The results indicated that ACAT activity in THP-1 macrophages treated with TNF-α was increased in a time-dependent manner. The expression levels of ACAT-1 protein and mRNA were significantly increased in THP-1 macrophages after treatment with TNF-α (P＜0.05). It was suggested that TNF-α could increase the activity of ACAT in THP-1 macrophages by up-regulating the expression of ACAT-1 gene.

Effect of acyl coenzyme A:cholesteryl acyltransferase 1 antisense oligonucleotides on the formation of foam cells / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To study the effect of acyl coenzyme A:cholesteryl acyltransferase 1(ACAT1)antisense oligonucleotides on the formation of foam cells(FC).METHODS:THP-1 cells were cultured and differentiated into macrophages(MP)by phorbol myristate acetate(PMA).Over-expressing ACAT1 gene THP-1 cells were constructed.The ACAT1 antisense and missense oligonucleotides conducted by LipofectamineTM 2000 were incubated with above cells.Ac-LDL was added 6 h later and incubated for 24 h.The expression of ACAT1 protein was detected by Western blotting.The ACAT activity was measured by quantifying the incorporation of 1-14C oleoyl CoA into cholesteryl esters.The formation of foam cells was detected by oil red O staining.RESULTS:The ACAT1 antisense oligonucleotides inhibited the activity of ACAT in macrophages and over-expressing ACAT1 gene THP-1 cells.It also inhibited the formation of foam cell in macrophages and over-expressing ACAT1 gene THP-1 cells with lipid loading.The missense oligonucleotides did not show the inhibitory effects.CONCLUSION:The ACAT1 antisense oligonucleotides inhibit the activity of ACAT and the formation of foam cells.