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A new species of the rarely collected neotropical microgastrine braconid wasp genus Larissimus Nixon, represented previously by only a single described species, L.cassander Nixon, was recovered by the Caterpillars and Parasitoids of the Eastern Andes in Ecuador inventory project. Larissimusnigricanssp. nov. was reared from an unidentified species of arctiine Erebidae feeding on the common bamboo species Chusqueascandens Kunth at the Yanayacu Biological Station near Cosanga, Napo Province, Ecuador. The new species is described and diagnosed from L.cassander using both morphological and DNA barcode data.
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The genus Nublapamea gen. nov. is described (type species: Tracheaaltivolans Schaus), here determined to belong to the primarily temperate Holarctic tribe Apameini (Noctuidae: Noctuinae). Currently known only from mid- to upper elevation montane forests of Costa Rica, Nublapamea is a disjunct southern extension of a largely northern hemisphere temperate region fauna. The life history of Nublapameaaltivolans is unknown; it may be associated with chusquea bamboo (Chusquea Kunth), as most Apameini are dietary specialists on graminoids.
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Bamboos are known for their economical, ecological, and cultural importance. The plants can be annual or perennial and can be herbs, shrubs or trees and can also show different growth habits. The cell wall is the main component of the mechanical properties of the tissues. Data set presented here contains the results of cell walls fractioning of culms from six neotropical bamboo species: Apoclada simplex, Chusquea capituliflora, Filgueirasia arenicola, Filgueirasia cannavieira, Guadua tagoara, Merostachys riedeliana and Parodiolyra micrantha. The cell walls were fractionated with oxalate and increasing NaOH concentrations sequentially. The yield and the monosaccharide compositions showed a small amount of pectin as expected for Poaceae and arabinoxylan as the main hemicellulose. The digestion of the hemicellulose fraction with xylanase produced an oligosaccharide profile that could be used to compare the similarity of the arabinoxylan from different species without identifying each individual oligosaccharide. Our data showed that the differences in cell wall composition do not vary according to the growth habit, but are in close association with the phylogenetic relations within the family. The differences in load capacity in plants with different habits (trees and herbs, for example) are more associated with the amount of support tissues than with different cell wall compositions. The importance of evaluate the cell wall of tropical bamboo species aimed at improving resources for biotechnology was discussed by Tine et al. 2020 [1].
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RESUMEN Las mariposas del género Lymanopoda son típicas de ecosistemas altoandinos y se caracterizan por tener como planta hospedera a especies del género Chusquea. El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar una descripción del hábitat de cuatro especies del género Lymanopoda que residen en zonas de páramo de los Andes de Colombia. Para describir el hábitat, se realizó la búsqueda de mariposas en tres localidades, dos en la Cordillera Oriental y una en la Cordillera Occidental. Se estudió la composición florística de las áreas que habitan las especies de Lymanopoda y se registraron variables para calcular la cobertura y la frecuencia relativa de elementos arbóreos, arbustivos y herbáceos. Estos datos permitieron identificar patrones en la fisonomía, estructura y diversidad de las coberturas vegetales en las que fueron observadas las mariposas. Se encontró que, aunque la composición florística entre las localidades estudiadas es diferente, la distribución de abundancias es similar, presentando pocos elementos dominantes y alta equidad. En cuanto a la estructura de la vegetación se encontró que la cobertura del estrato arbustivo y de Chusquea spp., es similar en las áreas de borde de los parches. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que, aunque la presencia de Chusquea es fundamental para las mariposas estudiadas, estas residen en coberturas vegetales diversas (i.e. con poca dominancia y alta equidad) con una estructura que incluya elementos herbáceos, arbustivos y arbóreos.
ABSTRACT Butterflies of the Lymanopoda genus are typical of the high Andean ecosystem and they are characterized by having species of Chusquea genus as host plants. This research aims to present the habitat description of four species of Lymanopoda inhabiting in "páramo" areas of the Colombian Andes. The habitat description was based on searching butterflies in three localities; two at the "Cordillera Oriental" and another one at the "Cordillera Occidental". After, we explored the floristic composition of inhabiting areas by the Lymanopoda species and we registered data to calculate vegetation coverage and relative frequency of tree, shrub and herb layers. Such data made it possible to identify patterns in botanical physiognomy, structure and diversity of the vegetal coverages among the butterflies that were found. Our outcomes show that although the floristic composition between the four localities is different, the abundance distribution of species is related to limited dominance and high equitability. With regard to vegetation structure we found that shrub layer and Chusquea spp. Coverage is similar at an edge of the patches. Based on the results, we conclude that presence of Chusquea is essential to the assessed butterflies but also, they only reside inside diverse vegetation coverages (i.e. with limited dominance and high equitability) whit a botanical structure that includes tree, shrub and herb layers.
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Agrupamentos de bambu têm sido considerados relativamente importantes para um grande número de espécies de aves, principalmente na Amazônia. No presente estudo avaliamos as variações na abundância de aves associadas ao bambu Chusquea sp. em áreas com diferentes disponibilidades deste microhábitat no interior de floresta nativa, na porção sul da Mata Atlântica, Estado do Paraná. Amostragens por ponto-de-escuta foram realizadas durante 25 dias em cinco trilhas, três em áreas com agrupamentos de bambu e duas em áreas onde este microhábitat estava ausente; as trilhas diferiram na disponibilidade de bambu. As áreas de estudos foram o Parque Estadual Mata dos Godoy e um fragmento florestal adjacente que, juntos, formam uma área maior que 2.000 ha no Norte do Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil. Das dezenove espécies de aves analisadas, apenas cinco foram registradas nas trilhas onde não havia bambu. Cinco espécies diminuíram significativamente suas abundâncias de acordo com a disponibilidade decrescente de aglomerados de bambu (teste-G, P < 0,01). Nenhuma espécie de ave apresentou maior abundância nas trilhas onde o bambu estava ausente. Diferente da Amazônia, agrupamentos de bambu na porção sul da Mata Atlântica brasileira não formam áreas extensas, sendo encontrados mais esparsos pelo sub-bosque. Ainda assim, este microhábitat pode ser importante para a conservação de certas espécies de aves na Mata Atlântica.
Association of birds to bamboo stands in southern brazilian Atlantic Forest, Londrina, Parana State, Brazil. Bamboo stands have been considered relatively important for a high number of bird species, specially in Amazonia. In the present study variations on the abundance of bamboo associated birds were evaluated in areas with different availability of bamboo Chusquea sp. present inside native forest in the southern portion of the Atlantic Forest, Parana State. Point counts were performed during 25 days in five transects, three in bamboo stands areas and two where this microhabitat was absent; the transects differ in the availability of bamboo. The study areas were the Mata dos Godoy State Park and an adjacent forest fragment, which together sum a total area larger than 2,000 ha, in northern Parana State, southern Brazil. Nineteen bird species were analyzed and only five of them were recorded in the transects where the bamboo was absent. Five bird species decreased significantly their abundances according the decreasing in the availability of bamboo (G-test, P < 0.01). None species had higher abundance in the transects where the bamboo was absent. Differently of Amazonia, bamboo stands in the southern portion of the Brazilian Atlantic forest are not extensive areas; actually, this type of microhabitat is more disperse throughout the understory. Even so, this microhabitat may be important for conservation of certain bird species in the Atlantic forest.
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Se realizó en Ecuador un muestreo de mariposas de la subtribu Pronophilina con el fin de evaluar los efectos de altitud sobre los patrones de distribución, diversidad y estructura de la comunidad en un transecto altitudinal. Se demostró una correlación significativa de todos los índices de diversidad y altitud. El máximo de diversidad expresado por la riqueza de especies, fue reportado a 2600 m. Se identificaron dos grupos de especies en la parte inferior y superior del transecto. La comparación de los coeficientes de similitud indicó valores menores en la franja de altitud intermedia. Se demostró que varios pares de especies relacionadas morfo y ecológicamente tienen distribuciones altitudinales mutuamente exclusivas. La comparación con estudios semejantes revelaron una congruencia muy notable en cuanto a los patrones de diversidad altitudinal de los Pronophilina en varias áreas de la cordillera Andina. En particular, el índice de Shannon llega a valores máximos entre 2600 m y 2850 m, aproximadamente 400 - 500 por debajo del limite superior del bosque nublado. El aumento de la diversidad de los Pronophilina con la altitud puede ser relacionado tan solo de manera marginal con la mayor disponibilidad de los recursos limitados. La menor presión por parte de los depredadores, parasitoides y ectoparásitos en mayores altitudes puede contribuir a la mayor abundancia pero no directamente a la diversidad. Esta última, está relacionada con las características intrínsicas del grupo, tales como el solapamiento de grupos faunísticos elevacionales y la tasa de especiación más rápida en el límite superior del bosque.
Samplings of Pronophilina, a species-rich group of neotropical montane butterflies, were carried out along an elevational transect in Ecuador to assess the effect of altitude on their distribution patterns, diversity and community structure. All diversity indices were significantly correlated with altitude. Maximum diversity expressed in species-richness, Shannon index and Fisher alpha was recorded at 2600 m. Two assemblages of species were identified in the lower (below 2100 m) and upper (above 2300 m) sections of the transect by means of correspondence (CA) and cluster analysis. A comparison of Sørensen similarity coefficients showed lower values, thus higher turnover in the intermediate elevational band. Several closely related morphologically and ecologically species were found to have mutually exclusive altitudinal distribution patterns. A comparison with similar studies in Venezuela, Colombia and Peru revealed far reaching congruency of the patterns of altitudinal diversity of Pronophilina in distant areas of the Andes. In particular, the Shannon index reaches its maximum values at 2600-2850 m, which invariably correspond to ca. 400-500 m below the upper limit of cloud forest. Increase of diversity of Pronophilina with altitude is marginally related to higher limited resource availability. The lower pressure of predators and parasites at higher elevation can contribute with higher abundance, but cannot be directly correlated with higher diversity. Higher diversity is related with intrisic characteristics of the group, such as aggregated diversity by overlapping of elevational faunal assemblages and higher speciation ratio towards high elevations, particularly near timberline.
Assuntos
Animais , Borboletas , Demografia , EquadorRESUMO
Characterization of High Andean forest edges and implications for their ecological restoration (Colombia). The growth of a forest patch through colonization of the adjacent matrix is mostly determined by the particular characteristics of the edge zone. Knowing how these characteristics are related to a specific edge type and how they influence the regeneration process, is important for High Andean forest edges restoration. This study aimed to characterize three types of High Andean forest edge in Cogua Forest Reserve (Colombia): 1) edge of Chusquea scandens, 2) "paramizado", and 3) old edge, characterized for being in a later successional state. Two forest patches were chosen for each edge type and 13 criteria were analyzed; these were of topographic order, micro-environmental order, vegetation structure and species composition. in each patch the vegetation was evaluated by means of two 60 m transects perpendicular to the edge and along the matrix-edgeinterior of the forest gradient. All woody plant species were identified and counted to determine their abundance. Environmental variables (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and light radiation) were measured in one of the transects. Three of the 13 criteria were of little importance in shaping the type of edge habitat (slope, patch shape and area). The others were closely related with the micro-environmental conditions and in turn with the vegetation structure and composition; this relationship confers particular characteristics to each edge type. The microclimate and floristic edge limits coincided; edges extend between 10 and 20 m into the forest depending on the edge type. The paramizado edge has the smallest environmental self-regulation capacity and is more exposed to fluctuations of the studied variables, because of its greatest exposition to the wind action and loss of the tallest trees (between 10 and 15 m) which regulate the understorey microclimate. This low environmental buffer capacity prevents the establishing of mature forest species (for example, Schefflera sp. and Oreopanax bogotensis) although they are found in other areas within the same patch. All these results show that the paramizado edge needs the most intervention for its restoration. The Chusquea scandens edge forest is the most sheltered since this species acts as a protecting shield. However it still needs to be controlled to allow the adjacent matrix colonization by the forest species and natural regeneration, as it does in the old edge type forest, which moreover has an intermediate self-regulating capacity relative to the other two. The vegetation composition reveals that most of the edge species can also grow inside, beyond the forest edge. Rev. Biol. Trop. 56 (3): 1543-1556. Epub 2008 September 30.
Se caracterizaron tres tipos de borde de bosque altoandino: borde de Chusquea scandens, paramizado y antiguo; este último denominado así por presentar un estado sucesional más avanzado. Se seleccionaron dos parches de bosque por cada tipo de borde, para analizar 13 criterios entre fisiográficos, microclimáticos, estructura y composición de la vegetación. Tres de los criterios (pendiente, forma y área del parche) son poco determinantes del tipo de hábitat de borde, los demás están estrechamente relacionados con las condiciones del microambiente y éste a su vez con la estructura y composición de la vegetación, confiriendo características particulares a cada hábitat de borde. El borde paramizado muestra la menor capacidad de autorregulación ambiental estando más expuesto a la fluctuación en estas variables, debido a su exposición directa a la acción del viento y a la pérdida de los estratos arbóreos más altos (entre 10 y 15 m), por lo que requiere la mayor intervención para su restauración. El borde de chusque es el más resguardado al actuar esta especie como una barrera protectora, que sin embargo debe ser controlada para promover la expansión del bosque como habita en el borde antiguo, el cual presenta una capacidad reguladora intermedia entre los otros dos.
