Quilotórax y abdomen agudo quiloso en el contexto de un vaciamiento ganglionar cervical / Chylothorax and chyloperitoneum in the setting of neck lymph node dissection

RESUMEN La presencia de quilotórax y de abdomen agudo quiloso luego de un vaciamiento ganglionar cervical izquierdo es una complicación muy poco frecuente. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 24 años a quien se le realizó un vaciamiento ganglionar cervical bilateral por metástasis de carcinoma de tiroides. El segundo día del posoperatorio presentó dolor abdominal. Los estudios complementarios permitieron diagnosticar quilotórax y abdomen agudo quiloso, posiblemente como consecuencia de la ligadura inadvertida del conducto torácico. Se realizó el tratamiento médico y el drenaje percutáneo de ambas cavidades. Debido a buena evolución se indicó el alta hospitalaria con el drenaje abdominal, y continuar el seguimiento en forma ambulatoria. El tratamiento médico controlado para las lesiones del conducto torácico constituye la primera opción. En caso de mala evolución se debe pensar en la resolución quirúrgica sin demora.

ABSTRACT Chylothorax and chyloperitoneum after left lymph node dissection are rare complications. We report the case of a 24-year-old woman with a history of total thyroidectomy with bilateral lymph node dissection for metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma. On postoperative day 2 the patient presented generalized abdominal pain. The complementary tests allowed for the diagnosis of chylothorax and chyloperitoneum. Medical treatment was started and percutaneous drainage of both cavities. The patient had favorable outcome and was discharged with the abdominal drain and indication of follow-up in the outpatient clinic. Supervised medical treatment for thoracic duct injuries constitute the first treatment option. Surgery should not be delayed in case of poor outcome.

Abdomen agudo por ascitis quilosa secundaria a pancreatitis aguda: reporte de un caso

La ascitis quilosa (AQ) es una entidad rara, y puede manifestarse como una reacción peritoneal llamada peritonitis quilosa aguda (PQA). Presentamos el caso de un varón de 26 años, con cuadro abdominal agudo, por lo que es intervenido quirúrgicamente, encontrándose líquido lechoso turbio, en cavidad abdominal, realizándose una apendicectomía profiláctica, aspiración y lavado de cavidad, con colocación de drenajes. El análisis de líquido mostró aumento de triglicéridos y amilasa, gram y cultivos negativos; y la tomografía reveló una pancreatitis aguda (Baltazar C), todo ello confirmando el diagnóstico de AQ secundaria a pancreatitis. Paciente cursa con una evolución favorable con hidratación, analgésicos y dieta vía oral a tolerancia. En la literatura se han descrito muy pocos casos de PQA, y su asociación con pancreatitis aguda es bastante inusual. Pudiendo simular un cuadro abdominal agudo quirúrgico, cuyo tratamiento consiste en la exploración quirúrgica con drenaje peritoneal, pudiendo o no, requerir apoyo nutricional.

Chylous ascites (CA) is a rare condition, and it can present as a peritoneal reaction named acute chylous peritonitis (ACP). We report the case of a 26-year old male who developed acute abdomen. He underwent surgery and turbid milky fluid was found in his abdominal cavity. A prophylactic appendectomy was performed, as well as aspiration and lavage of the abdominal cavity. Drainage tubes were placed. Studies of the fluid revealed increased triglyceride and amylase contents. Gram-staining and cultures were negative. A computed tomography scan revealed acute pancreatitis (Balthazar C), so a diagnosis of chylous ascites secondary to pancreatitis was confirmed. The patient did well, he received hydration, analgesics, and oral diet according to tolerance. Very few cases of ACP have been reported in the literature, and its association with acute pancreatitis is very unusual. This condition may resemble surgical acute abdomen, and its management includes surgical exploration with peritoneal drainage. Nutritional support may also be needed.

Ascitis quilosa tras colecistectomía: presentación de un caso / Chylous ascites after cholecystectomy: case report and literatura review

INTRODUCCIÓN: La ascitis quilosa es la presencia de líquido linfático en la cavidad peritoneal. Como consecuencia de una cirugía abdominal es muy infrecuente, encontrando 5 casos previos en la literatura revisada tras colecistectomía. OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso clínico de ascitis quilosa poscolecistectomía, su manejo y una revisión de la literatura. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Varón de 77 años, quiloperitoneo 21 días después de realización de colecistectomía programada por colecistitis aguda. Resultados: Se realiza drenaje percutáneo con débito de 5 L en 24 horas, se inicia octreótido subcutáneo y nutrición parenteral total. Al tercer día disminuye el débito por el drenaje, por lo que se inicia dieta rica en triglicéridos de cadena media con buena evolución posterior. De los 5 casos previos tras colecistectomía, el 60% se resolvió con tratamiento conservador, un paciente precisó reintervención y otro colocación de un shunt portosistémico intrahepático trasnyugular (TIPSS). CONCLUSIÓN: La ascitis quilosa es una complicación postquirúrgica infrecuente, encontrando solo 5 casos previos tras colecistectomía. Inicialmente el manejo debe ser conservador, en caso de persistencia se deben valorar otras medidas.

INTRODUCTION: Chylous ascites is defined as the presence of lymph fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is a rare complication after abdominal surgery; only 5 previously reported cases were found after cholecystectomy. Aim: Present a case report and a literature review. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Case report of a 77 year old male who underwent an elective cholecystectomy due to acute cholecystitis. Chyloperitoneum showed up 21 days after surgery. RESULTS: We performed a percutaneous drainage and 5 L of fluid were removed in 24 hours. We started treatment with subcutaneous Octreotide and total parenteral nutrition. After 3 days drain output decreased and we started a medium-chain triglycerides diet with good progress. The outcome of 60% of the 5 previous case reports of chyloperitoneum after cholecystitis, were successful with conservative management, surgical intervention was needed in one patient and a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPSS) was placed in another patient. CONCLUSION: Chylous ascites is a rare complication after surgery, there are only 5 previously case reports after cholecystectomy. Conservative management has to be the first option and in case of persistence another therapy has to be considered.

Quiloperitoneo en paciente con abdomen agudo / Chyloperitoneum in patient with acute abdomen

Justificación: El quiloperitoneo es una patología rara que generalmente se asocia a otra enfermedad. Su diagnóstico es difícil y principalmente se aborda como un abdomen agudo. Una vez hecho el diagnóstico es necesario realizar estudios complementarios debido a la posibilidad de existir una neoplasia subyacente.Método :Reporte de un caso del hospital de Guápiles junto a análisis bibliográfico.Resultados:Se reporta satisfactoriamente el caso de un masculino de 20 años que ingresa por un abdomen agudo. Durante su abordaje se le diagnostica un quiloperitoneo primario lográndosele descartar neoplasias o algún proceso obstructivo de su drenaje linfático. El paciente sana satisfactoriamente sin ninguna complicación.Conclusiones:En conclusión, este caso demuestra la eficacia de la laparotomía exploratoria en el abdomen agudo en el cual un diagnóstico preoperatorio no se puede realizar. La dieta baja en ácidos grasos de cadena media así como la aspiración del líquido junto al drenaje hacen terapia eficiente para este tipo de patología.

Backround: The chyloperitoneum is a rare condition that is usually associated with another pathology. Its diagnosis is difficult and is addressed primarily as an acute abdomen. Once the diagnosis is made, further Studies are necessary to rule out the existence of cancer.Methods:A case report from the Guápiles Hospital with literature review.Results: We succesfully report the case of a 20 year old male that was admitted for an acute abdomen. During his stay in the hospital the diagnosis of a primary chyloperitoneum was made by ruling out any obstructive process of his linfatic drainage system and cancer. The patient heals satisfactorily without complications.Conclusions: In conclusión, this case demonstrates the efficancy of an exploratory laparotomy in an acute abdomen in which a preoperotry diagnosis cannot be made. A diet low in middle chain fatty acids in conjunction with the aspiration and drainage of the liquid make enough therapy for this kind of pathology.

Fístula quiloperitoneal en gestante a propósito de un caso: resumen / Quiloperitoneal fistula pregnant about a case: summary

El sistema linfático corresponde a una amplia red de capilares y vasos distribuidos por todo el organismo, que convergen a nivel del tórax a una estructura única mayor, el conducto torácico, el cual drena su contenido a la circulación venosa a nivel de la vena subclavia izquierda. La fístula quilosa se define como la perdida de linfa desde los vasos linfáticos, típicamente acumulado en la cavidad abdominal y/o torácica, ocasionalmente manifestada como una fístula externa. (120) El tratamiento conservador de la fístula quilosa está recomendado en la mayoría de los pacientes y va a estar determinado por las fístulas con gasto elevado que causan alteraciones fisiológicas tempranas, por lo que el tratamiento debe ser agresivo. Las fístulas quilosas de origen tumoral son de difícil manejo, el tratamiento es más exitoso si estas se presentan luego de un trauma o cirugía. Para mejorar la efectividad del tratamiento conservador, se ha sugerido asociar a las medidas antes señaladas el uso de somatostatina o sus análogos. El tratamiento quirúrgico es abordado cuando la terapia conservadora falla (40%).99 Se presenta el caso de femenina de 39 años, proveniente del Estado Nueva Esparta, sin antecedente patológicos conocidos, IV gesta, III para a quien se le realizo cesárea de emergencia a las 34 semanas por feto con poli hidramnios y al abordar cavidad abdominal hay la presencia de liquido de aspecto lechoso del cual obtienen 3000cc aprox., extraen el feto el cual estaba en condición estable, revisan cavidad abdominal sin evidenciar patología. Es egresada en condición estable, y consulta a los 7 días por aumento de volumen abdominal. En vista de esto es referida a nuestro centro donde se realizan diversos estudios como laboratorio que solo reportó anemia (Hb 10), marcadores tumorales (alfa feto proteína, Ca 19-9, CEA) negativos, pruebas especiales para descartar trastorno de coagulación resultaron negativos...

The lymphatic system represents a vast network of capillaries and vessels distributed throughout the body, which converge at the thoracic cavity to a largest single structure, the thoracic duct, which drains its contents into the venous circulation to the left subclavian vein. Chylous fistula is defined as a loss of lymph from the lymphatic vessels, typically accumulated in the abdominal cavity and/or cage, occasionally manifested as an external fistula. (120) Conservative treatment of chylous fistula is recommended in most patients and shall be determined by high output fistulas causing early physiological changes, so treatment should be aggressive. Tumoral chylous fistulas are difficult to manage; treatment is more successful if these appear after trauma or surgery. To improve the effectiveness of conservative treatment, it has been suggested to associate the use of somatostatin or its analogs with the above mentioned measures. Surgical treatment is addressed when conservative therapy fails (40%). We present a case of a 39 years-old female, from the state of Nueva Esparta - Venezuela, with no known medical history, GESTA IV, III who underwent emergency cesarean section at 34 weeks due to fetus with polyhydramnios. When approaching the abdominal cavity they found a milky fluid of which they obtained 3000cc approx.; they took out the fetus which was in stable condition and examined the abdominal cavity without evidence of any pathology, whatsoever. She was discharged in stable condition, and comes back to consult at 7 days after due to increased abdominal volume. For this reason, she was referred to our center where several studies are made, such as laboratory studies which only reported anemia (Hb 10), tumor markers (alpha fetoprotein, Ca 19-9, CEA) negative, special tests to rule out clotting disorder were negative; negative immunological profile (ANCA, ANA, AMA, AML), CT Scan of the chest-abdomen and pelvis which concluded...

Refractory Chylous Ascites.

A 34-year-old woman with primary chylous ascites due to lymphangiectasias was treated with sclerotherapy of dilated lymphatics and a lymphovenous shunt. She was referred to our institution after a thorough diagnostic and therapeutic approach in her community hospital. After four weeks of intensive diagnostic study, no secondary etiology for her chylous disorder was established. Conservative treatment did not prove useful, and a laparotomy was done. Lymphangiectasias and a lymphatic leak were demonstrated, but primary closure was ineffective. A second surgery with derivative intention was done, but six months later ascites recurred. A new sclerosing surgery was done; afterwards, the patient remained free of symptoms. Primary chyloperitoneum is a rare and complex disorder; its treatment and outcome depend on a multidisciplinary approach and an experienced medical team.