Agro-industrial by-products as ruminant feed: Nutritive value and in vitro rumen fermentation evaluation.

In recent years, agricultural by-products have generated increasing interest as ruminant feed. In a completely randomized design with five experimental treatments, this in vitro study investigated the nutritional value of citrus pulp and onion peel as alternative feed for ruminants and their effects on rumen fermentation, digestibility, and gas production. The first group was the control (50% grass hay/50% concentrate mixture). The other four treatments represented citrus pulp and onion peel at inclusion levels of 10 and 20%, replacing the expensive, high-quality feed ingredients such as the concentrate mixture. The chemical composition showed that citrus pulp is an energy-rich material that could be included up to 20% to replace part of the concentrate in a mixed diet without any adverse impacts on rumen fermentation parameters. The onion peels were rich in fiber and minerals. Their inclusion in the diet of over 10% had detrimental effects on rumen fermentation. The inclusion of either citrus pulp or onion peel in the diet did not have the potential to reduce enteric methane production. In conclusion, citrus pulp showed promising results as a new feed for ruminants. It was effective when included in up to 20% of a ruminant diet, replacing the concentrate mixture.

Comparative study on secondary metabolites from different citrus varieties in the production area of Zhejiang.

To investigate the distribution pattern of bioactive components and their correlations between citrus varieties, we thoroughly analyzed secondary metabolites (including flavonoids, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and limonoids) in the peel and pulp of 11 citrus varieties from the production area of Zhejiang. Citrus peels accumulated metabolites far more than the pulp, and the accumulation varied significantly between species. Flavonoids were the most abundant compounds, followed by phenolic acids, with carotenoids and limonoids being far less abundant than the first two, but limonoids were more abundant than carotenoids. Hesperidin was the main flavonoid in most varieties, but cocktail grapefruit and Changshanhuyou contained naringin, with Ponkan having the most abundant polymethoxylated flavones (PMFs). The major components of phenolic acids, carotenoids, and limonoids were ferulic acid, ß-cryptoxanthin, and limonin, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) indicated that these components were mostly correlated with each other, and these citrus varieties could be categorized into four groups by pulp and three groups by peel. The obtained results filled the data gap for secondary metabolites from local citrus and could provide data references for citrus resource utilization, selection and breeding of superior varieties, and other research.

Effect of Citrus Pellet on Extrusion Parameters, Kibble Macrostructure, Starch Cooking and In Vitro Digestibility of Dog Foods.

Fiber supplemented extruded foods are produced by pet food companies to help with several specific health conditions. The fiber material, however, is difficult to incorporate efficiently into dry kibble diets for dogs. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of citrus pulp pellet (CPP), the solid waste part of the production of orange juice characterized by a good proportion of soluble and fermentable fiber, on extrusion traits, kibble macrostructure, starch gelatinization and in vitro digestibility of dog foods. A control formula (CO) was developed for dogs. CPP was added to CO at different inclusion levels: 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Foods were extruded in a single screw extruder using two different die diameters (dd): 5 mm and 7 mm. CPP inclusion with 5 mm dd did not affect bulk and piece density and resulted in a lower impact on kibble expansion; It also resulted in greater starch gelatinization and kibble expansion compared to the 7 mm dd configuration (p < 0.01). In addition to the nutritional implications, recycling and proper uses of this material exemplified in the present study by the exploration of CPP as a fiber source to dogs, this method can improve sustainable agriculture by transforming low-quality materials into high-quality foods.

Effects of citrus pulp on the composition and diversity of broiler cecal microbes.

Diet may affect gut microbial composition and diversity. There were 3 dietary groups: 0% citrus pulp diet (C), 1.5% citrus pulp diet (I), and 2.5% citrus pulp diet (II). A total of 180 healthy AA broilers (21-day old) were divided into 3 groups (C, I, and II), each group was set up with 6 replicates, and each replicate including 10 broilers (half male and female). At 42 d, the cecal contents of 18 broiler chickens were collected after slaughter. The cecal contents were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Compared with group C, the abundance of Firmicutes in groups I and II decreased, while the relative abundances of Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Lactobacillus, and Faecalibacterium increased. LEfSe analysis showed that Actinobacteria, Coriobacteriia, Coriobacteriales, and Ruminococcaceae_bacterium_Marseille_P2935 in group I were significantly higher than those in group C. Bacteria, Coriobacteriales, Coriobacteriia, Coriobacteriaceae, Slackia, Bacteroides_sp_Marseille_P3132, and Lactobacillus_pontis in group II were significantly higher than those in group C. The Staphylococcaceae, Bacteroides_sp_Marseille_P3132, Macroccus, Lactobacillus_pontis, and Streptococcus_equinus in group II were significantly higher than those in group I. Functional predictions indicated that the cecal microbiota of broilers fed the 2.5% citrus pulp diet was more tend to utilize carbohydrates through glycolytic/gluconeogenesis metabolism. Adding citrus pulp to the diet affects the microbial composition and has important implications for studying gut health and improving economic benefits.

The impact of replacing barley by dehydrated orange pulp in finishing pig diets on performance, carcass quality, and gaseous emissions from slurry.

Using agricultural by-products such as dehydrated orange pulp (DOP) in animal feeds is of interest to increase pig sector sustainability. With this aim, an assay was carried out to assess the effects of increasing inclusion levels of DOP in pig diets regarding animal performance, carcass quality, and environmental impact. Four experimental diets were designed, a control diet (T1) and three more diets with increasing levels of DOP with 80, 160, and 240 g/kg of DOP for diets T2, T3, and T4, respectively. One hundred and sixty growing pigs were used in the experiment. Growth performance (average daily gain, ADG; average daily feed intake, ADFI and feed conversion ratio, FCR) and in vivo backfat thickness (BF) and loin depth (LD) gain were recorded during the finishing phase (from 70 to 130 kg BW). Faecal samples were incubated for bacteria enumeration. At slaughter, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits were measured, and subcutaneous fat was sampled to analyse the fatty acid (FA) profile. Additionally, the slurry excreted by the animals was measured, characterised and subjected to a gaseous emission assay during its storage. The final BW and overall ADFI, ADG and FCR were similar among treatments. In vivo final LD and BF gain decreased (P ≤ 0.10) as the inclusion level of DOP increased. No differences were observed in carcass characteristics with the inclusion of DOP, except carcass weight that decreased linearly (P = 0.05) with DOP. Regarding the FA profile of the subcutaneous fat, the ratio of total monounsaturated to saturated FA increased with the inclusion level of DOP. Neither slurry excretion and characterisation nor bacterial counts from faeces showed any significant difference among treatments. The inclusion of DOP led to greater CH4 emissions in mg per L of slurry and hour, whereas these differences disappeared when expressed in mg per animal and day. In all, it has been demonstrated that the inclusion of DOP up to 240 mg/kg in pig diets had minor effects on growth performance, carcass quality traits or gaseous emissions from slurry, favouring the circular economy strategy and pig sector sustainability.

Effects of maize silage substitution with sugarbeet or citrus pulp ensiled with corncobs on growth performance, digestibility, and economic benefits in buffalo calves.

Ensiling of high-moisture agro-industrial wastes with dry roughage as animal feeds may be a secure way to reduce the feeding cost. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of either sugarbeet or citrus pulp ensiled with ground corncobs and used as a replacement of maize silage or maize fodder in total mixed ration (TMR) for fattening of buffalo calves. Twenty male calves of Nili-Ravi buffalo (aged 14 ± 2 months weighing 133 ± 5 kg) were randomly assigned to one of four iso-nutritious (12% CP and 69% TDN) experimental diets with 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio (dry matter basis) as: (1) TMR maize silage, (2) TMR sugarbeet pulp ensiled with corncobs, (3) TMR citrus pulp ensiled with corncobs, and (4) TMR green maize fodder with wheat straw. All calves received TMRs for ad libitum intake twice daily for 80-day period. Daily feed intake, fortnightly body weights, and digestibility and N balance study during last 15 days were recorded of individual animals. The calves fed TMR sugarbeet pulp silage got highest daily gain (856 g/d, P < 0.05) than citrus pulp silage (776 g/d) or green maize fodder (704 g/d). Average intake of nutrients was same among all the calves. Feed conversion ratio and digestibility of DM, NDF, and ADF were higher (P < 0.05) with TMR sugarbeet pulp silage compared to other TMRs. Economic benefit (output/input) with TMR sugarbeet pulp silage had 15.46, 34.27, and 37.36% higher effect for fattening of buffalo calves compared to citrus pulp silage, green maize fodder, and maize silage-based TMRs, respectively. In conclusion, sugarbeet pulp ensiled with ground corncobs is simple and appropriate method for silage making and its inclusion up to 50% of DM in TMR had pronounced economic impact to the production of buffalo calves.

Impact of Citrus Pulp or Inulin on Intestinal Microbiota and Metabolites, Barrier, and Immune Function of Weaned Piglets.

We investigated the use of citrus pulp (CP) as a novel prebiotic capable of exerting microbiota and immunomodulating capacities to alleviate weaning stress. Inulin (IN), a well-known prebiotic, was used for comparison. Hundred and 28 male weaned piglets of 21 days old were assigned to 32 pens of 4 piglets each. Piglets were assigned to one of the four treatments, i.e., control, IN supplemented at 0.2% (IN0.2%), and CP supplemented either at 0.2% (CP0.2%) or at 2% (CP2%). On d10-11 and d31-32 post-weaning, one pig per pen was euthanized for intestinal sampling to evaluate the growth performance, chyme characteristics, small intestinal morphology, colonic inflammatory response and barrier integrity, metabolite profiles [gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)], and microbial populations. The IN treatment and the two CP treatments induced higher small intestinal villus height to crypt depth ratios in comparison with the control diet at both sampling times. All treatments decreased acidic goblet cell absolute counts in the crypts in comparison to the control diet of the duodenum on d10-11 and d31-32. The gene expression of ß-defensin 2 was downregulated in colonic tissues following the IN and CP2% inclusion on d31-32. On d31-32, piglets fed with IN and CP0.2% showed lower mRNA levels of occludin and claudin-3, respectively. Not surprisingly, flavonoids were observed in the colon in the CP treatments. Increased colonic acetate proportions on d10-11, at the expense of branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) levels, were observed following the CP2% supplementation compared to the control diet, inferring a reduction of proteolytic fermentation in the hindgut. The beneficial microbial community Faecalibacterium spp. was promoted in the colon of piglets fed with CP2% on d10-11 (p = 0.04; false discovery rate (FDR) non-significant) and on d31-32 (p = 0.03; FDR non-significant) in comparison with the control diet. Additionally, on d31-32, CP2% increased the relative abundance of Megasphaera spp. compared to control values (p = 0.03; FDR non-significant). In conclusion, CP2% promoted the growth of beneficial bacterial communities in both post-weaning time points, modulating colonic fermentation patterns in the colon. The effects of CP supplementation were similar to those of IN and showed the potential as a beneficial feed supplement to alleviate weaning stress.

Effect of Fresh Citrus Pulp Supplementation on Animal Performance and Meat Quality of Feedlot Steers.

The use of fruit by-products such as citrus pulp represents a feeding ingredient that deserves to be evaluated as an energy source in animal rations. Thirty-six British breed steers were allotted to one of the three feeding treatments (12 steers/treatment): 0%, 15% and 30% of fresh citrus pulp inclusion in the ration in a randomized complete block design to evaluate animal performance and carcass and meat quality traits. In the present study, the inclusion of fresh citrus pulp up to 30% of the diet did not affect the animal average daily gain (p > 0.05) but steers that were fed the pulp consumed less feed (p < 0.05) and presented a lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) than their counterparts without citrus pulp in their diet. No effect of fresh citrus pulp was observed on carcass and meat quality (p > 0.05). A greater lipophilic antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) in meat was observed when fresh citrus pulp was offered at 15% of the diet. Fresh citrus pulp used up to 30% as a feed ingredient in feedlot rations does not negatively affect animal performance or meat quality but, rather, has a positive effect on dry matter intake and a better feed conversion ratio.

Effect of Feed Supplementation with Clostridium butyricum, Alone or in Combination with Carob Meal or Citrus Pulp, on Digestive and Metabolic Status of Piglets.

This work studied the effects of the inclusion of Clostridium butyricum on feed, alone or with carob meal or citrus pulp, on the digestive and metabolic status of weaned piglets. A total of 30 male piglets (weaned at 21 days) is used. There are five dietary treatments: negative without ZnO at high doses (C-), a positive control supplemented with ZnO at 2500 ppm of Zn (C+), supplemented with Clostridium butyricum as a probiotic (PRO), and supplemented with probiotic and 5% carob meal (PROC) or 5% citrus pulp (PROP). During the experiment (27 days), the piglets were periodically weighed and sampled for a serum biochemical, fecal microbiological, intestine histological, and digestive status analysis. The body weight, apparent ileal digestibility of dry matter (DM), and fecal microbiology were not affected by the treatments (p ≥ 0.05). However, the apparent fecal digestibility of DM was lower for the C- treatment than for C+ (p < 0.05), and the total concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in feces with C+ was lower than that for the PROC treatment (p < 0.05). The treatments with the probiotic had a higher molar proportion of butyric acid in feces than C+, and it was found that C- reached an intermediate value (p < 0.01). No general effects of diet were found on the histological measures performed on the jejunum and ileum, and in the serum biochemical analysis (p ≥ 0.05), only the concentration of interleukin-8 was lower for the PROC treatment compared to the C-, C+, and PRO treatments (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the intestinal wellness of piglets could be improved with the supplementation of Clostridium butyricum by increasing butyric acid, and this effect was not altered with the inclusion of carob meal or citrus pulp. More studies under commercial conditions are needed, as the effects might be different in more challenging environmental circumstances.

Pest categorisation of Citripestis sagittiferella.

The EFSA Panel on Plant Health performed a pest categorisation of the citrus pulp borer, Citripestis sagittiferella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), for the EU. This oligophagous species, which feeds on Citrus spp., occurs in Southeast Asia, mostly in lowlands but can also be found up to 1,200 m above sea level. Adults oviposit on citrus fruit at any stage of the fruit development. Larvae feed in the fruit then abandon it to pupate in the soil within an earthen cocoon. C. sagittiferella is multivoltine in its native range. This species is not included in EU Commission Implementing Regulation 2019/2072. Potential entry pathways for C. sagittiferella, such as Citrus spp. plants for planting with foliage and soil/growing medium, and soil/growing medium by themselves can be considered as closed. The citrus fruit pathway remains open for countries where C. sagittiferella is known to occur. Indeed, this species was intercepted several times in the UK during the last decade. Hosts of C. sagittiferella are available (Citrus spp.) in the southern EU. The EU has climatic conditions that are also found in countries where C. sagittiferella occurs although it is unknown whether C. sagittiferella occurs in those areas. Economic impact in citrus production is anticipated if establishment and spread occur. C. sagittiferella satisfies the criteria that are within the remit of EFSA to assess for this species to be regarded as a potential Union quarantine pest. There is uncertainty about the climatic requirements of this species, which may hamper its establishment in the EU.

Effect of Yeast-Fermented Citrus Pulp as a Protein Source on Nutrient Intake, Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance and In Situ Digestion Kinetics in Nili Ravi Buffalo Bulls.

A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of single cell protein (SCP) supplement as a protein source on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and in situ digestion kinetics in four Nili Ravi buffalo bulls. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous concentrates containing 3, 6, 9 and 12% of Saccharomyces cerevisiae-fermented citrus pulp were formulated. All animals were fed a ration with a concentrate/forage ratio of 50:50. Diets were provided ad libitum twice a day as a total mixed ration in a 4 × 4 Latin Square Design. Each experimental period lasted 3 weeks while the overall study 12 weeks. The first 2 weeks of each experimental period were used as adaptation period while the third week as collection period. Chemical composition of fermented citrus pulp appeared as an excellent source of protein. No significant difference was observed on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and SCP among all the treatments. Moreover, no significant effect was observed on ruminal pH and ammonia nitrogen at different times. Rate of disappearance and lag time of in situ dry matter digestion kinetics remained nonsignificant regardless of SCP percentage. Based on results of similar nutrients intake, nutrient digestibility, and ruminal parameters it is concluded that SCP could be used in the concentrate diet of ruminant up to 12%. Furthermore, the SCP has the potential of an alternative protein source in animal diet formulation.

Combined rotational and capillary rheomtery to determine slip coefficients and other rheological properties of orange pulp.

The characterization of the rheological properties of orange pulp under typical processing temperatures is needed for the design and optimization of orange pulp processing systems. The flow of orange pulp produced slip at shear rates at ∼1 to 5 s-1 . Rotational rheometry revealed that the flow behavior of orange pulp before slip occurrence followed the Power Law model for concentrations of ∼500 to 800 g/L at 4 to 80 °C. The consistency coefficient (K) ranged from 33 to 234 Pa·sn and the flow behavior index n ranged from 0.18 to 0.24. Both, K and n decreased with temperature. While K fitted well an Arrhenius-like model, n best fitted a linear model. As concentration increased K increased linearly, while n was not significantly (P > 0.05) affected. The flow without slip was calculated using the Power Law parameters from rotational rheometry and the wall shear stress (σw ) from capillary rheometry for the experimental flow rates. This allowed calculating the corrected slip coefficient ßc and obviated the need for pipes with multiple diameters. ßc decreased by one order of magnitude when temperature increased from 4 to 50 °C when σw was 0.1 kPa. The effect was exacerbated with increased flow rate. Similarly, ßc increased by about one order of magnitude when pulp concentration increased from ∼550 to 850 g/L at 80 °C. The increase in ßc with temperature indicated that the effect of temperature in the consistency of the bulk was different from its effect on the consistency of the liquid phase near the pipe wall. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Design and optimization of processes equipment and industrial handling systems of orange pulp require detailed knowledge of their rheological (flow) properties. Citrus pulp like fruit pastes and purees produce less friction than one would anticipate when they flow because the liquid fraction acts as a lubricant. This study presents an original method for such characterization and shows that wall slip is greatly affected by temperature and concentration.

Subacute Ruminal Acidosis in Zebu Cattle: Clinical and Behavioral Aspects.

We evaluated the clinical aspects and feeding behavior of cattle with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA) caused by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ten healthy Nelore heifers were subjected to an adjusted SARA induction protocol using citrus pulp (CP). Clinical examinations were performed at baseline and at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 24 h intervals after induction, with ruminal fluid, blood, and feces sampling. The animals' feeding behavior was evaluated on, before, and for 3 days after SARA by observing the animals every 5 min for 24 h. The dry matter intake (DMI) was recorded daily. The ruminal pH during SARA was always lower than baseline, with an acidotic duration of 547 ± 215 min, a minimum pH of 5.38 ± 0.16, and an average pH of 5.62 ± 0.1. SARA was mainly caused by SCFAs (maximum 118.4 ± 9.3 mmol/L), with the production of l-lactic acids (7.17 mmol/L) and d-lactic acids (0.56 mmol/L) 6 h after the experiment began. The DMI was reduced by 66% and 48% on days 1 and 2, respectively, and returned to normal levels on day 3. SARA caused a reduction in feed intake and rumination time, as well as an increase in the time spent in decubitus on days 1 and 2. These results were influenced by the ruminal pH, ruminal movement, and osmolarity. Furthermore, SARA caused different degrees of depression, which became more pronounced with higher ruminal lactic acid concentrations.

Effect of carbohydrate source on productive performance, ruminal and systemic health of grazing cows / Efecto de la fuente de carbohidratos sobre el desempeño productivo, la salud ruminal y sistémica de vacas en pastoreo / Efeito da fonte de carboidratos sobre o desempenho produtivo, saúde ruminal e sistêmica de vacas em pastejo

Abstract Background: The nutritional limitations of Cenchrus clandestinus -i.e., high protein and low energy concentrations- make it necessary to supplement cows with non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) sources to improve productive performance. Nevertheless, such supplementation can lead to ruminal acidosis. Objective: To evaluate partial replacement of corn grain (Zea mays, ZM) with sorghum grain (Sorghum vulgare, SV), cassava root (Manihot esculenta, MES) or citrus pulp (Citrus sp., C) on milk yield and quality, ruminal pH and health of grazing cows. Methods: Eight Holstein cows were evaluated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design during the first 60 days of lactation. Treatments (isoenergetic rations, 1.45 ± 0.003 Mcal NEL/kg DM) consisted of a mixture of grass and four concentrates with different NFC sources. Results: No differences in dry matter intake, feed efficiency, ruminal pH, hematological and metabolic profile were observed between treatments. Rumen pH was higher than 6.0, confirming the absence of ruminal acidosis. Milk yield (energy-corrected), protein, and total solids were higher for MES vs. C. Conclusions: None of the NFC sources tested compromised the ruminal or systemic health of the cows, while MES improved milk yield and quality.

Resumen Antecedentes: las limitaciones nutricionales del Cenchrus clandestinus (alta concentración de proteína y baja densidad energética) hacen necesario suplementar las vacas con fuentes de carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) para mejorar su desempeño productivo. Sin embargo, esta suplementación puede generar acidosis ruminal. Objetivo: evaluar el reemplazo parcial de maíz (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), yuca (Manihot esculenta, MES) o pulpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) sobre la producción de leche y su calidad, el pH ruminal y la salud de vacas en pastoreo. Métodos: ocho vacas Holstein fueron evaluadas empleando un diseño en cuadrado latino de 4 x 4 durante los primeros 60 días de lactancia. Los tratamientos (raciones isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg MS) consistieron de una mezcla de forraje y cuatro concentrados con diferentes fuentes de NFC. Resultados: no se observaron diferencias entre tratamientos en cuanto a consumo de materia seca, eficiencia alimenticia, pH ruminal, ni perfiles hematológico y metabólico. El pH ruminal fue mayor a 6,0; confirmando la ausencia de acidosis. La producción de leche (corregida por energía), proteína, y sólidos totales fue mayor para MES vs. C. Conclusiones: ninguna de las fuentes de NFC evaluadas comprometieron la salud ruminal o sistémica de las vacas, y MES mejoró la producción de leche y su calidad.

Resumo Antecedentes: as limitações nutricionais do Cenchrus clandestinus-alta concentração de proteína e baixa densidade de energia- faz necessário suplementar às vacas com fontes de carboidratos não-fibrosos (NFC) para melhorar o desempenho produtivo. No entanto, essa suplementação pode gerar acidose ruminal. Objetivo: avaliar a substituição parcial do milho (Zea mays, ZM) por sorgo (Sorghum vulgare, SV), mandioca (Manihot esculenta, MES) ou polpa cítrica (Citrus sp., C) na produção e qualidade do leite, pH ruminal e a saúde de vacas em pastejo. Métodos: oito vacas Holandesas foram avaliadas empregando um delineamento em quadrado latino 4 x 4 durante os primeiros 60 dias de lactação. Os tratamentos (rações isoenergéticas, 1,45 ± 0,003 Mcal NEL/kg DM) consistiram de uma mistura de forragem e quatro concentrados com diferentes fontes de NFC. Resultados: não foram observadas diferenças entre os tratamentos no consumo de matéria seca, eficiência alimentar, pH ruminal, perfil hematológico e metabólico. O pH ruminal foi superior a 6,0; confirmando a ausência de acidose ruminal. A produção do leite (corrigida para energia), proteína e sólidos totais foi maior para MES vs. C. Conclusões: nenhuma das fontes de NFC avaliadas comprometeu a saúde ruminal e sistêmica das vacas, embora o MES melhorou a produção e qualidade do leite.

Feeding Agro-Industrial By-Products to Light Lambs: Influence on Meat Characteristics, Lipid Oxidation, and Fatty Acid Profile.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing 44% of conventional feeds in a high-cereal concentrate (CON) with by-products (BYP concentrate; 18% corn distillers dried grains with solubles, 18% dried citrus pulp, and 8% exhausted olive cake) on the meat characteristics and fatty acid (FA) profile of fattening light lambs. Two groups of 12 Lacaune lambs were fed concentrate and barley straw ad libitum from 13.8 to 26.0 kg of body weight. There were no differences (p ≥ 0.130) between groups in the pH, chemical composition, color, and texture parameters and in the estimated proportions of pigments in the longissimus dorsi. Feeding the BYP concentrate reduced the concentration of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in the meat after 6 days of refrigerated storage (unmodified atmosphere), probably due to the greater polyphenol content in this concentrate. Compared with CON-fed lambs, the meat and the subcutaneous fat from BYP-fed lambs had lower saturated and greater polyunsaturated FA content as well as greater n-6/n-3 FA. In summary, feeding a blend of corn distiller dried grains with solubles, dried citrus pulp, and exhausted olive cake did not change the composition of the meat but improved its antioxidant status and FA profile.

Effects of Replacing Extruded Maize by Dried Citrus Pulp in a Mixed Diet on Ruminal Fermentation, Methane Production, and Microbial Populations in Rusitec Fermenters.

Citrus pulp is a highly abundant by-product of the citrus industry. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of replacing extruded maize (EM; 20% of total diet) by dried citrus pulp (DCP; 20%) in a mixed diet on rumen fermentation and microbial populations in Rusitec fermenters. The two diets contained 50% alfalfa hay and 50% concentrate, and the same protein level. Four Rusitec fermenters were used in a cross-over design with two 13-d incubation runs. After 7-d of diet adaptation, diet disappearance, fermentation parameters, microbial growth, and microbial populations were assessed. Fermenters receiving the DCP showed greater pH values and fiber disappearance (p < 0.001) and lower methane production (p = 0.03) than those fed EM. Replacing EM by DCP caused an increase in the proportions of propionate and butyrate (p < 0.001) and a decrease in acetate (p = 0.04). Microbial growth, bacterial diversity, and the quantity of bacteria and protozoa DNA were not affected by the diet, but the relative abundances of fungi and archaea were greater (p < 0.03) in solid and liquid phases of DCP fermenters, respectively. Results indicate that DCP can substitute EM, promoting a more efficient ruminal fermentation.

Quality indices and sensory attributes of beef from steers offered grass silage and a concentrate supplemented with dried citrus pulp.

This study investigated the quality composition, oxidative stability and sensory attributes of beef (longissimus thoracis, LT) from steers offered grass silage and a concentrate supplement in which barley was replaced by 40% and 80% (as-fed basis) of dried citrus pulp (DCP). Dietary treatment did not influence the antioxidant status (α-tocopherol and total phenolic contents) and activities of LT (radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing antioxidant power and iron chelating activity). Feeding DCP significantly increased the proportion of conjugated linoleic acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids in beef. Lipid and colour stability of fresh beef patties stored in modified atmosphere packs (MAP) were unaffected by dietary treatment but feeding 40% DCP reduced (P < .05) lipid oxidation in aerobically-stored cooked beef patties. Beef patties stored in MAP for up to 7 days were assessed by sensory panellists to be juicier for those fed 40% DCP compared to 0% and 80% DCP. Results indicated that substitution of barley with DCP improved the fatty acid profiles of beef without negatively influencing the eating quality of beef.

Alternative methods for gibberellic acid production, recovery and formulation: A case study for product cost reduction.

The aim of this work was to develop a new production, recovery and formulation process of gibberellic acid (GA3). Low-cost byproducts - citrus pulp (CP) and soybean hulls (SH) - were employed as substrate for GA3 production by Gibberella fujikuroi in semisolid fermentation. A CP/SH mixture (70%/30%) promoted high productivities both in bubble column reactor (1.66 mg L/h), and in stirred tank reactor (2.13 mg L/h). GA3 production medium cost (US$ 6.70/m3) was reduced by 85% when compared to previously reported synthetic media (US$ 44.96/m3). It was described that GA3 fermented extract has low stability, and that liquid and powder formulation of the fermented extract maintained the biomolecule activity over 6 months. Alginate and alginate/kefiran beads containing GA3 showed encapsulation efficiency of 70% and 60%, respectively. This work supports good perspectives for GA3 production using cheap substrates and simple formulation of clarified extract to favour its use in agricultural countries.

Feeding Agroindustrial Byproducts to Light Lambs: Influence on Growth Performance, Diet Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, Ruminal Fermentation, and Plasma Metabolites.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of replacing cereals and protein concentrates in a high-cereal concentrate (control) for light lambs with corn distiller's dried grains with solubles (DDGS; 18%), dried citrus pulp (DCP; 18%), and exhausted olive cake (EOC; 8%) in a byproduct (BYP) concentrate on growth performance, digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and plasma metabolites. Two homogeneous groups of Lacaune lambs (13.8 kg ± 0.25 kg) were fed one of each concentrates and barley straw ad libitum until reaching about 26 kg body weight. There were no differences between groups on feed intake, average daily gain, or feed conversion ratio, but the control diet had greater (p < 0.001) dry matter digestibility. Diet had no effect on post-mortem ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations and profile, but NH3-N concentrations were lower (p = 0.003) for the BYP-fed group compared with the control one. However, plasma concentrations of amino acids, total proteins, urea, and hepatic enzymes were not affected by the diet. In conclusion, 44% of feed ingredients in the concentrate for light lambs can be replaced with a mixture of corn DDGS, DCP, and EOC without negatively affecting growing performance and animal health.

Implications of carbohydrate sources and rate of body weight gain on puberty in ewe lambs in tropical climate conditions.

The objectives were to evaluate the effects of two non-fibrous carbohydrate sources and the rate of body weight gain on puberty status in ewe lambs. Sixty ewe lambs (½ Dorper × ½ Santa Ines) with an initial body weight of 25.1 ± 4.1 kg and 102.8 ± 1.5 days old were distributed in a randomized complete block design with 10 blocks and 3 treatments. The trial lasted 119 days, in which performance was evaluated on days 28, 56, 84, and 119, and puberty status was every week evaluated by progesterone concentration. The treatments were characterized by the inclusion of different carbohydrate sources in the diets in order for ewe lambs to reach different rates of body weight gain: CORN, total diet containing 46% of corn (% DM); PCP, total diet containing 46% of pelleted citrus pulp (% DM); and HAY, total diet containing 80% of coastcross hay (% DM). The CORN- and PCP-based diets were formulated for an average daily gain (ADG) of 0.200 kg/day and a HAY-based diet for an ADG of 0.100 kg/day. There was an interaction between treatments and experimental periods for dry matter intake (DMI) (P < 0.01), in which lambs in the CORN treatment presented DMI similar to PCP in the first and second periods, but lambs from the PCP treatment presented lower DMI than the CORN treatment in subsequent periods. In all periods, the body weight, average daily gain, and feed efficiency of CORN lambs were similar to PCP lambs, but higher than HAY lambs. The age at puberty was not affected by treatments; however, lambs fed with non-fibrous carbohydrate sources reached puberty heavier (P < 0.0001) than lambs from the HAY treatment. Despite the high increase in body weight for lambs fed with non-fibrous carbohydrate sources, it did not affect the age of puberty.