Nursery performance of potentially promising rootstocks for citriculture in the south of Brazil / Desempenho em viveiro de porta-enxertos potencialmente promissores para a citricultura do sul do Brasil

Diversification of rootstock varieties, with consequent reduction in phytosanitary risks, has great importance to the sustainability of citrus cultivation in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated the performance of 42 rootstocks in the nursery phase to generate 'Valencia Late' sweet orange seedlings. Therefore, nucellar seedlings from the rootstocks under study were analyzed in relation to plant height, stem diameter, mortality rate and percentage of bud set after grafting. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 sample units. Not adapted genotypes had high mortality rates, and the ones of both hybrids LCR x CTSW - 009 and LVK x LCR - 038 were 100% and 90%, respectively. Other 13 genotypes had mortality rates above 30%, and 'Sunki' mandarin was the female genitor of ten of them. 'Swingle' citrumelo was the rootstock with the highest development (plant height and stem diameter), associated with low mortality rate. In relation to the other rootstocks, the best results were the fast grafting diameter, associated with low mortality rate obtained by hybrids HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, and citrandarins ‘Indio’, ‘Riverside’ and ‘San Diego’, as well as Trifoliate orange and ‘Rangpur’ lime. In addition to Trifoliate orange, which is widely used in Rio Grande do Sul, these rootstocks have great potential in citriculture in the south of Brazil.

A diversificação do uso de variedades porta-enxerto, com a consequente redução de riscos fitossanitários, é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da citricultura do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 42 porta-enxertos na formação de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência Late' em fase de viveiro. Nesse sentido, seedlings (plantas oriundas da germinação de sementes) nucelares dos porta-enxertos estudados foram avaliados relativamente aos caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, taxa de mortalidade e percentagem de pegamento de borbulhas após a enxertia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 unidades amostrais. Genótipos não adaptados tiveram altas taxas de mortalidade, os híbridos LCR x CTSW - 009 e LVK x LCR - 038 apresentaram 100% e 90% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Mais 13 genótipos apresentaram mortalidade superior a 30%, destes, dez têm como parental feminino a tangerineira 'Sunki'. O citrumelo 'Swingle' foi o porta-enxerto que apresentou maior desenvolvimento (altura da planta e diâmetro do caule), associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade. Quanto aos demais porta-enxertos, destacaram-se por atingir rapidamente o diâmetro de enxertia, associado a baixa taxa de mortalidade, os híbridos HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, citrandarins 'Indio', ‘Riverside’ e ‘San Diego’, assim como o limoeiro 'Cravo' e o Trifoliata. Além do Trifoliata, amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul, estes porta-enxertos são promissores para a citricultura do Sul do Brasil.

In vitro conservation of 'Florida Rough' lemon plants / Conservação in vitro de plantas de limoeiro 'Rugoso da Florida'

The establishment of minimum growth conditions is essential for in vitro germplasm conservation. Changes to the basic medium and carbon source concentrations are important factors for reducing plant growth in vitro. This study adjusted a protocol for the in vitro conservation of 'Florida Rough' lemon plants. Microcuttings (approximately 1 cm) from plants that were previously cultivated in vitro were inoculated into test tubes with 10 mL of woody plant medium (WPM) at different concentrations (1/1, 1/2 and 1/4) and supplemented with 0, 12.5, 25 and 50 g.L-1 of sucrose, solidified with 7 g.L-1 agar and adjusted to pH 5.8. The experiment was completely randomized in a 3 x 4 factorial design with 15 replications and was maintained under controlled conditions for 360 days. After this period the plant height in cm (PH), the plant dry mass in g (PDM) and the 21 numbers of green leaves (NGL), senescent leaves (NSL) and microcuttings (NM) were evaluated. The variables that best explained the observed behavior of the 'Florida Rough' lemon plants were NGL and PH, with values of 61.63 and 35.08%, respectively. The original concentration of the WPM with the addition of 25 g. L-1 of sucrose yielded the best 'Florida Rough' lemon plant growth reduction in vitro while maintaining the physiologically health of the plants.

O estabelecimento de condições de crescimento mínimo é fundamental para a conservação in vitro de germoplasma. Alterações nas concentrações do meio básico, na fonte de carbono, são fatores importantes na desaceleração do crescimento de plantas in vitro. Este trabalho teve como objetivo ajustar um protocolo de conservação in vitro de plantas do limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida'. Microestacas de plantas previamente cultivadas in vitro, com aproximadamente 1 cm, foram inoculadas em tubos de ensaio contendo 10 mL do meio de cultura WPM em diferentes concentrações (1/1, 1/2 e 1/4), suplementado com 0; 12,5; 25 e 50 g.L-1 de sacarose, solidificado com 7 g.L-1 de ágar e o pH ajustado em 5,8. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 15 repetições, em esquema fatorial 3 x 4, e mantido sob condições controladas durante 360 dias. Após este período, foram avaliadas altura de planta em cm (AP), número de folhas verdes (NFV), número de folhas senescentes (NFS), número de microestacas (NM) e massa da planta seca em g (MPS). As variáveis que mais contribuíram para explicar a diferença existente no comportamento das plantas do limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida' no meio de cultura WPM foram NFV e AP com 61,63 e 35,08%, respectivamente. O meio de cultura WPM na sua concentração original com a adição de 25 g.L-1 de sacarose promoveu os melhores resultados na redução do crescimento das plantas in vitro do limoeiro 'Rugoso da Flórida', mantendo-as fisiologicamente sadias.

Nursery performance of potentially promising rootstocks for citriculture in the south of Brazil / Desempenho em viveiro de porta-enxertos potencialmente promissores para a citricultura do sul do Brasil

Diversification of rootstock varieties, with consequent reduction in phytosanitary risks, has great importance to the sustainability of citrus cultivation in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated the performance of 42 rootstocks in the nursery phase to generate 'Valencia Late' sweet orange seedlings. Therefore, nucellar seedlings from the rootstocks under study were analyzed in relation to plant height, stem diameter, mortality rate and percentage of bud set after grafting. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 sample units. Not adapted genotypes had high mortality rates, and the ones of both hybrids LCR x CTSW - 009 and LVK x LCR - 038 were 100% and 90%, respectively. Other 13 genotypes had mortality rates above 30%, and 'Sunki' mandarin was the female genitor of ten of them. 'Swingle' citrumelo was the rootstock with the highest development (plant height and stem diameter), associated with low mortality rate. In relation to the other rootstocks, the best results were the fast grafting diameter, associated with low mortality rate obtained by hybrids HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, and citrandarins ‘Indio, ‘Riverside and ‘San Diego, as well as Trifoliate orange and ‘Rangpur lime. In addition to Trifoliate orange, which is widely used in Rio Grande do Sul, these rootstocks have great potential in citriculture in the south of Brazil.(AU)

A diversificação do uso de variedades porta-enxerto, com a consequente redução de riscos fitossanitários, é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da citricultura do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 42 porta-enxertos na formação de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência Late' em fase de viveiro. Nesse sentido, seedlings (plantas oriundas da germinação de sementes) nucelares dos porta-enxertos estudados foram avaliados relativamente aos caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, taxa de mortalidade e percentagem de pegamento de borbulhas após a enxertia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 unidades amostrais. Genótipos não adaptados tiveram altas taxas de mortalidade, os híbridos LCR x CTSW - 009 e LVK x LCR - 038 apresentaram 100% e 90% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Mais 13 genótipos apresentaram mortalidade superior a 30%, destes, dez têm como parental feminino a tangerineira 'Sunki'. O citrumelo 'Swingle' foi o porta-enxerto que apresentou maior desenvolvimento (altura da planta e diâmetro do caule), associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade. Quanto aos demais porta-enxertos, destacaram-se por atingir rapidamente o diâmetro de enxertia, associado a baixa taxa de mortalidade, os híbridos HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, citrandarins 'Indio', ‘Riverside e ‘San Diego, assim como o limoeiro 'Cravo' e o Trifoliata. Além do Trifoliata, amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul, estes porta-enxertos são promissores para a citricultura do Sul do Brasil.(AU)

Nursery performance of potentially promising rootstocks for citriculture in the south of Brazil / Desempenho em viveiro de porta-enxertos potencialmente promissores para a citricultura do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT: Diversification of rootstock varieties, with consequent reduction in phytosanitary risks, has great importance to the sustainability of citrus cultivation in the south of Brazil. This study evaluated the performance of 42 rootstocks in the nursery phase to generate 'Valencia Late' sweet orange seedlings. Therefore, nucellar seedlings from the rootstocks under study were analyzed in relation to plant height, stem diameter, mortality rate and percentage of bud set after grafting. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications of 20 sample units. Not adapted genotypes had high mortality rates, and the ones of both hybrids LCR x CTSW - 009 and LVK x LCR - 038 were 100% and 90%, respectively. Other 13 genotypes had mortality rates above 30%, and 'Sunki' mandarin was the female genitor of ten of them. 'Swingle' citrumelo was the rootstock with the highest development (plant height and stem diameter), associated with low mortality rate. In relation to the other rootstocks, the best results were the fast grafting diameter, associated with low mortality rate obtained by hybrids HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, and citrandarins 'Indio', 'Riverside' and 'San Diego', as well as Trifoliate orange and 'Rangpur' lime. In addition to Trifoliate orange, which is widely used in Rio Grande do Sul, these rootstocks have great potential in citriculture in the south of Brazil.

RESUMO: A diversificação do uso de variedades porta-enxerto, com a consequente redução de riscos fitossanitários, é de fundamental importância para a sustentabilidade da citricultura do Sul do Brasil. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento de 42 porta-enxertos na formação de mudas de laranjeira 'Valência Late' em fase de viveiro. Nesse sentido, seedlings (plantas oriundas da germinação de sementes) nucelares dos porta-enxertos estudados foram avaliados relativamente aos caracteres altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, taxa de mortalidade e percentagem de pegamento de borbulhas após a enxertia. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 unidades amostrais. Genótipos não adaptados tiveram altas taxas de mortalidade, os híbridos LCR x CTSW - 009 e LVK x LCR - 038 apresentaram 100% e 90% de mortalidade, respectivamente. Mais 13 genótipos apresentaram mortalidade superior a 30%, destes, dez têm como parental feminino a tangerineira 'Sunki'. O citrumelo 'Swingle' foi o porta-enxerto que apresentou maior desenvolvimento (altura da planta e diâmetro do caule), associado a uma baixa taxa de mortalidade. Quanto aos demais porta-enxertos, destacaram-se por atingir rapidamente o diâmetro de enxertia, associado a baixa taxa de mortalidade, os híbridos HTR - 053, LRF x (LCR x TR) - 005, CLEO x TRBN - 245, CLEO x TRSW - 287, citrandarins 'Indio', 'Riverside' e 'San Diego', assim como o limoeiro 'Cravo' e o Trifoliata. Além do Trifoliata, amplamente utilizado no Rio Grande do Sul, estes porta-enxertos são promissores para a citricultura do Sul do Brasil.

Early Population Dynamics of "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" in Susceptible and Resistant Genotypes After Inoculation With Infected Diaphorina citri Feeding on Young Shoots.

Huanglongbing is a highly destructive citrus disease associated with "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (Las), a phloem-limited and non-culturable bacterium, naturally transmitted by the psyllid Diaphorina citri. Although diverse approaches have been used to understand the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogen-host interaction, such approaches have focused on already infected and/or symptomatic plants, missing early events in the initial days post-inoculation. This study aimed to identify the time course of Las multiplication and whole-plant colonization immediately following inoculation by infected psyllids feeding for 2 days. Thus, the experimental approach was to track Las titers after psyllid inoculation in new shoots (NS) of Citrus × sinensis (susceptible), Murraya paniculata (partially resistant), and Bergera koenigii (fully resistant). Soon after psyllid removal, Las titers dropped until the 10-12th days in all three species. Following this, Las titers increased exponentially only in C. × sinensis and M. paniculata, indicating active bacterial multiplication. In C. × sinensis, Las reached a stationary phase at ∼5 log Las cells/g of tissue from the 40th day onward, while in M. paniculata, Las increased at a lower rate of up to ∼3 log Las cells/g of tissue between the 40th and 60th days, decreasing gradually thereafter and becoming undetectable from the 160th day onward. In B. koenigii, Las titers decreased from the start and remained undetectable. In C. × sinensis, an average of 2.6 log of Las cells/g of tissue was necessary for Las to move out of 50% of the NS in 23.6 days and to colonize the rest of the plant, causing a successful infection. Conversely, the probability of Las moving out of the NS remained below 50% in M. paniculata and zero in B. koenigii. To our knowledge, this is the first study on Las dynamics and whole-plant colonization during the earliest stages of infection. Identification of critical time-points for either successful multiplication or Las resistance may help to elucidate initial events of Las-host interactions that may be missed due to longer sampling intervals and at later stages of infection.

Modeling 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Movement Within Citrus Plants.

The phloem-limited 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (Las) causes huanglongbing, a destructive citrus disease. Graft-inoculated potted plants were used to assess Las speed of movement in phloem in the greenhouse, and the impacts of temperature on plant colonization in growth-chamber experiments. For assessment of Las speed, plants were inoculated at the main stem and assessed over time by quantitative PCR (qPCR) or symptoms at various distances from the inoculum. For colonization, the plants were inoculated in one of two opposite top branches, maintained at from 8 to 20°C, from 18 to 30°C, or from 24 to 38°C daily range, and assessed by qPCR of samples taken from noninoculated shoots. For all experiments, frequencies of Las-positive sites were submitted to analysis of variance and binomial generalized linear model and logistic regression analyses. Probabilities of detecting Las in greenhouse plants were functions of time and distance from the inoculation site, which resulted in 2.9 and 3.8 cm day-1 average speed of movement. In growth chambers, the temperature impacted plant colonization by Las, new shoot emission, and symptom expression. After a 7-month exposure time, Las was absent in all new shoots in the cooler environment (average three per plant), and present in 70% at the milder environment (six shoots, severe symptoms) and 25% in the warmer environment (eight shoots, no visible symptoms). Temperature of 25.7°C was the optimum condition for plant colonization. This explains the higher impact and incidence of huanglongbing disease during the winter months or regions of milder climates in Brazil.

Fumigant activity of essential oils from Cinnamomum and Citrus spp. and pure compounds against Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) and toxicity toward the nontarget organism Beauveria bassiana (Vuill.).

Dermanyssus gallinae(De Geer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae) is the main ectoparasite associated with laying poultry. This mite is commonly controlled by the application of synthetic chemical insecticides, wich lead to the selection of resistant populations and formation of residues in eggs. Thus, new molecules must be developed to control D. gallinae. This work evaluated the toxicity of essential oils (EOs) from Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum camphora var. linalooliferum, Citrus aurantium, Citrus aurantium var. bergamia, Citrus aurantifolia and Citrus reticulata var. tangerine against D. gallinae. Additionally, the chemical profiles of the most bioactive EOs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the major compounds were subjected to new tests using D. gallinae. The most toxic EOs against D. gallinae were evaluated for the nontarget entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Unioeste 88). The EOs from C. cassia (LC50 = 25.43 ± 1.0423 µg/cm3) and C. camphora var. linalooliferum (LC50 = 39.84 ± 1.9635 µg/cm3) were the most active in the fumigant bioassay and caused mortality rates of 96 and 61%, respectively. The GC-MS analysis revealed that the major constituents of EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were trans-cinnamaldehyde and linalool, respectively. The pure compounds, trans-cinnamaldehyde (LC50 = 68.89 ± 3.1391 µg/cm3) and linalool (LC50 = 51.45 ± 1.1967 µg/cm3), were tested on D. gallinae and showed lower toxicity than the EOs. Thus, the compounds were not the only active substances produced by C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum; moreover synergism may have occurred between the substances. The EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum were also toxic to B. bassiana (Unioeste 88). Thus, EOs from C. cassia and C. camphora var. linalooliferum are promising candidates for use in D. gallinae control, but cannot be used in conjunction with the fungus B. bassiana.

Five Rootstocks for "Emperor" Mandarin Under Subtropical Climate in Southern Brazil.

Rootstocks modulate several characteristics of citrus trees, including vegetative growth, fruit yield and quality, and resistance or tolerance to pests, diseases, soil drought, and salinity, among other factors. There is a shortage of scion and rootstock cultivars among the combinations planted in Brazil. "Ponkan" mandarin and "Murcott" tangor grafted on "Rangpur" lime comprise the majority of the commercial mandarin orchards in Brazil. This low genetic diversity of citrus orchards can favor pest and disease outbreaks. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance, Huanglongbing (HLB) tolerance, and fruit quality of "Emperor" mandarin on five different rootstocks for nine cropping seasons under the subtropical soil-climate conditions of the North region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized block, with six replications, two trees per block, and five rootstocks, including "Rangpur" lime, "Cleopatra," and "Sunki" mandarins, "Swingle" citrumelo, and "Fepagro C-13" citrange. The evaluations included tree growth, yield performance, fruit quality, and HLB disease incidence. "Emperor" mandarin trees grafted on "Rangpur" lime and "Swingle" citrumelo had early fruiting and high yield efficiency. "Rangpur" lime also induced the lowest tree growth, but low fruit quality. Trees on "Swingle" citrumelo and "Fepagro C-13" citrange showed low scion and rootstock affinity and produced fruits with high total soluble solids (TSS), with a lower number of seeds for those from trees on "Fepagro C-13" citrange. "Cleopatra" and "Sunki" mandarins induced higher juice content, while fruits from trees on "Cleopatra" also had higher TSS/titratable acidity (TA) ratio. "Emperor" mandarin trees were susceptible to HLB regardless of the rootstocks. Overall, "Cleopatra" and "Sunki" mandarins, "Swingle" citrumelo, and "Fepagro C-13" are more suitable rootstocks for "Emperor" mandarin under Brazilian subtropical conditions than "Rangpur" lime.

Geographical Distribution of Schizotetranychus hindustanicus and Associated Mites in Roraima, Brazil.

The Hindustan citrus mite, Schizotetranychus hindustanicus Hirst (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a quarantine pest present in the state of Roraima, Brazil. This mite, which was described in India in 1924, was reported in 2002 in Venezuela and spread to Roraima, where it was reported in 2008, and to Colombia, where it was reported in 2010. Its possible spread to other regions of Brazil is a threat to Brazilian citriculture. This study reports the current distribution of S. hindustanicus and potential predators of this pest and other mites associated with citrus in Roraima. A survey was conducted in August and September 2015 in the 15 municipalities of the state. In each municipality, orchards and citrus plants in backyards and public areas along highways and in urban areas were sampled. Samples of leaves and fruits were collected to identify the mite and its natural enemies. Schizotetranychus hindustanicus was found in all 15 municipalities in the state of Roraima. In total, 308 associated mites were found, with S. hindustanicus being the most abundant phytophagous mite, followed by Brevipalpus yothersi Baker. Amblyseius aerialis (Muma) was the most abundant predator, followed by Iphiseiodes zuluagai Denmark and Muma and Euseius concordis (Chant). The broad dispersal of S. hindustanicus in Roraima increases the risks of this pest reaching the main citrus-producing regions in Brazil.

Growth and fluorescence of 'Tahiti' acid lime/rootstock on Sunki mandarin hybrids under salinity / Crescimento e fluorescência de limeira ácida 'Tahiti' enxertada em híbridos de tangerineira sunki sob sal inidade

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecophysiological behavior of 'Tahiti' acid lime/rootstock grafted on Sunki mandarin hybrids during the prefloration stage of the plants, in the field, under saline stress. The progenies originating from crossings of the 'Sunki' mandarin with 'Rangpur' lime and Poncirus trioliata, as rootstocks, combined with the 'Tahiti' acid lime as a scion. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, at the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Pombal PB fields. In drainage lysimeter of 150 dm3, studying 10 scion/rootstock combinations, irrigated with two water salinity levels (CEa) (S1 = 0.3 and S2 = 3.0 dS m-1) making a 10 x 2 factorial scheme. The experimental design was a randomized block design, with 3 replicates and each plot consisting of a useful plant, totalizing 60 parcels. The scion/rootstock plants were transplanted at one year of age from the rootstocks sowing, being the beginning of the applications of the saline stress to the 15 days after the transplant lasting until the period of flowering, that is, up to 195 days after transplanting, During this period the plants were analyzed for growth and chlorophyll fluorescence a. The combinations less sensitive to salinity were composed of the 'Tahiti' grafted with TSKFL x (LCR x TR) - 018, TSKFL x TRBK - 011 and TSKFL x TRBK - 030, it being possible to use saline water with up to 3.0 dS m-1 in irrigation. Salinity did not damage the biochemical phase of the scion/rootstock combinations, only affecting the initial fluorescence of the lighted tissue.

Objetivou-se estudar o crescimento e a fluorescência da clorofila a em limeira ácida 'Tahiti' enxertada em híbridos de tangerineira 'Sunki' sob salinidade da água durante a fase de préfloração das plantas. Assim, com base em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, foram avaliadas dez combinações copa/porta-enxerto, referentes à referida limeira ácida em combinação com dez porta-enxertos (nove híbridos e o limoeiro 'Cravo Santa Cruz' como testemunha), irrigadas com dois níveis de salinidade da água (CEa) (S1=0,3 e S2=3,0 dS m-1), perfazendo um esquema fatorial 10 x 2, que foi repetido em três blocos e com parcela constituída por uma planta útil, totalizando 60 parcelas. As mudas enxertadas foram transplantadas aos 365 dias após a semeadura dos porta-enxertos, em lisímetros de 150 dm3, que foram preenchidos com um Neossolo Flúvico da região, sendo o início das aplicações do estresse salino aos 15 dias após o transplante (DAT), perdurando até o período de floração, ou seja, até os 195 DAT, avaliando o crescimento e a fluorescência da clorofila a. As combinações com maior crescimento quando irrigadas com água de condutividade de 0,3dS-1 foram aquelas com os porta-enxertos TSKC x (LCR x TR) ­ 017, TSKC x (LCR x TR) ­ 012, TSKFL x (LCR x TR) ­ 018, TSKFL x TRBK ­ 011 e TSKFL x TRBK ­ 028. A salinidade não ocasionou dano à fase bioquímica das combinações copa/porta-enxerto, apenas afetado a fluorescência inicial do tecido iluminado. É possível usar água salina de até 3,0 -1 no cultivo de citros, caso se empreguem combinações menos sensíveis, como aquelas tendo como porta-enxertos os híbridos TSKC x (LCR x TR) ­ 017, TSKFL x (LCR x TR) ­ 018, TSKFL x TRBK ­ 011 e TSKFL x TRBK ­ 030.

Recurrent water deficit causes alterations in the profile of redox proteins in citrus plants.

Plant acclimation to recurrent stress involves profound alterations in multiple genetic, metabolic and physiological processes. Stressful conditions usually implicate imbalance in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and removal rates, which may lead to oxidative stress. However, the primary cellular targets of oxidative stress and their relevance in plant acclimation to abiotic stresses remains poorly characterized. By comparing redox proteomic and sugar profiles in citrus Valencia (VO) scions grafted onto two rootstocks with different soil water extraction capacities - Rangpur Lime (RL) and Sunki Maravilha (SM) - here we demonstrate that both ROS-mediated post-translational protein modification and changes in sugar composition are associated with acclimation to recurrent drought in citrus. The redox proteomic analysis of the distinct scion/rootstock combinations exposed to one (WD1), two (WD2) or three (WD3) water deficit episodes revealed a total of 32 and 55 redox protein spots present in VO/RL and VO/SM plants, respectively. Mass spectrometry analysis of these protein spots revealed essential targets of ROS-mediated posttranslational protein modification in citrus plants challenged by recurrent drought. The oxidation of cysteine thiol groups into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was shown to increase in WD3 samples of the VO/RL combination, whereas the opposite was observed for the VO/SM combination. Similarly, recurrent drought promoted the oxidation of catalase thiol groups in VO/SM, but not in VO/RL. Carbohydrate profiling revealed that glucose, fructose and galactose may also contribute to the phenotypic differences observed between the citrus genotypes exposed to drought. These findings reveal for the first time that recurrent drought differentially affects the profile of redox proteomics of citrus, suggesting that this alteration may be part of the stress memory in perennial plants.

Vigor and mortality of citrus progenies with potential use as rootstocks / 10.1590/1678-992x-2016-0455

Rootstocks influence certain characteristics of the scion, such as vigor, fruit yield and quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. In conventional citrus breeding programs, hybridization is the main method used for obtaining rootstock varieties. Between Sept and Oct 2006, controlled pollinations were carried out resulting in nine progenies, totaling 461 hybrid seedlings. The female parents were the ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (SCRL) and the ‘Sunki of Florida mandarin (SFM), while the male parents, in addition to this mandarin, were the ‘Indio and ‘Riverside citrandarins, the ‘Thomasville citrangequat (THOM), the ‘Swingle citrumelo, the ‘Argentina citrange (AGC) and the ‘Benecke trifoliate orange (BKTO). Fruit setting rates of these crosses were measured and the hybrids generated were planted in the field in 2008 and evaluated from 2010 to 2014, for the variables of plant mortality, visual vigor, plant height and trunk diameter. The descriptive statistics mean, variation range, coefficient of variation and Pearson skewness coefficient were calculated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were grouped by the Scott-Knott test, both at 5 % significance. The progenies, having the ‘Sunki mandarin as the female parent, presented higher fruit setting rates and lower plant mortality rates than those obtained from the female parent ‘Rangpur lime, while zero plant mortality was observed in the SFM × BKTO cross. The crosses SCRL × SFM, SFM × BKTO, SFM × AGC and SFM × THOM have the potential to generate vigorous hybrids, resulting in rootstock varieties adapted to the landscape unit of Coastal Tableland.(AU)

Growth and physiology of citrus rootstocks under salt stress / Crescimento e fisiologia de porta-enxertos de citros sob estresse salino

In order to study the growth and physiology of citrus rootstocks under saline water irrigation, during formation of rootstocks, an assay was carried out in a factorial scheme, 2 x 6, corresponding to two levels of salinity of the nutrient solution: 0.3 and 4.0 dS m-1 and six genotypes provided by the Citrus Breeding Program of Embrapa Cassava & Fruits-CBP, distributed in randomized block design with three replications. The genotypes were: 1.'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime (SCRL) (Citrus limonia Osbeck), 2. 'Florida Rough' lemon (FRL) (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), 3. 'Volkamer' lemon (VKL) (C. volkameriana V. Ten. &Pasq.), 4. CSM x SWC- 028, 5. CSM x SWC- 033 and 6.CSM x SWC-041, the last three hybrids of common 'Sunki' mandarin (CSM) [C.sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] with 'Swingle' citrumelo (SWC) [C. paradisi Macfad. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.]. Nucellar plants from these genotypes were grown in alternative hydroponic system, using Leonard jars. Application of nutrient solution made with saline water started from 90 days after sowing until 120 days, when the growth and physiology parameters of plants were evaluated. Salt stress influenced the growth and physiological parameters in all genotypes. Salt stress did not influence the chlorophyll a fluorescence in the genotypes VKL and CSM x SWC- 041, indicating no damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. The CSM x SWC- 041, 'Santa Cruz Rangpur' lime, 'Florida Rough' lemon and 'Volkamer' lemon are the more tolerant genotypes to salinity based on growth rate.

A fim de estudar o crescimento e a fisiologia de porta-enxertos de citros sob irrigação com água salina, durante a formação de porta-enxertos, realizou-se um ensaio fatorial 2 x 6, correspondente a dois níveis de salinidade da solução nutritiva: 0,3 e 4,0 dS m-1 e seis genótipos fornecidos pelo Programa de Melhoramento de Citros da Embrapa Mandioca & Fruticultura-PMGC, distribuídos em delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os genótipos foram: 1. 'limoeiro Cravo Santa Cruz' (LCRSTC) (Citrus limonia Osbeck), 2. 'limoeiro Rugoso da Flórida' (LRF) (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), 3. 'limoeiro Volkameriano' (LVK) (C. Volkameriana V. Ten. & Pasq.), 4. CSM x SWC- 028, 5. CSM x SWC- 033 e 6. CSM x SWC-041, os últimos três híbridos de tangerineira 'Sunki' comum (CSM) [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. Ex Tanaka] com citrumelo 'Swingle' (SWC) [C. Paradisi Macfad. x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] Plantas de origem nucelar desses genótipos foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico alternativo, utilizando vasos Leonard. A aplicação de solução nutritiva feita com água salina iniciou-se a partir de 90 dias após a semeadura até 120 dias, quando foram avaliados os parâmetros de crescimento e fisiologia das plantas. O estresse salino influenciou o crescimento e os parâmetros fisiológicos em todos os genótipos. O estresse salino não influenciou a fluorescência da clorofila a nos genótipos VKL e CSM x SWC-041, indicando não haver danos ao aparelho fotossintético. O CSM x SWC-041, 'limoeiro Cravo Santa Cruz', 'limoeiro Rugoso da Flórida' e 'limoeiro Volkameriano' são os genótipos mais tolerantes à salinidade com base na taxa de crescimento.

Vigor and mortality of citrus progenies with potential use as rootstocks / 10.1590/1678-992x-2016-0455

Rootstocks influence certain characteristics of the scion, such as vigor, fruit yield and quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. In conventional citrus breeding programs, hybridization is the main method used for obtaining rootstock varieties. Between Sept and Oct 2006, controlled pollinations were carried out resulting in nine progenies, totaling 461 hybrid seedlings. The female parents were the ‘Santa Cruz Rangpur’ lime (SCRL) and the ‘Sunki of Florida’ mandarin (SFM), while the male parents, in addition to this mandarin, were the ‘Indio’ and ‘Riverside’ citrandarins, the ‘Thomasville’ citrangequat (THOM), the ‘Swingle’ citrumelo, the ‘Argentina’ citrange (AGC) and the ‘Benecke’ trifoliate orange (BKTO). Fruit setting rates of these crosses were measured and the hybrids generated were planted in the field in 2008 and evaluated from 2010 to 2014, for the variables of plant mortality, visual vigor, plant height and trunk diameter. The descriptive statistics mean, variation range, coefficient of variation and Pearson skewness coefficient were calculated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were grouped by the Scott-Knott test, both at 5 % significance. The progenies, having the ‘Sunki’ mandarin as the female parent, presented higher fruit setting rates and lower plant mortality rates than those obtained from the female parent ‘Rangpur’ lime, while zero plant mortality was observed in the SFM × BKTO cross. The crosses SCRL × SFM, SFM × BKTO, SFM × AGC and SFM × THOM have the potential to generate vigorous hybrids, resulting in rootstock varieties adapted to the landscape unit of Coastal Tableland.

Vigor and mortality of citrus progenies with potential use as rootstocks

ABSTRACT: Rootstocks influence certain characteristics of the scion, such as vigor, fruit yield and quality, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic factors. In conventional citrus breeding programs, hybridization is the main method used for obtaining rootstock varieties. Between Sept and Oct 2006, controlled pollinations were carried out resulting in nine progenies, totaling 461 hybrid seedlings. The female parents were the Santa Cruz Rangpur lime (SCRL) and the Sunki of Florida mandarin (SFM), while the male parents, in addition to this mandarin, were the Indio and Riverside citrandarins, the Thomasville citrangequat (THOM), the Swingle citrumelo, the Argentina citrange (AGC) and the Benecke trifoliate orange (BKTO). Fruit setting rates of these crosses were measured and the hybrids generated were planted in the field in 2008 and evaluated from 2010 to 2014, for the variables of plant mortality, visual vigor, plant height and trunk diameter. The descriptive statistics mean, variation range, coefficient of variation and Pearson skewness coefficient were calculated. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means of the treatments were grouped by the Scott-Knott test, both at 5 % significance. The progenies, having the Sunki mandarin as the female parent, presented higher fruit setting rates and lower plant mortality rates than those obtained from the female parent Rangpur lime, while zero plant mortality was observed in the SFM × BKTO cross. The crosses SCRL × SFM, SFM × BKTO, SFM × AGC and SFM × THOM have the potential to generate vigorous hybrids, resulting in rootstock varieties adapted to the landscape unit of Coastal Tableland.

Saline stress onto growth and physiology of trifoliate citrus hybrids during rootstock formation / Estresse salino no crescimento e fisiologia de híbridos trifoliados de citros enquanto porta-enxertos

High salts concentrations in soil and water are common in semi-arid regions, which reduces the growth and development of crops, especially sensitive plants, such as citrus, being important to identify tolerant materials as well as to study the physiology of these plants. An experiment was conducted evaluate the growth and physiology of citrus trifoliate citrus hybris during their early stage of development (seedling stage) under salt stress conditions. These hydrids were obtained through the Citrus Breeding Program of Embrapa Cassava & Fruits consisting of 'Common sunki' mandarin x 'Argentina' citrange - 019, 'Common sunki' mandarin x ('Rangpur' lime x Poncirus trifoliata) - 040, Trifoliate hybrids - 069, 116 and 127, distributed in a randomized block design with three replications. Nucellar seedlings of the genotypes were grown in an hydroponic system using Leonard jars. The application of nutrient solution with saline water started 90 days after sowing, extending to 120 days, when the seedlings were evaluated for plant growth and physiology. The genotypes common 'Sunki' mandarin x 'Argentina' citrange - 019, Common 'Sunki' mandarin x ('Rangpur' lime x P. trifoliata) - 040 and Trifoliate hybrid - 069 showed the greater tolerance to salinity, while the Trifoliate hybrid - 116 and 127 were found to be the less tolerant.

Altas concentrações de sais no solo e na água são comuns em regiões semiáridas, o que reduz o crescimento e o desenvolvimento das culturas, notadamente as sensíveis, como os citros, sendo importante a identificação de materiais tolerantes assim como o estudo da fisiologia destes. Assim, realizou-se um experimento para avaliar o crescimento e a fisiologia de híbridos de Poncirus trifoliata durante a formação de porta-enxertos sob condições de estresse salino. O experimento foi realizado usando um esquema factorial, 2 x 5, correspondendo a dois níveis de salinidade na solução nutritiva (2,6 e 6,3 dS m-1) e cinco híbridos de citros. Tais híbridos foram obtidos a partir do programa de melhoramento genético de citros da Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, PMG ­ Citrus, a saber: tangerineira 'Sunki Comum' x citrange 'Argentina' ­ 019; tangerineira 'Sunki Comum' x (limoeiro 'Cravo' x Poncirus trifoliata) ­ 040 e os híbrido trifoliados ­ 069, 116 e 127. Os tratamentos foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As plantas de origem nucelar dos genótipos foram cultivadas em sistema hidropônico por meio de vasos de Leonard. A aplicação das soluções nutritivas com águas salinas começaram aos 90 dias após a semeadura, se extendendo até os 120 dias, quando as plantas foram avaliadas em relação ao crescimento e a fisiologia. Os genótipos tangerineira 'Sunki Comum' x citrange 'Argentina' - -19, tangerineira Sunki Comum x x (limoeiro 'Cravo' x Poncirus trifoliata) ­ 040 e o híbrido trifoliado ­ 069 tiveram maior tolerância à salinidade, enquanto os híbridos trifoliados 116 e 127 foram os menos tolerantes.

Gas exchange of citrus rootstocks in response to intensity and duration of saline stress / Trocas gasosas de porta-enxertos de citros em resposta a intensidade e duração do estresse salino

Soil and water salinity cause physiological disorders in sensitive plants, such as altered gas exchange in citrus genotypes. However, it is possible to analyse these effects and to identify genotypes tolerant to salt stress. An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the tolerance of citrus genotypes considering the irrigation with saline water during rootstock formation. The study took place under greenhouse conditions in Pombal county, Paraiba, Brazil. A randomised block design was used, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme (5 x 8). The two factors were: [i] five salinity levels of irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0 dS m-1) and [ii] eight genotypes of citrus rootstocks: 1. Rangpur Santa Cruz lime (LCRSTC); 2. common Sunki mandarin (TSKC) x Swingle citrumelo (CTSW) - 028; 3. TSKC x CTSW - 033; 4. TSKC x CTSW - 041; 5. Volkamer lemon (LVK) x Rangpur lime (LCR) - 038; 6. Sunki of Florida mandarin (TSKFL); 7. TSKC and 8. Florida rough lemon (LRF). Gas exchange was evaluated at 15, 30 and 60 days after the beginning of the saline water application. High water salinity reduces gas exchange in citrus genotypes, which was more evident at 15 days from the beginning of stress. The genotypes Santa Cruz Rangpur lime, TSKC x CTSW - 041, LVK x LCR - 038 and Florida rough lemon exhibit a satisfactory physiological behaviour during the first 30 days ofexposure to the stress, showing moderate tolerance to salt stress. The genotypes TSKC x CTSW 033 and common ‘Sunki mandarin are the most sensitive to salinity.(AU)

A salinidade do solo e da água ocasionam distúrbios fisiológicos em plantas sensíveis, a exemplo das trocas gasosas em genótipos de citros, podendo-se identificar, a partir dessas variáveis, genótipos tolerantes e a resposta das plantas à salinidade. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a tolerância de genótipos de citros à salinidade na fase de formação de porta-enxertos. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, no Município de Pombal, Paraíba, empregando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três repetições e tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial, 5x8, relativos à combinação de: [i] cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,8; 1,6; 2,4; 3,2 e 4,0 dS m-1) e [ii] oito genótipos de porta-enxertos de citros: 1. limoeiro Cravo Santa Cruz (LCRSTC); 2. tangerineira Sunki comum (TSKC) x citrumelo Swingle (CTSW) - 028; 3. TSKC x CTSW - 033; 4. TSKC x CTSW - 041; 5. limoeiro Volkameriano (LVK) x limoeiro Cravo (LCR) - 038; 6. tangerineira Sunki da Flórida (TSKFL); 7. TSKC e 8. limoeiro Rugoso da Flórida (LRF). Avaliaram-se as trocas gasosas das plantas aos 15, 30 e 60 dias após o início da aplicação de água salina. A salinidade da água reduziu as trocas gasosas de genótipos de citros, sendo mais evidente aos 15 dias após o início do estresse. Os genótipos limoeiro ‘Cravo Santa Cruz, TSKC x CTSW 041, LVK x LCR 038 e o limoeiro Rugoso da Flórida têm comportamento fisiológico satisfatório durante os primeiros 30 dias de exposição ao estresse, sendo moderadamente tolerantes ao estresse salino. Os genótipos TSKC x CTSW 033 e a tangerineira Sunki Comum são mais sensíveis à salinidade.(AU)

Gas exchange of citrus rootstocks in response to intensity and duration of saline stress / Trocas gasosas de porta-enxertos de citros em resposta a intensidade e duração do estresse salino

Soil and water salinity cause physiological disorders in sensitive plants, such as altered gas exchange in citrus genotypes. However, it is possible to analyse these effects and to identify genotypes tolerant to salt stress. An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate the tolerance of citrus genotypes considering the irrigation with saline water during rootstock formation. The study took place under greenhouse conditions in Pombal county, Paraiba, Brazil. A randomised block design was used, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme (5 x 8). The two factors were: [i] five salinity levels of irrigation water (0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2 and 4.0 dS m-1) and [ii] eight genotypes of citrus rootstocks: 1. Rangpur Santa Cruz lime (LCRSTC); 2. common Sunki mandarin (TSKC) x Swingle citrumelo (CTSW) - 028; 3. TSKC x CTSW - 033; 4. TSKC x CTSW - 041; 5. Volkamer lemon (LVK) x Rangpur lime (LCR) - 038; 6. Sunki of Florida mandarin (TSKFL); 7. TSKC and 8. Florida rough lemon (LRF). Gas exchange was evaluated at 15, 30 and 60 days after the beginning of the saline water application. High water salinity reduces gas exchange in citrus genotypes, which was more evident at 15 days from the beginning of stress. The genotypes Santa Cruz Rangpur lime, TSKC x CTSW - 041, LVK x LCR - 038 and Florida rough lemon exhibit a satisfactory physiological behaviour during the first 30 days ofexposure to the stress, showing moderate tolerance to salt stress. The genotypes TSKC x CTSW – 033 and common ‘Sunki’ mandarin are the most sensitive to salinity.

A salinidade do solo e da água ocasionam distúrbios fisiológicos em plantas sensíveis, a exemplo das trocas gasosas em genótipos de citros, podendo-se identificar, a partir dessas variáveis, genótipos tolerantes e a resposta das plantas à salinidade. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a tolerância de genótipos de citros à salinidade na fase de formação de porta-enxertos. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação, no Município de Pombal, Paraíba, empregando-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três repetições e tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial, 5x8, relativos à combinação de: [i] cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,8; 1,6; 2,4; 3,2 e 4,0 dS m-1) e [ii] oito genótipos de porta-enxertos de citros: 1. limoeiro Cravo Santa Cruz (LCRSTC); 2. tangerineira Sunki comum (TSKC) x citrumelo Swingle (CTSW) - 028; 3. TSKC x CTSW - 033; 4. TSKC x CTSW - 041; 5. limoeiro Volkameriano (LVK) x limoeiro Cravo (LCR) - 038; 6. tangerineira Sunki da Flórida (TSKFL); 7. TSKC e 8. limoeiro Rugoso da Flórida (LRF). Avaliaram-se as trocas gasosas das plantas aos 15, 30 e 60 dias após o início da aplicação de água salina. A salinidade da água reduziu as trocas gasosas de genótipos de citros, sendo mais evidente aos 15 dias após o início do estresse. Os genótipos limoeiro ‘Cravo Santa Cruz’, TSKC x CTSW – 041, LVK x LCR – 038 e o limoeiro Rugoso da Flórida têm comportamento fisiológico satisfatório durante os primeiros 30 dias de exposição ao estresse, sendo moderadamente tolerantes ao estresse salino. Os genótipos TSKC x CTSW – 033 e a tangerineira Sunki Comum são mais sensíveis à salinidade.

Biocontrol ability and putative mode of action of yeasts against Geotrichum citri-aurantii in citrus fruit.

Sour rot is a major postharvest disease of citrus fruit and is caused by the fungal pathogen Geotrichum citri-aurantii. A lack of chemicals certified for the control of this disease has led to the consideration of alternative methods and strategies, such as the use of yeasts as biocontrol agents. The purpose of the present study was to test the ability of yeasts isolated from leaves, flowers, fruit, and soil, and six Saccharomyces cerevisiae isolates to control citrus sour rot, to assess the mechanisms of action of the yeast isolates that were demonstrated to be effective for biocontrol, and to identify the most effective yeast isolates for the biocontrol of G. citri-aurantii. In in vivo assays, three yeast isolates (ACBL-23, ACBL-44, and ACBL-77) showed a potential for controlling sour rot in citrus fruits, both preventatively and curatively. Most of the eight yeast isolates that were assessed for a mechanism of action did not produce antifungal compounds in an amount sufficient to inhibit the growth of the pathogen. Additionally, nutrient competition among the yeast strains was not found to be a biocontrol strategy. Instead, killer activity and hydrolytic enzyme production were identified as the major mechanisms involved in the biocontrol activity of the yeasts. Isolates ACBL-23, ACBL-44, and ACBL-77, which controlled sour rot most effectively, were identified as Rhodotorula minuta, Candida azyma, and Aureobasidium pullulans, respectively. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the potential of C. azyma as a biological control agent against a postharvest pathogen and its ability to produce a killer toxin.

Activation of systemic acquired resistance in citrus to control huanglongbing disease / Ativação da resistência sistêmica adquirida em citros para controle do huanglongbing

Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive citrus disease and occurs in the major citrus producing areas around the world. In Brazil, HLB is associated with the bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (CLam). CLas is the most aggressive and widespread species of the HLB bacteria. Currently, there is no curative control measure for this disease, and the eradication of diseased trees and control of the insect vector are the basic management measures for HLB. The search for other measures with higher efficiency and lower economic and environmental impacts for control of HLB has become a research priority. The use of chemicals that activate plant resistance mechanisms is a novel method for disease control. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the use of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers for control of HLB. Nursery trees of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grafted on Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were inoculated with CLas by bud grafting technique using diseased material from HLB citrus trees, seven days after the first treatment with the SAR inducers, under greenhouse conditions. The SAR inducers imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxan (TMX), or acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), as well as the combination of ASM with IMI or TMX, were applied as soil drench. The nursery trees were

Huanglongbing (HLB) é considerada a mais destrutiva doença para a citricultura, e ocorre nos principais países produtores de citros ao redor do mundo. No Brasil, o HLB está associado às bactérias Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) e Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (Clam), sendo a primeira espécie a mais agressiva e disseminada nos pomares brasileiros. Atualmente, não existe controle curativo para esta doença, sendo a erradicação de plantas doentes e o controle do inseto vetor as medidas básicas para o manejo do HLB. A busca por outras medidas de maior eficiência e de menor impacto econômico e ambiental para o controle do HLB tem se tornado prioridade para diversos grupos de pesquisa. A utilização de produtos que ativam os mecanismos de resistência das plantas é uma das principais linhas de investigação. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar produtos indutores da resistência sistêmica adquirida (RSA) para controle do HLB. Mudas de laranja Valência (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck), enxertadas sobre limão Cravo (Citrus limonia Osbeck) foram inoculadas com CLas pela enxertia de borbulhas provenientes de plantas com HLB, sete dias após o primeiro tratamento com indutores da RSA. Os tratamentos consistiram na aplicação, via solo, de imidaclopride (IMI), tiametoxam (TMX) ou acibenzolar-S-metil (ASM), e também da combinação do ASM com os neonicotinóides IMI e TMX. As pla