Civil Responsibility Arising from the Transmission of COVID-19.

Background: Once COVID-19 is transmitted, the corresponding civil responsibility should be clarified by the identification of the transmitter, compensation of the damage and detection of the causal relationship between the damage or harm and the harmful act. Methods: This research has been prepared by descriptive analytical method and its data has been collected by documentary library tools. Results: What makes this relationship meaningful and suable is the existence of fault. By definition, fault refers to any deviation from the normal or conventional behavior. On this basis, a COVID-infected person is considered faulty if he or she does not care about public health and transmits the disease to others by avoiding safety measures and violating hygienic protocols. This lack of care for others is a concrete example of deviation from normal civil behavior. One cannot claim civility unless the safety measures prescribed by the law are taken. Violating the law in this case, which leads to disease transmission, is considered as a fault. Conclusion: If an infected person is incautious enough to make others sick, the law holds him or her faulty; the harm done by the undue lack of causation Based on this obvious causal relationship, the faulty individual is held responsible for the loss or damage compensation, as by incurring the treatment costs.The most important challenges in respect of covid are the non-recognition of certain transporter to the victim of covid 19 and proof of causation.

Levantamento das decisões judiciais brasileiras a respeito da responsabilidade civil do cirurgião-dentista no Superior Tribunal de Justiça / Survey of Brazilian judicial decisions with regard to the civil liability of the dentist in the Superior Court of Justice

A responsabilidade civil é o instituto que se vincula ao dever de não causar prejuízo injustamente, proporcionando a busca da indenização pelos danos sofridos, podendo ser aplicada ao cirurgião-dentista. Este trabalho objetivou levantar e investigar as jurisprudências e decisões monocráticas no Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ) que versam sobre a responsabilidade do cirurgião-dentista. Trata-se de uma pesquisa quali-quantitativa, com caráter descritivo realizada na plataforma do STJ. A amostra foi composta por 5 jurisprudências e 20 decisões monocráticas para extrair as seguintes informações: data de julgamento; estado oriundo da ação; tipo de ação; tipo de sentença ­ a favor ou contra o Cirurgião-Dentista; tipo de obrigação - meio ou resultado; fundamento - Teoria subjetiva ou objetiva; tipo de erro em relação a figura jurídica da culpa - imperícia, negligência ou imprudência; e as especialidades envolvidas. Verificou-se a presença de decisões judiciais no STJ relacionadas a ações de indenização movidas por pacientes contra cirurgiões-dentistas, que versam, em sua maioria, sobre a teoria subjetiva da reponsabilidade nas decisões monocráticas (75%; n=15) e nas jurisprudências (n=4), tendo origem em vários estados brasileiros e com a Cirurgia e a Implantodontia como as especialidades odontológicas mais demandadas. A figura jurídica da culpa foi observada em apenas três decisões monocráticas e a maioria das decisões se apresentaram desfavoráveis ao cirugião-dentista. Assim, a presente pesquisa serve de alerta para os cirurgiões-dentistas da existência de ações de indenização no STJ, que denotam um processo longo, oneroso e desgastante, e que chegaram a essa instância superior em virtude dos dissídios jurisprudenciais.

The civil liability is the institute that is bound to the duty of not causing unjust damage, providing the search for indemnity for the damages suffered, which can be applied to the dentist. This work aimed to raise and investigate the jurisprudence and monocratic decisions in the Superior Court of Justice (STJ) that deal with the responsibility of the dentist. This is a qualitative and quantitative research, with a descriptive character, carried out on the STJ platform. The sample consisted of 5 jurisprudences and 20 monocratic decisions to extract the following information: trial date; state arising from the action; type of action; type of sentence - for or against the dentist; type of obligation - means or result; foundation - subjective or objective theory; type of error in relation to the legal figure of fault - malpractice, negligence or imprudence; and the specialties involved. It was verified the presence of judicial decisions in the STJ related to compensation actions filed by patients against dental surgeons, which mostly deal with the subjective theory of responsibility in monocratic decisions (75%; n = 15) and in jurisprudence (n = 4), originating in several Brazilian states and with Surgery and Implantology as the most demanded dental specialties. The legal figure of guilt was observed in only three monocratic decisions and most of the decisions were unfavorable to the dentist. Thus, this research serves as a warning to dentists of the existence of indemnity actions in the STJ, which denote a long, costly and exhausting process due to jurisprudential disagreements

Plain access to justice and the orthodontist's activity in Brazil: vulnerability in the professional practice in the face of risks of malpractice lawsuits

ABSTRACT Objective: the present study aimed at evaluating the risks and vulnerability of orthodontists to legal compensation actions and verifying the hypothesis of these health care professionals having little knowledge concerning their rights and obligations as service providers. Methods: Three groups were formed to participate in a semi-structured interview. The first group had thirteen law professionals, the second group was composed of eleven orthodontists and the third group was made up of nine randomly selected orthodontic patients. Results: Relevant aspects related to the exercise of the professional activity of orthodontists that influence on the vulnerability of orthodontists in lawsuits were identified. After transcription, reading, and comparing the answers of the interviews, items capable of influencing judicial decisions, from the standpoint of Brazilian Justice Courts, were evaluated. Conclusion: It was verified that Brazilian orthodontists do not have adequate formation concerning the legal consequences of the exercise of their professional activity. Orthodontists also failed to establish proper contractual relationship, organize orthodontic records, and, most importantly, failed in communicating the risks and the therapeutic processes to patients during all phases of treatment.

RESUMO Objetivo: o presente trabalho teve como objetivo apurar os riscos e a vulnerabilidade dos profissionais ortodontistas serem envolvidos em lides judiciais com finalidade indenizatória, além de verificar a hipótese de que esses profissionais possuem pouco conhecimento a respeito de suas obrigações e deveres como prestadores de serviço, bem como dos mecanismos que podem evitar tais demandas judiciais. Métodos: foram formados três grupos para entrevistas semiestruturadas, compostos por profissionais da área jurídica, profissionais ortodontistas e pacientes ortodônticos: no primeiro grupo, foram entrevistados 13 (treze) profissionais da área jurídica; no segundo grupo de entrevistados, foram abordados 11 (onze) profissionais ortodontistas; para o terceiro grupo de entrevistas, foram sorteados 9 (nove) pacientes em tratamento ortodôntico. Resultados: foram identificados itens ou domínios relevantes, relacionados ao exercício da atividade profissional dos ortodontistas, que repercutem diretamente em aspectos de vulnerabilidade deles, quando confrontados, objetivamente, com fundamentos de decisões judiciais envolvendo questões indenizatórias em face de tais profissionais da área da saúde. Após o trabalho de transcrição das entrevistas, leitura, compilação e comparação das respostas, passou-se à análise dos temas capazes de influenciar na rotina forense, a partir das tendências doutrinárias e jurisprudenciais encontradas nos Tribunais brasileiros. Conclusão: verificou-se que os ortodontistas não apresentam formação adequada para o completo entendimento sobre as consequências jurídicas do exercício de sua atividade profissional. Constataram-se, também, falhas por parte do profissional ortodontista, desde o estabelecimento da relação contratual, formação de documentação ortodôntica organizada e, sobretudo, registro, documentação e informação aos pacientes, ou responsáveis legais, em todas as etapas do tratamento.

Indenizações e processos jurídicos em Implantodontia: uma revisão no Brasil entre 2006 e 2016 / Compensation and legal processes in Implant Dentistry: a Brazilian review from 2006 to 2016

Objetivo: o presente estudo teve como objetivo averiguar as características dos processos cíveis de reparação de danos contra cirurgiões-dentistas, bem como o montante dessas reparações. Material e métodos: uma busca eletrônica foi realizada com o termo "implante dentário" em sites oficiais do Tribunal de Justiça de Santa Catarina, Superior Tribunal Federal e Supremo Tribunal Federal, entre 2006 e 2016. Os principais desfechos investigados foram: 1) pertinência dos processos contra cirurgiões-dentistas; 2) evolução dos processos; 3) sexo do reclamante; 4) personalidade jurídica do réu; 5) condenação ou absolvição; 6) tipo de decisão; e 7) valor das indenizações. Resultados: dos processos analisados neste estudo, 63% eram reclamações contra cirurgiões-dentistas. Dos autores das ações, 80% eram do sexo feminino. A maioria dos réus era pessoas jurídicas. Os profi ssionais de Odontologia foram condenados na maior parte dos processos. A decisão monocrática foi maioria ampla no tipo de decisão. O valor médio das indenizações foi R$ 20.123,07 para danos morais e R$ 15.020,55 para danos materiais, totalizando R$ 35.143,62. Conclusão: o crescimento do número de reclamações contra cirurgiões-dentistas nos últimos anos nos leva a tomar atitudes para evitar que esses processos resultem na condenação do profissional, entre elas: a melhora das relações paciente/profissional e a importância de um constante aperfeiçoamento profissional. Além disso, demonstra a necessidade do termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, detalhado e bem explicado, com planejamento, riscos, possíveis mudanças, preços e alternativas de tratamento.

Objective: the present study aims to investigate the characteristics of civil damage repair against dental surgeons, as well as the amount of these reparations. Material and methods: an electronic search using the "dental implant" as key word was performed at official sites of the Court of Santa Catarina, Superior Court and Federal Supreme Court between 2006 and 2016, resulting in data about whether the processes are against dental surgeons, progress of process, gender, defendant's legal personality, conviction or acquittal, type and value of the claims. Results: about the processes ana lyzed in this study, 63% were complaints against surgeons and these processes have grown in recent years. The authors of the actions were represented by a percentage of 80% women. Most of the defendants were legal entities. Dental professionals were condemned in most cases. The monocratic decision was most extensive in the kind of decision. The average value of claims was in R$ 20,123.07 for moral damage and R$ 15,020.55 to property damage, totaling R$ 35,143.62. Conclusion: the increase in the number of complaints against surgeons in recent years leads us to take action to prevent these processes resulting into professional conviction, including the improvement of patient-professional relationship and the importance of constant professional improvement. In addition, it demonstrates the need for using of an informed consent form, detail

Examination of crime and similar concepts in the medical law.

Crime is a human behavior that has captivated the thoughts of scholars of various disciplines throughout history. Philosophers, sociologists, psychologists and others have investigated and analyzed the concept of crime from different aspects. Crime is the main topic of criminal law, and in its legal meaning is a well-known term with a certain conceptual load that should not be confused with similar concepts such as guilt, civil crime (quasi tort), and particularly, the disciplinary transgression. Although crime has common points with all the above, it is an independent concept with unique effects, features, and descriptions that distinguish it from similar acts. This article aims to determine the difference between the concepts of crime, guilt, civil crime and disciplinary transgression through enumeration of the related issues as well as examples of medical disciplinary crimes and transgressions. Identifying and distinguishing these concepts can improve the procedure of prosecuting crimes and disciplinary transgression, bring punishment to criminals and transgressors, and facilitate compensation of pecuniary and non-pecuniary losses due to committers' fault or failure. Thus we may avoid taking a wrong route that can lead to infringement of individuals' rights.

Responsabilidad Civil del Cirujano-Dentista: Análisis de las Demandas Presentadas en el Municipio de Ribeirão Preto-São Paulo, Brasil / Civil Liability of Dental Surgeon: Legal Proceedings Analysis in the City of Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

El objetivo del trabajo fue realizar una revisión de los procesos judiciales que involucran demandas de responsabilidad civil interpuestas contra cirujanos-dentistas en el Forum de Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Fue realizada una búsqueda nominalde profesionales y clínicas, debidamente inscritos en el Consejo Regional de Odontología de São Paulo, involucrados en procesos civiles en el municipio de Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. Como resultado fue observado un significativo aumento (73,3%) en el número de demandas presentadas en los últimos cinco años, siendo la especialidad de prótesis dental (35,6%) la más involucrada. Se puede concluir que es importante el conocimiento por parte del profesional en cuanto al aumento de divergencias en la relación profesional/paciente y algunas medidas son necesariaspara su prevención, para que los cirujanos-dentistas busquen una práctica profesional más segura.

The objective of this study was to conduct a review of the legal proceedings involving liability lawsuits filed against dentists in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. A search was carried out of professionals duly registered with the Regional Council of Dentistry of São Paulo seeking professionals and clinics involved in civil proceedings in Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo. The results noted a significant increase (73.3%) in the number of lawsuits filed in the last five years, with the specialty in dental prostheses (35.6%) being the most frequent. It can be concluded that it is important for professionals to have information in reference to the increasing number of lawsuits in professional/patient relationship and that prevention measures are necessary for a safer dental practice.