Impact of dance classes on motor and cognitive functions and gut microbiota composition in multiple sclerosis patients: Randomized controlled trial.

Evidence suggests that multiple sclerosis (MS) induces a decline in motor and cognitive function and provokes a shift in gut microbiome composition in patients. Therefore, the aim of the study was to explore the effect of dance classes on the motor and cognitive functions and gut microbiota composition of MS patients. In this randomized controlled trial, 36 patients were randomly divided into two groups: the experimental group (n = 18) and the passive control group (n = 18). Supervised rock and roll and sports dance classes were performed for 12 weeks at a frequency of two times a week. Before and after the intervention, fecal samples were taken and the motor and cognitive function assessments were completed. Fecal microbiota were categorized using primers targeting the V3-V4 region of 16S rDNA. Our results revealed significant differences in mobility performance (T25-FWT), attention and working memory (TMT B), and finger dexterity (9-HPT) within the experimental group. Furthermore, we reported favorable shifts in gut microbial communities (an increase in Blautia stercoris and a decrease in Ruminococcus torques) within the experimental group. In conclusion, our randomized control trial on the effects of 12-week dance classes in MS patients found significant improvements in motor and cognitive functions, with further moderate influence on gut microbiota composition.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Older Adults Who Participate in Group Physical Exercise Program.

The COVID pandemic exposed the vulnerability of older adults in myriad ways and social service organizations faced unprecedented challenges in safely providing support for older adults. Since 2007, Hawai'i Healthy Aging Partnership (HHAP) has offered Enhance®Fitness, an evidence-based program to reduce the risk of falls and promote health among older adults. Due to the pandemic, all the Enhance®Fitness sites had to close and stop offering the program. The HHAP started to provide alternative activities remotely in May 2020. To explore the pandemic's impact, the feasibility of online exercise programs, and the support needed among older adults to stay physically active, HHAP surveyed existing Enhance®Fitness participants and received 291 responses (59% response rate). The study used frequency distributions, comparison of means, and chi-square to analyze the survey data. Findings showed that the shutdown of the group exercise program during the pandemic led to a health status decline, a reduction in physical activities, and a shift from group to individual physical activities among older adult participants. Most respondents tried the remote exercise opportunities during the pandemic and would consider joining the remote programs in the future. However, about one-fourth of the respondents did not participate in remote exercise activities due to the lack of electronic devices, internet access, or interest in remote activity formats. To ensure equitable access to physical exercise programs for older adults in the post-pandemic era, it is critical to address the access challenges and resources needed for providing multiple programming options.

On the Inclusion Relations of Global Ultradifferentiable Classes Defined by Weight Matrices.

We study and characterize the inclusion relations of global classes in the general weight matrix framework in terms of growth relations for the defining weight matrices. We consider the Roumieu and Beurling cases, and as a particular case, we also treat the classical weight function and weight sequence cases. Moreover, we construct a weight sequence which is oscillating around any weight sequence which satisfies some minimal conditions and, in particular, around the critical weight sequence ( p ! ) 1 / 2 , related with the non-triviality of the classes. Finally, we also obtain comparison results both on classes defined by weight functions that can be defined by weight sequences and conversely.

The characteristics and prognostic significance of histone H1 expression in breast cancer.

Histone H1 (H.H1) is involved in chromatin organisation and gene regulation and is overexpressed in many malignant tumours, including breast cancer (BC). This study proposed and evaluated the prognostic role of H.H1 expression in BC. H.H1 mRNA expression was evaluated in publicly available BC dataset bc-GenExMiner database (n=4421). H.H1 protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically in a well-characterised early-stage BC cohort (n=1311), and associations with clinicopathological data and survival outcomes were evaluated. At the mRNA level, there was a significant association between high H.H1 mRNA and basal-like BC subtype and with poor outcome. The association with shorter survival was observed in the whole cohort and in the basal-like class. H.H1 protein expression was detected in both tumour cells and surrounding stroma. Total expression was detected in 72% of the cases, including 28% in tumour cell nuclei and 44% in the stroma. There was strong association between high tumour H.H1 expression and triple-negative BC (TNBC) subtype (p=0.007) and with shorter survival (p=0.019), independent of other variables including tumour size, histologic tumour grade, and lymph node status. H.H1 expression is associated with poor prognosis in BC. Given poor prognostic role of H.H1 in TNBC, it may represent a potential therapeutic target for patients with this aggressive disease.

Continuous reach-to-grasp motion recognition based on an extreme learning machine algorithm using sEMG signals.

Recognizing user intention in reach-to-grasp motions is a critical challenge in rehabilitation engineering. To address this, a Machine Learning (ML) algorithm based on the Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) was developed for identifying motor actions using surface Electromyography (sEMG) during continuous reach-to-grasp movements, involving multiple Degrees of Freedom (DoFs). This study explores feature extraction methods based on time domain and autoregressive models to evaluate ELM performance under different conditions. The experimental setup encompassed variations in neuron size, time windows, validation with each muscle, increase in the number of features, comparison with five conventional ML-based classifiers, inter-subjects variability, and temporal dynamic response. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed ELM-based method, an openly available sEMG dataset containing data from 12 participants was used. Results highlight the method's performance, achieving Accuracy above 85%, F-score above 90%, Recall above 85%, Area Under the Curve of approximately 84% and compilation times (computational cost) of less than 1 ms. These metrics significantly outperform standard methods (p < 0.05). Additionally, specific trends were found in increasing and decreasing performance in identifying specific tasks, as well as variations in the continuous transitions in the temporal dynamics response. Thus, the ELM-based method effectively identifies continuous reach-to-grasp motions through myoelectric data. These findings hold promise for practical applications. The method's success prompts future research into implementing it for more reliable and effective Human-Machine Interface (HMI) control. This can revolutionize real-time upper limb rehabilitation, enabling natural and complex Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) like object manipulation. The robust results encourages further research and innovative solutions to improve people's quality of life through more effective interventions.

Assessment of adverse events of the novel cardiovascular drug vericiguat: a real-world pharmacovigilance study based on FAERS.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to analyze the adverse event reports (AERs) to vericiguat using data from the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and provide evidence for the clinical use. METHODS: AERs due to vericiguat from 2021Q1 to 2024Q1 identified as the primary suspect were screened, with duplicate reports subsequently eliminated. Various quantitative signal detection methods, including reporting odds ratio (ROR), proportional reporting ratio (PRR), Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, and multi-item gamma poisson shrinker, were then employed for data mining and analysis. Signal strength is represented by the 95% confidence interval, information component (IC), and empirical Bayesian geometric mean (EBGM). RESULTS: A total of 617 vericiguat-related AERs were identified. Strong signals were observed in 21 system organ classes. Furthermore, the most frequently reported preferred terms (PT) was hypotension (n = 86, ROR 25.92, PRR 24.11, IC 4.59, EBGM 24.07), followed by dizziness (n = 52, ROR 6.44, PRR 6.20, IC 2.63, EBGM 6.20), malaise (n = 25, ROR 3.59, PRR 3.54, IC 1.82, EBGM 3.54), blood pressure decreased (n = 23, ROR 20.00, PRR 19.64, IC 4.29, EBGM 19.61), and anemia (n = 21, ROR 6.67, PRR 6.57, IC 2.72, EBGM 6.57). CONCLUSIONS: This study extended the adverse reactions documented in the FDA instruction and provided supplementary evidence regarding the clinical safety of vericiguat.

On Orlicz classes defined in terms of associated weight functions.

N-functions and their growth and regularity properties are crucial in order to introduce and study Orlicz classes and Orlicz spaces. We consider N-functions which are given in terms of so-called associated weight functions. These functions are frequently appearing in the theory of ultradifferentiable function classes and in this setting additional information is available since associated weight functions are defined in terms of a given weight sequence. We express and characterize several known properties for N-functions purely in terms of weight sequences which allows to construct (counter-) examples. Moreover, we study how for abstractly given N-functions this framework becomes meaningful and finally we establish a connection between the complementary N-function and the recently introduced notion of the so-called dual sequence.

Comparative Analysis of Deterministic and Nondeterministic Decision Trees for Decision Tables from Closed Classes.

In this paper, we consider classes of decision tables with many-valued decisions closed under operations of the removal of columns, the changing of decisions, the permutation of columns, and the duplication of columns. We study relationships among three parameters of these tables: the complexity of a decision table (if we consider the depth of the decision trees, then the complexity of a decision table is the number of columns in it), the minimum complexity of a deterministic decision tree, and the minimum complexity of a nondeterministic decision tree. We consider the rough classification of functions characterizing relationships and enumerate all possible seven types of relationships.

Digital Twin Smart City: Integrating IFC and CityGML with Semantic Graph for Advanced 3D City Model Visualization.

The growing interest in building data management, especially the building information model (BIM), has significantly influenced urban management, materials supply chain analysis, documentation, and storage. However, the integration of BIM into 3D GIS tools is becoming more common, showing progress beyond the traditional problem. To address this, this study proposes data transformation methods involving mapping between three domains: industry foundation classes (IFC), city geometry markup language (CityGML), and web ontology framework (OWL)/resource description framework (RDF). Initially, IFC data are converted to CityGML format using the feature manipulation engine (FME) at CityGML standard's levels of detail 4 (LOD4) to enhance BIM data interoperability. Subsequently, CityGML is converted to the OWL/RDF diagram format to validate the proposed BIM conversion process. To ensure integration between BIM and GIS, geometric data and information are visualized through Cesium Ion web services and Unreal Engine. Additionally, an RDF graph is applied to analyze the association between the semantic mapping of the CityGML standard, with Neo4j (a graph database management system) utilized for visualization. The study's results demonstrate that the proposed data transformation methods significantly improve the interoperability and visualization of 3D city models, facilitating better urban management and planning.

Candidate anti-tuberculosis medicines and regimens under clinical evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of mortality by an infectious disease worldwide. Despite national and international efforts, the world is not on track to end TB by 2030. Antibiotic treatment of TB is longer than for most infectious diseases and is complicated by frequent adverse events. To counter emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug resistance and provide effective, safe drug treatments of shorter duration, novel anti-TB medicines, and treatment regimens are needed. Through a joint global effort, more candidate medicines are in the clinical phases of drug development than ever before. OBJECTIVES: To review anti-TB medicines and treatment regimens under clinical evaluation for the future treatment of drug-susceptible and drug-resistant TB. SOURCES: Pre-clinical and clinical studies on novel anti-TB drugs. CONTENT: Description of novel protein synthesis inhibitors (oxazolidinones and oxaboroles), respiratory chain inhibitors (diarylquinolines and cytochrome bc1 complex inhibitor), cell wall inhibitors (decaprenylphosphoryl-ß-d-ribose 2'-epimerase, inhibitors, thioamides, and carbapenems), and cholesterol metabolism inhibitor currently evaluated in clinical trials and novel clinical trial platforms for the evaluation of treatment regimens, rather than single entities. IMPLICATIONS: A large number of potential anti-TB candidate medicines and innovations in clinical trial design for the evaluation of regimens, rather than single medicines, provide hope for improvements in the treatment of TB.

A latent classes analysis to detect cognitive and emotional profiles in cancer patients.

Thought style has been described as a mediator between cancer diagnosis and the emotional response to cancer. Describe the latent profiles related to thought style (rumination, cognitive engagement, and cognitive avoidance) and emotional response in a sample of cancer patients. 159 cancer patients were assessed prior to starting treatment. Measurement instruments used were HADS, Cancer response thought style inventory, distress thermometer, and PTGI. Analysis of latent classes to explore profiles of who share the same thought style. The solution had 4 subgroups: first group was avoidance, the means for anxiety, depression and post-traumatic growth were the lowest of the four groups. The second group was rumination, presenting highest scores for anxiety, depression and post-traumatic growth. The third group was indeterminate, this group presented low anxiety and depression. The fourth group, with cognitive engagement presented low anxiety and depression and post-traumatic growth was high.

An Intensive Culinary Intervention Programme to Promote Healthy Ageing: The SUKALMENA-InAge Feasibility Pilot Study.

Dietary interventions are a key strategy to promote healthy ageing. Cooking skills training emerges as a promising approach to acquiring and maintaining healthy eating habits. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of a culinary programme to improve healthy eating habits among overweight/obese adults (55-70 years old). A total of 62 volunteers were randomly (1:1) assigned to an culinary intervention group (CIG) or a nutritional intervention group (NIG). Dietary, cooking, and health-related outcomes, including body advanced glycation end product (AGE) levels, were evaluated at baseline and after four weeks. Mixed-effects linear models were used to assess the effects of the interventions within and between groups. Among the 56 participants who completed the trial, CIG participants achieved a significant improvement in Mediterranean diet adherence (1.2; 95%CI, 0.2 to 2.2) and a reduction in the use of culinary techniques associated with a higher AGE formation in foods (-2.8; 95%CI, -5.6 to -0.2), weight (-1.5; 95%CI, -2.5 to -0.5), body mass index (-0.5; 95%CI, -0.8 to -0.2), waist circumference (-1.4; 95%CI, -2.6 to -0.2), and hip circumference (-1.4; 95%CI, -2.4 to -0.4) compared with the NIG participants. Although a greater confidence in cooking in the CIG was found, attitudes and cooking habits did not improve. No significant differences in biochemical parameters or AGEs were found between groups. In conclusion, a culinary intervention could be successful in promoting healthy eating and cooking habits compared to a programme based on nutrition education alone. Nevertheless, further efforts are needed to strengthen attitudes and beliefs about home cooking, to address potential barriers and understand the impact of cooking interventions on biological parameters. Larger studies with longer follow-ups are needed to evaluate the relationship between cooking, diet, and health.

Description of the culture of childbirth and parenting classes in Cyprus: An ethnographic approach.

INTRODUCTION: Childbirth and parenting classes are very important because they potentially help couples to make the right decisions during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period, which has a direct effect on the health of the mother and neonate. However, in Cyprus, the culture of childbirth and parenting classes has not been previously explored. METHODS: An ethnographic study design was adopted, specifically non-participant observation was undertaken of 19 classes. Semi-structured telephone interviews were employed to collect data in addition to field notes and a reflective diary. Inductive content analysis was undertaken to analyze the data. RESULTS: Four main thematic categories emerged from data analysis: 1) Views and opinions about the course, 2) Important perinatal topics, 3) Usefulness and reasons for attending the classes, and 4) The journey of learning. The importance of antenatal classes has not been given sufficient attention in Cyprus. CONCLUSIONS: There is a clear need for a standardized curriculum within the current configuration of national maternity healthcare in Cyprus. Policymakers must implement a standardized curriculum, integrating diverse pedagogical methods to provide in-depth information for expectant parents and parents. While emphasizing the crucial role of midwives in perinatal education, this study also advocates for collaboration with other healthcare professionals emphasizing the imperative need for a comprehensive, standardized approach to perinatal education within the national healthcare system of Cyprus.

Non-target analysis of Danish wastewater treatment plant effluent: Statistical analysis of chemical fingerprinting as a step toward a future monitoring tool.

In an attempt to discover and characterize the plethora of xenobiotic substances, this study investigates chemical compounds released into the environment with wastewater effluents. A novel non-targeted screening methodology based on ultra-high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and nanoflow ultra-high performance liquid chromatography together with a newly optimized data-processing pipeline were applied to effluent samples from two state-of-the-art and one small wastewater treatment facility. In total, 785 molecular structures were obtained, of which 38 were identified as single compounds, while 480 structures were identified at a putative level. Most of these substances were therapeutics and drugs, present as parent compounds and metabolites. Using R packages Phyloseq and MetacodeR, originally developed for bioinformatics, significant differences in xenobiotic presence in the wastewater effluents between the three sites were demonstrated.

Longitudinal HbA1c patterns before the first treatment of diabetes in routine clinical practice: A latent class trajectory analysis.

AIMS: To examine the longitudinal heterogeneity of HbA1c preceding the initiation of diabetes treatment in clinical practice. METHODS: In this population-based study, we used HbA1c from routine laboratory and healthcare databases. Latent class trajectory analysis was used to classify individuals according to their longitudinal HbA1c patterns before first glucose-lowering drug prescription irrespective of type of diabetes. RESULTS: Among 21,556 individuals initiating diabetes treatment during 2017-2018, 20,733 (96 %) had HbA1c measured (median 4 measurements [IQR 2-7]) in the 5 years preceding treatment initiation. Four classes with distinct HbA1c trajectories were identified, with varying steepness of increase in HbA1c. The largest class (74 % of the individuals) had mean HbA1c above the 48 mmol/mol threshold 9 months before treatment initiation. Mean HbA1c was 52 mmol/mol (95 % CI 52-52) at treatment initiation. In the remaining three classes, mean HbA1c exceeded 48 mmol/mol almost 1.5 years before treatment initiation and reached 79 mmol/mol (95 % CI 78-80), 105 mmol/mol (95 % CI 104-106), and 137 mmol/mol (95 % CI 135-140) before treatment initiation. CONCLUSION: We identified four distinct longitudinal HbA1c patterns before initiation of diabetes treatment in clinical practice. All had mean HbA1c levels exceeding the diagnostic threshold many months before treatment initiation, indicating therapeutic inertia.

Variation of root traits and its influences on soil organic carbon stability in response to altered precipitation in an alpine meadow.

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are strongly controlled by plant roots. Yet, how variation of root traits under precipitation change influences SOC stability remains unclear. As part of a 5-year field experiment manipulating precipitation including 90 % (0.1P), 50 % (0.5P), 30 % (0.7P) decrease, and 50 % increase (1.5P), this study was designed to assess the effects of changing precipitation on root traits and production dynamics by minirhizotron and examine how such influences regulate SOC stability in an alpine meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We found that root length density (RLD), specific root length (SRL), root branching intensity (RBI), and root residue carbon input (RC input) exhibited no significant response, whereas root turnover (RT), root carbon (C), nitrogen (N) concentrations and C/N ratio were altered by precipitation change with nonlinear trends. Absorptive root RT positively correlated to manipulated precipitation within the interannual precipitation range in topsoil, but it showed no significant change under extreme drought treatment. Alpine meadows can maintain the SOC content and density under varied precipitation. However, it showed significant variation in aggregate stability and organic carbon (OC) distribution in aggregates in topsoil, which were mainly due to the strong direct effects of soil moisture and partly related to RLD and RC input of transport roots. Although subsurface soil aggregate stability and OC associated with aggregates were not modified, our results indicated a risk of SOC stability variation in subsurface soil if absorptive root RT and SRL changed. These findings provide vital information to predict responses of SOC dynamics of alpine meadow to future climate change.

The Association of Longer Breastfeeding Duration and Socioeconomic, Pregnancy, Childbirth and Postpartum Characteristics.

Background and Objectives: Breastmilk is the safest and most suitable food for an infant, playing the role of their first vaccine and containing all the essential nutrients for the first months of life. The World Health Organisation recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life and continued breastfeeding while introducing a child to complementary foods until 2 years and beyond. According to Latvian statistics from 2022, only 27.4% of babies were breastfed for 12 months. The aim of this study was to determine the socio-economic factors and factors related to pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum that influence breastfeeding for more than 6 months in Latvia. Materials and Methods: Data were used from the cross-sectional survey "Research on factors and behaviours affecting the sexual and reproductive health of the population of Latvia", which was conducted in 2023. A study sample was randomised and stratified by gender and five age groups. The analyses in this study are based on a sample of women who had given birth at least once (n = 1407), and the dependent variable was the duration of breastfeeding their last child. Binary logistic regression was conducted to identify the associated factors. Results: The point prevalence of longer duration of breastfeeding for the last child was 47.9% (n = 674). The odds of longer breastfeeding duration were higher among mothers who did not smoke during pregnancy (vs. smokers, aOR 2.1, p < 0.001), of Latvian nationality (vs. Russian, aOR 1.3, p = 0.03), who had two childbirth (vs. one, aOR 1.5, p = 0.003), who had the highest level of education (vs. primary education, aOR 2.0, p = 0.03), started breastfeeding immediately after the birth (vs. later than the first day, aOR 1.7, p = 0.01) or on the first day (vs. later, aOR 1.6, p = 0.01). Conclusions: We documented socio-demographic pregnancy and childbirth factors associated with longer breastfeeding durations. Efforts to promote breastfeeding practices should target mothers from the most vulnerable groups.

Hazard estimation in urban home garden soils in an industrial area using microarthropods, soil properties and GIS modelling: an integrated approach.

The use of soil microarthropods as indicators of soil pollution in home gardens of an industrial area has been covered in this study. Soil samples were collected from 25 home gardens in three zones in Eloor during summer and North East monsoon from 2014 to 2018, for the study of soil microarthropods, soil properties, soil nutrients, and trace elements. The relationships among QBS-ar, microarthropod abundance, soil properties, and soil nutrients, were used to estimate the pollution hazard of the industrial area. The microarthropods present in the study area were Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, Diplopoda, and Araneae. A prominent study area feature was the absence of Collembola and Acari. The QBS-ar index score in these regions showed that the home gardens located adjacent to the industrial area showed low soil quality, with soil quality class values ranging from 1 to 2 throughout the study period. Discriminant analysis of soil nutrients with soil properties and microarthropod abundance showed that in Zone 1 and Zone 2, the data in 2018 was very well discriminated compared to other years. The hazard assessment in the Eloor region showed various levels of hazard zonation: Zone 1 with high-hazard and medium-hazard areas, Zone 2 with medium-hazard areas, and Zone 3 with low- and medium-hazard areas. The study is one of the first kinds that have used QBS-ar scores and soil properties along with soil nutrients and trace elements for estimating the level of hazard in home garden agroecosystems and thus points to an easy, simple, and practical approach in the monitoring and management of soil ecosystems.

A Curriculum on Digital Psychiatry for a US-Based Psychiatry Residency Training Program: Pilot Implementation Study.

BACKGROUND: Digital psychiatry, defined as the application of health technologies to the prevention, assessment, and treatment of mental health illnesses, is a growing field. Interest in the clinical use of these technologies continues to grow. However, psychiatric trainees receive limited or no formal education on the topic. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to pilot a curriculum on digital psychiatry for a US-based psychiatry residency training program and examine the change in learner confidence regarding appraisal and clinical recommendation of digital mental health apps. METHODS: Two 60-minute sessions were presented through a web-based platform to postgraduate year 2-4 residents training in psychiatry at a US-based adult psychiatry residency program. Learner confidence was assessed using pre- and postsession surveys. RESULTS: Matched pre- and postsession quizzes showed improved confidence in multiple domains aligning with the course objectives. This included the structured appraisal of digital mental health apps (P=.03), assessment of a patient's digital health literacy (P=.01), formal recommendation of digital health tools (P=.03), and prescription of digital therapeutics to patients (P=.03). Though an improvement from baseline, mean ratings for confidence did not exceed "somewhat comfortable" on any of the above measures. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows the feasibility of implementing a digital psychiatry curriculum for residents in multiple levels of training. We also identified an opportunity to increase learner confidence in the appraisal and clinical use of digital mental health apps through the use of a formal curriculum.

Longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles throughout adulthood and related characteristics: a 36-year follow-up study of the older Finnish Twin Cohort.

BACKGROUND: Personalized interventions aiming to increase physical activity in individuals are effective. However, from a public health perspective, it would be important to stimulate physical activity in larger groups of people who share the vulnerability to be physically inactive throughout adulthood. To find these high-risk groups, we identified 36-year leisure-time physical activity profiles from young adulthood to late midlife in females and males. Moreover, we uncovered which anthropometric-, demographic-, lifestyle-, and health-related characteristics were associated with these physical activity profiles. METHODS: We included 2,778 females and 1,938 males from the population-based older Finnish Twin Cohort Study, who responded to health and behavior surveys at the mean ages of 24, 30, 40 and 60. Latent profile analysis was used to identify longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles. RESULTS: We found five longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles for both females and males. Females' profiles were: 1) Low increasing moderate (29%), 2) Moderate stable (23%), 3) Very low increasing low (20%), 4) Low stable (20%) and 5) High increasing high (9%). Males' profiles were: 1) Low increasing moderate (29%), 2) Low stable very low (26%), 3) Moderate decreasing low (21%), 4) High fluctuating high (17%) and 5) Very low stable (8%). In both females and males, lower leisure-time physical activity profiles were associated with lower education, higher body mass index, smoking, poorer perceived health, higher sedentary time, high blood pressure, and a higher risk for type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, lower leisure-time physical activity was linked to a higher risk of depression in females. CONCLUSIONS: We found several longitudinal leisure-time physical activity profiles with unique changes in both sexes. Fewer profiles in females than in males remained or became low physically active during the 36-year follow-up. We observed that lower education, higher body mass index, and more smoking already in young adulthood were associated with low leisure-time physical activity profiles. However, the fact that several longitudinal profiles demonstrated a change in their physical activity behavior over time implies the potential for public health interventions to improve leisure-time physical activity levels.