Efficacy, Safety and Mechanism of Jinzhen Oral Liquid in the Treatment of Acute Bronchitis in Children: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Multicenter Clinical Trial Protocol.

Background: Acute bronchitis (AB) is a common disease in pediatrics. Prolonged AB may develop into chronic bronchitis. Bronchitis caused by the influenza virus can lead to severe hypoxia or insufficient ventilation, causing great harm to patients and increasing the burden on children and society. Presently, there is no specific treatment for AB except symptomatic supportive treatment. It is urgent to find an effective treatment for AB. Jinzhen Oral Liquid (JZOL) has been found to have a broad spectrum of anti-inflammatory and antiviral effects in previous clinical and basic studies and has a good effect on AB in children. However, the large-sample, randomized, double-blind, head-to-head, evidence-based studies are lacking. The purpose of this protocol is to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of JZOL in the treatment of AB in children. Methods: This is a randomized, double-blind, parallel-controlled multi-center clinical trial. The sample size is 500 participants in the intervention group and the control group respectively, with a total of 1000 participants. They will be recruited by 10 hospitals in China. The Intervention group takes JZOL and Ambroxol Hydrochloride and Clenbuterol Hydrochloride Oral Solution (AHCHOS) placebo, while the control group receives AHCHOS and JZOL placebo. The dosage of the two drugs varies according to age and weight. The medication lasts for 7 days. The disappearance time of cough is adopted as the primary outcome. Quality control will be carried out at every stage of data management and processing to ensure that all data are reliable and processed correctly. SAS is used for statistical analysis. Intention-to-treat analysis will be carried out in this trial. All statistical tests are conducted using a two-sided test, and p <0.05 would be considered statistically significant. Discussion: We hypothesized that children with AB could get good health benefits from JZOL. This study not only evaluates the clinical efficacy and safety of JZOL but also conducts metagenomics analysis and metabolomics analysis of feces and saliva of participants to study the mechanism of JZOL against AB. Therefore, this protocol evaluates the efficacy, safety, and mechanism of JZOL from a comprehensive perspective, so as to obtain a more solid evidence chain, which will enhance the credibility of the evidence. If successful, this study will provide a high-level evidence-based reference for the treatment of AB in children and future relevant studies.

Selective extraction and detection of ß-agonists in swine urine for monitoring illegal use in livestock breeding.

The illegal use of ß-agonists often endangers animal-derived food safety. In this study, a selective detection method for ß-agonists in swine urine was established via the combination of polymeric ionic liquid-molecularly imprinted graphene oxide-miniaturized pipette tip solid-phase extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. It is worth noting that this method relied mainly on the designed adsorbent, which presented a rich adsorption mechanism, fast mass transfer rate, and high selectivity, and was successfully utilized in the selective extraction of ß-agonists from swine urine samples. The proposed method has low LOD (0.20-0.56 ng/mL), high recovery (94.9-107.9%), and high reusability (4 times, 91.9-108.8%), which indicates its high potential as a selective, sensitive, accurate, and nonfatal method for monitoring the illegal use of ß-agonists in the livestock breeding stage.

Determinación de clorhidrato de clembuterol en orina de bovinos en tres rastros municipales del estado de México / Determination of Clenbuterol Hydrochloride in Bovine Urine in Three Municipal Slaughterhouses of the State of Mexico / Determinação de cloridrato de clenbuterol em urina de bovinos em três trilhas municipais do estado do México

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el porcentaje de bovinos para abasto positivos a clorhidrato de clembuterol (CCL), con base en muestras de orina de bovinos sacrificados en 3 rastros del estado de México. Para esto se colectaron muestras en los rastros municipales de Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52) y Atlacomulco (40), y se obtuvo un total de 151 muestras. El análisis de las muestras se realizó a través de la prueba de ELISA y para el reporte de resultados se utilizó estadística descriptiva. De las muestras analizadas 105 fueron positivas (69,53 %), por rastro la positividad, fue de 48, 30 y 27 respectivamente. Al establecer diferentes rangos de concentración a CCL, en el rango de 200 a 1999 pg g-1 se ubicaron 46 muestras; 6 muestras, en el rango de 2000 a 3525 pg g-1; 3, en el rango de 3526 a 5050 pg g-1; 1 muestra, entre 5051 y 6575 pg g-1, y 95 se ubicaron entre 6575 y >8100 pg g-1. El rastro con mayor porcentaje de positividad fue el de Toluca, con base en los rangos establecidos, y las concentraciones más elevadas también se observaron en el mismo rastro. El límite mínimo de detección de CCL de 2000 pg g-1 permite considerar que, con base tanto en la concentración como en su cinética, las cantidades detectadas en el estudio sirven como un indicador importante de residualidad a través de este tipo de muestra.

Abstract The present work aimed to determine the percentage of bovines that tested positive for clenbuterol hydrochloride (CCL), based on urine samples of cattle slaughtered in 3 slaughterhouses of the State of Mexico. To the effect, samples were collected in the municipal slaughterhouses of Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52), and Atlacomulco (40), resulting in a total of 151 samples. Sample analysis was carried out using the ELISA test, and descriptive statistics were used to report the results. 105 of the analyzed samples were positive (69.53%); by slaughterhouse, positivity was 48, 30, and 27, respectively. When establishing different ranges of CCL concentration, 46 samples were in the range of 200 to 1999 pg g-1; 6 samples were in the range of 2000 to 3525 pg g-1; 3 were in the range of 3526 to 5050 pg g-1; 1 sample was between 5051 and 6575 pg g-1, and 95 samples were between 6575 and >8100 pg g-1. The slaughterhouse with the highest percentage of positivity was that of Toluca, based on the established ranges, and the highest concentrations were also observed there. The minimum limit for the detection of CCL (2000 pg g-1) allows considering that, based on both concentration and kinetics, the quantities detected in the study serve as an important indicator of residuality in this type of sample.

Resumo O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a porcentagem de bovinos para fornecimento, positivos ao cloridrato de Clenbuterol (CCL), baseados em amostras de urina de bovinos abatidos em três trilhas do estado de México. Para isso, foram coletadas amostras nas trilhas municipais de Toluca (59), Ixtlahuaca (52) e Atlacomulco (40), e obtivera-se um total de 151 amostras. A análise das amostras realizou-se através do teste de ELISA e para o relatório de resultados foi usada estatística descritiva. Das amostras analisadas 105 foram positivas (69,53 %), pelo traço a positividade foi de 48, 30 e 27 respetivamente. Ao estabelecer diferentes faixas de concentração a CCL, 46 amostras foram colocadas na faixa de 200 a 1999 pg g-1; 6 amostras na faixa de 2000 a 3525 pg g-1; 3 na faixa de 3526 a 5050 pg g-1; 1 amostra entre 5051 e 6575 pg g-1, e 95 entre 6575 e >8100 pg g-1. A trilha com maior porcentagem de positividade foi a de Toluca, baseada nas faixas estabelecidas e as concentrações mais altas observaram-se na mesma trilha. O limite mínimo de detecção de CCL de 2000 pg g-1 permite considerar que, baseado na concentração e na cinética, as quantidades detectadas no estudo servem como indicador importante de residualidade através deste tipo de amostra.

Optimization of chromatographic conditions for the determination of clenbuterol hydrochloride residues in animal edible product / 预防医学

Objective To establish a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) through the optimization of the chromatographic conditions, which can detect the contents of clenbuterol hydrochloride (CL) residues in animal edible product in a large quantity. Methods The animal edible product were extracted by perchloric acid, and then impurities were removed by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) which used ethyl acetate- isopropanol. After the organic phase was concentrated, C18 column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 μm) was used to separate CL. Mobile phase were methanol-sodium dihydrogen phosphate, and then determined by HPLC. Results A good linear response was obtained over the range of 0.2-10.0 μg/mL with the correlation coefficient (r) 0.99984. The method determination limit was 0.15 μg/kg which was lower than the National standard method 0.5μg/kg. The retention time of the CL was 6.51 min, the chromatographic peak was good. The recovery rates spiked with standards 1.6-12 μg were 92.86％-100.93％, which was higher than National standard method (89.79％-92.36％) . The precision of intra-day and inter-day were both under 5％, which lower than National standard. Conclusion The optimized chromatographic conditions are suitable for the large quantity determination of clenbuterol hydrochloride in animal edible product.

Efecto del clorhidrato de clembuterol en la ganancia de peso y lesiones histológicas en ratones / Effect of clenbuterol hydrochloride on weight gain and histological lesions in mice / Efeito do cloridrato de clembuterol no aumento de peso e lesões histológicas em ratos

Resumen El clorhidrato de clembuterol (CCL) es un p-agonista promotor del crecimiento en animales para abasto, pero su uso ilícito ha generado repercusiones en salud pública. Se realizó un modelo biológico con ratones, con el objeto de evaluar el efecto del CCL sobre la ganancia de peso y las lesiones histológicas que ocasiona. Los ratones fueron alimentados con carne de conejo, que previamente fue suplementada con CCL. Treinta y cinco días posexposición se registró el peso corporal; se obtuvo la concentración muscular y sérica de CCL a través de la prueba de ELISA, y se colectaron tejidos (hígado y corazón) para análisis histopatológico. Los valores obtenidos de los animales experimentales (G1 y G2) se analizaron mediante un diseño experimental completamente al azar con dos tratamientos (n = 10), sometidos a un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias con la prueba de Tukey (p < 0,05). Se registró un incremento de peso corporal de 7 g en el G1, contra 4,0 g del G2. El peso del hígado fue de 2,58 g y 1,79, respectivamente (p < 0,05). En el G1 la concentración muscular de CCL fue 5324 pg g-1 y en suero sanguíneo de 4378 pg g-1. Solo se observaron cambios histológicos en tejidos de los ratones del G1. El hígado mostró tumefacción celular, mitosis moderada, picnosis y degeneración hidrópica; en corazón, engrosamiento de fibras, pleomorfismo e hileración nuclear. El CCL favoreció el incremento de peso en los ratones expuestos, y provocó alteraciones estructurales en hígado y corazón.

Abstract Clenbuterol hydrochloride (CLB) is a growth-promoting p-agonist in animals for supply, but its illicit use has generated repercussions on public health. A biological model with mice was developed to evaluate the effect of CLB on weight gain and histological lesions. Mice were fed rabbit meat, which was previously supplemented with CLB. Body weight was recorded 35 days post-exposure; muscular and serum concentration of CLB was obtained through the ELISA test, and tissues were collected from liver and heart for histopathological analysis. Values obtained from the experimental animals (G1 and G2) were analyzed by a completely randomized experimental design with two treatments (n = 10), subjected to an analysis of variance and comparison of means with the Tukey test (p<0.05). There was an increase of 7 g in body weight in G1, compared to 4.0 g in G2. Liver weight was 2.58 g and 1.79, respectively (p<0.05). In G1, CLB concentration in muscle was 5324 pg.g-1, and 4378 pg.g-1 in blood serum. Only histological changes were observed in the tissues of Gl mice. Liver showed cellular swelling, moderate mitosis, pyknosis and hydropic degeneration; in addition, fiber thickening, pleomorphism and nuclear atypia were observed in the heart. CLB contributed to weight gain in exposed mice and caused structural alterations in liver and heart.

Resumo O cloridrato de clembuterol (CCL) é um b-agonista promotor do crescimento em animais para abate, porém o seu uso ilícito tem gerado repercussões em saúde pública. Fezse um modelo biológico com ratos, com o objeto de avaliar o efeito do CCL sobre o ganho de peso e as lesões histológicas que ocasiona. Os ratos foram alimentados com carne de coelho, que previamente foi suplementada com CCL. Trinta e cinco dias pós-exposição se registrou o peso corporal; obteve-se a concentração muscular e sérica de CCL através da prova de ELISA, e foram coletados tecidos (fígado e coração) para análise histopatológica. Os valores obtidos dos animais experimentais (Gl e G2) foram analisados mediante um desenho experimental completamente ao acaso com dois tratamentos (n = 10), submetidos a uma análise de variações e comparação de médias com a prova de Tukey (p < 0,05). Registrou-se um aumento de peso corporal de 7 g no G1, contra 4,0 g do G2. O peso do fígado foi de 2,58 g e 1,79, respectivamente (p < 0,05). No G1 a concentração muscular de CCL foi 5324 pg g-1 e em soro sanguíneo de 4378 pg g-1. Somente foram observadas mudanças histológicas em tecidos dos ratos do G1. O fígado apresentou inchaço celular, mitose moderada, picnose e degeneração hidrópica; no coração, engrossamento de fibras, pleomorfismo e filamento nuclear. O CCL favoreceu o aumento de peso nos ratos expostos, e provocou alterações estruturais em fígado e coração.

Selection and Application of ssDNA Aptamers against Clenbuterol Hydrochloride Based on ssDNA Library Immobilized SELEX.

Clenbuterol hydrochloride (CLB) is often abused as additive feed for livestock to decrease adipose tissue deposition and to increase growth rate. It raises a potential risk to human health through the consumption of animal product. In this study, aptamers with higher affinity and specificity were screened through 16 selection rounds based on the ssDNA library immobilized systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) technique. After cloning and sequencing, five aptamer candidates were picked out for affinity and specificity assays based on a graphene oxide (GO) adsorption method. The results showed that the aptamer CLB-2 binds specifically against CLB with a dissociation constant, Kd, value of 76.61 ± 12.70 nM. In addition, an aptamer-based fluorescence bioassay was established for CLB analysis. The correlation between the CLB concentration and fluorescent signal was found to be linear within the range of 0.10 to 50 ng/mL with a limit of detection of 0.07 ng/mL. It has been further applied for the determination of CLB in pork samples, showing its great potential for sensitive analysis in food safety control.

Rapid determination of 15 chemical drugs illegally added into slimming Chinese patent medicines and health foods by UPLC-MS/MS / 中草药

Objective: To establish a rapid and accurate method for the determination of 15 chemical drugs which were illegally added into the slimming Chinese patent medicines (CPM) and health foods. Methods: The UPLC-MS/MS method was adopted. The samples were extracted with methanol by ultrasonic processing and separated on a Waters Acquity BEH C18 column (100 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with 0.1% formic acid methanol (A) -0.1% formic acid water (B) as mobile phase by gradient elution (0-3 min, 33%-45% A; 3-5 min, 45%-55% A; 5-7 min, 55%-70% A; 7-9 min, 70%-80% A; 9-10 min, 80%-90% A; 10-11 min, 90%-33% A; 11-13 min, 33% A at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min, and the column temperature was 40℃. A positive-ion (ESI+) source and an MRM mode were used to separate and quantitatively determine 15 chemical drugs. The obtained molecular ions, fragment ions, and retention time for MRM channels were used to identify the 15 kinds of drugs by comparison with those of reference substances. The obtained peak areas were used to determine the accurate contents of chemical drugs in CPM and the health foods. Results: A good resolution of 15 kinds of chemical drugs, including terbutaline hydrochloride, ephedrine hydrochloride, theophylline, caffeine, doxofylline, clenbuterol hydrochloride, tulobuterol hydrochloride, bambuterol hydrochloride, fenfluramine hydrochloride, furosemide, indapamide, phenolphthalein, sibutramine hydrochloride, N-demethylated sibutramine hydrochloride, and hydrochloric acid N,N-dinor sibutraminel, was obtained under this UPLC and MS/MS condition. The limits of qualitation and quantitation were in the range of 0.1-5.0 ng/g and 0.3-15.0 ng/g. The standard addition recoveries were in the range of 91.8%-110.8%. In the 86 batches of samples (including capsules, granules, and other different matrix types) were detected in the 74 batches of added chemicals, the positive rate was 86.0%. Sibutramine hydrochloride (39 batches), furosemide (20 batches), phenolphthalein (23 batches), theophylline (1 batch), and caffeine (15 batches) were checked out in the samples, 22 batches of which two kinds were checked out, one batch of which three kinds were checked out. By contrast, the products which were not clearly marked manufacturer illegally added more seriously. Conclusion: The method is simple, accurate, and highly sensitive, which can be used for the determination of illegally added chemical drugs in slimming CPM and health foods.

Riesgos a la salud por el uso de clorhidrato de clembuterol: una revisión / Health Risks Due to the Use of Clenbuterol Hydrochloride: a Review / Riscos à saúde pelo uso de cloridrato de clembuterol: uma revisão

En este trabajo se analiza y valora la información sobre las características y riesgos del uso de clorhidrato de clembuterol (CCL) por su potencial efecto tóxico, debido a su inclusión en la alimentación animal (bovinos, cerdos, ovinos y aves) con la finalidad de mejorar parámetros productivos-reproductivos, pero que descuidan la inocuidad alimenticia. Por eso es necesario revalorar los peligros potenciales que puede ocasionar al emplearse tanto en medicina humana como en veterinaria. El CCL es un (β-adrenérgico sintético, polvo blanco, anhidro, muy soluble en agua y altamente estable a temperatura ambiente. Es utilizado en forma clandestina en animales de engorde destinados al consumo humano. Terapéuticamente, se utiliza como un medicamento broncodilatador (pacientes con asma); en competencias deportivas se ha detectado su uso ilegal (dopaje), y en fisicoculturismo es utilizado por su efecto anabólico. Su administración en el ganado para abasto modifica e incrementa el crecimiento de masas musculares, y disminuye la acumulación de grasa; se acumula en diferentes órganos. En personas con antecedente del consumo de hígado de bovino contaminado con CCL se ha registrado temblor, dolor muscular, mareos, cefalea y taquicardia. En México, de manera ilegal y clandestina, hay distribución, comercialización y uso de CCL; sin embargo, el trabajo de las organizaciones ganaderas para el registro de unidades de producción libres de esta sustancia garantizará el consumo de los productos cárnicos. Proponer el uso de otras sustancias de las cuales hasta el momento no se tiene indicios de toxicidad propiciará una productividad sustentable, segura e inocua en las unidades de producción pecuaria.

This paper analyzes and evaluates information about the characteristics and risks of using Clenbuterol hydrochloride (CCL) for their potential toxic effects, due to its inclusion in animal food (cattle, pigs, sheep and poultry) to improve productive-reproductive parameters, but neglecting food safety. Therefore, it is necessary to reassess the potential dangers that may result when used in both human and veterinary medicine. The (β-adrenergic synthetic CCL, white powder, anhydrous, highly water soluble and highly stable at room temperature is used in a clandestine manner to fatten animals for human consumption. Therapeutically, it is used as a bronchodilator drug (asthma patients); its illegal use (doping) has been detected in sports competitions, and it is used for bodybuilding due to its anabolic effect. Its use in cattle for slaughter modifies and increases the growth of muscle mass and reduces fat accumulation, which accumulates in different organs. In people with a history of bovine liver consumption contaminated with CCL, there has been registration of: tremor, muscle pain, dizziness, headache, and tachycardia. In Mexico, in an illegal and clandestine manner, there is distribution, marketing and use of CCL; however, the work of livestock organizations in registering production units free of this substance will ensure the consumption of meat products. Moreover, to propose the use of other substances which so far have no signs of toxicity will lead to a sustainable, secure and safe productivity in livestock units.

Neste trabalho se analisa e avalia a informação sobre as características e riscos do uso de cloridrato de clembuterol (CCL) pelo seu potencial efeito tóxico, devido à sua inclusão na alimentação animal (bovinos, cerdos, ovinos e aves) com a finalidade de melhorar parâmetros produtivo-reprodutivos, mas que descuidam a inocuidade alimentícia. Por isso é necessário reavaliar os perigos potenciais que pode ocasionar ao empregar-se tanto em medicina humana como veterinária. O CCL β-adrenérgico sintético, pó branco, anidro, muito solúvel em água e altamente estável a temperatura ambiente. É utilizado em forma clandestina em animais de corte destinados ao consumo humano. Terapeuticamente, se utiliza como um medicamento bronco dilatador (pacientes com asma); em competências esportivas tem sido detectado o seu uso ilegal (dopagem), e em físico culturismo é utilizado por seu efeito anabólico. Sua administração no gado para abasto modifica e incrementa o crescimento de massas musculares, e diminui a acumulação de gordura; acumulando-se em diferentes órgãos. Em pessoas com antecedente do consumo de fígado de bovino contaminado com CCL tem se registrado: tremor, dor muscular, tonturas, cefaleia e taquicardia. No México, de maneira ilegal e clandestina, há distribuição, comercialização e uso de CCL; contudo, o trabalho das organizações pecuaristas para o registro de unidades de produção livres desta substância garantirá o consumo dos produtos de carne. Assim como também, propor o uso de outras substâncias das quais até o momento não se tem indícios de toxicidade propiciará uma produtividade sustentável, segura e inócua nas unidades de produção pecuária.

The potential of circulating extracellular small RNAs (smexRNA) in veterinary diagnostics-Identifying biomarker signatures by multivariate data analysis.

Worldwide growth and performance-enhancing substances are used in cattle husbandry to increase productivity. In certain countries however e.g., in the EU, these practices are forbidden to prevent the consumers from potential health risks of substance residues in food. To maximize economic profit, 'black sheep' among farmers might circumvent the detection methods used in routine controls, which highlights the need for an innovative and reliable detection method. Transcriptomics is a promising new approach in the discovery of veterinary medicine biomarkers and also a missing puzzle piece, as up to date, metabolomics and proteomics are paramount. Due to increased stability and easy sampling, circulating extracellular small RNAs (smexRNAs) in bovine plasma were small RNA-sequenced and their potential to serve as biomarker candidates was evaluated using multivariate data analysis tools. After running the data evaluation pipeline, the proportion of miRNAs (microRNAs) and piRNAs (PIWI-interacting small non-coding RNAs) on the total sequenced reads was calculated. Additionally, top 10 signatures were compared which revealed that the readcount data sets were highly affected by the most abundant miRNA and piRNA profiles. To evaluate the discriminative power of multivariate data analyses to identify animals after veterinary drug application on the basis of smexRNAs, OPLS-DA was performed. In summary, the quality of miRNA models using all mapped reads for both treatment groups (animals treated with steroid hormones or the ß-agonist clenbuterol) is predominant to those generated with combined data sets or piRNAs alone. Using multivariate projection methodologies like OPLS-DA have proven the best potential to generate discriminative miRNA models, supported by small RNA-Seq data. Based on the presented comparative OPLS-DA, miRNAs are the favorable smexRNA biomarker candidates in the research field of veterinary drug abuse.

Compliance and cost efficacy of ambroxol hydrochloride and clenbuterol hydrochloride oral solution on children with bronchial pneumonia / 中国基层医药

Objective To evaluate the clinical curative effect of ammonia bromine,oral solution (Yitanjing) auxiliary for the treatment of children with bronchopneumonia.Methods The clinical data of 64 children with acute bronchopneumonia with breathing were retrospectively analyzed.According to different treatment,they were divided into three groups,three groups were intravenously given anti-infective drug therapy,group A (22 cases) treated with Yitanjing,B group (21 cases) treated with ammonia bromine rope,group C (21 cases) treated with hydrochloric acid C quattro.Before and after the treatment,cough,sputum improve scores,and the changes of pulmonary function,hospitalization time were observed.The clinical efficacy of three groups of children with and medication compliance were evaluated.Results In group A,group B and group C,the effective rates were 95.45％,90.48％ and 95.45％ respectively,the effective rate of group A was significantly higher than group B and group C (x2 =3.88,4.27,all P ＜ 0.05) ;In group A good taste, convenient selected rates were 95.45％,95.45％,which were significantly higher than 85.71％,90.48％ of group B (x2 =4.17,3.86,all P ＜ 0.05) and C group (47.62％,71.73％) (x2 =8.67,6.86,all P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion Ammonia bromine,oral liquid can effectively improve pulmonary function in children with acute bronchial pneumonia and clinical symptoms such as cough,sputum,high compliance.

Studies on binding interactions between clenbuterol hydrochloride and two serum albumins by multispectroscopic approaches in vitro.

In this study, binding properties of clenbuterol hydrochloride (CL) with human serum albumin (HSA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were examined using constant protein concentrations and various CL contents under physiological conditions. The binding parameters were confirmed using fluorescence quenching spectroscopy at various temperatures. The experimental results confirmed that the quenching mechanisms of CL and HSA/BSA were both static quenching processes. The thermodynamic parameters, namely, enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS), were calculated according to the van't Hoff equation, which suggested that the electrostatic interactions were the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing the CL-HSA complex, and hydrogen bonds and van der Waals force were the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing the CL-BSA complex. Furthermore, the conformational changes of HSA/BSA in the presence of CL were determined using the data obtained from three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy and circular dichroism spectroscopy.

Spectrophotometric and high performance liquid chromatographic methods for sensitive determination of bisphenol A.

A new spectrophotometric method for the determination of trace amounts of bisphenol A based on a diazotization-coupling reaction was developed. In acidic solution, clenbuterol was first diazotized with sodium nitrite, then coupled with bisphenol A to from an azo-compound [I] in NH3-NH4Cl buffer, which shows a maximum absorption at 410 nm. The effects of the amount of sodium nitrite, diazo reaction time, the amount of clenbuterol, coupling reaction time and coupling reaction temperature have been examined. Under the optional conditions, the determination of the linear range of bisphenol A is 0.24-8.4 µg/mL, correlation coefficient is 0.9905 and detection limit of this method is 0.15 µg/mL. The spectrophotometric method is simple, rapid, high sensitivity with better accuracy. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique combined with this new spectrophotometric method has been also developed for the measurement of bisphenol A. The analysis was achieved on a C18 column using water and methanol as a mobile phase and the detection was done spectrophotometrically at 410 nm. These reported methods were applied to the determination of bisphenol A in hot water in contact with commercially available table-water bottle samples.

Observation on the effect of montelukast and ambroxol hydrochloride in treatment respiratory tract symptoms in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection / 中国基层医药

Objective To observe the effect of montelukast sodium and ambroxol oral solution in treatment respiratory symptoms caused by mycoplasma infection in children.Methods 147 children who were infected by mycoplasma pneumonia with lower respiratory tracts symptom were randomly divided into A,B,C three groups:group A was control group,group B was treated by montelukast sodium,and group C was treated by montelukast sodium and ambroxol oral solution.Coughing,symptomatic relief of pant were observed in each group.Results After 7 days treatment,the total effective rate of three groups was A group 79.5％,B group 95.7％,C group 96.4％.Compared with group A,the coughing and panting time in group B and group C were significantly shorter(x2 =5.61,9.54,all P ＜0.05),The rate of coughing and panting complete remission in group C was higher compared with group B (x2 =5.39,P ＜ 0.05),but there was no statistificantly significant difference in the total efficency between the two groups.Conclusion Montelukast sodium and ambroxol oral solution can effectively improve the symptoms of respiratory tract infection caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae.