Actitudes de los jóvenes ante situaciones de agravio en el entorno familiar: su relación con el género, la creencia religiosa y el clima social familiar / Attitudes of Young People in Front of Offense Situations in Family Context: its Relation to Gender, Religious Belief and the Family Social Climate

Los objetivos de este trabajo son, por una parte, analizar las actitudes de los jóvenes ante las situaciones de agravio que se producen en el contexto familiar en función del género, la creencia religiosa y el clima social familiar y, por otra, estudiar el poder predictivo de estas variables sobre las actitudes de agravio. Los participantes fueron 230 jóvenes (media de edad = 21.2), 130 mujeres y 100 hombres, quienes cumplimentaron el cuestionario CASA-F (Moreno & Pereyra, 2000) y la escala de Clima Social Familiar (Moos, Moos, & Trickett, 1995). Se obtuvieron diferencias en las actitudes ante el agravio en función del género y la creencia religiosa y una relación significativa entre las actitudes prosociales ante el agravio y el clima social familiar. Por último, los análisis de regresión múltiple confirmaron la capacidad predictiva del género, la creencia religiosa y el clima social familiar sobre las actitudes prosociales de perdón y explicación.

The objectives of this study are to analyze the attitudes of young people to offenders situations in family context according to gender, religious belief and family social climate and, to study the predictive power of those variables on attitudes toward offenders. Participants were 230 young (mean age = 21.2), 130 women and 100 men who completed the CASA-F Questionnaire (Moreno & Pereyra, 2000) and the Family Social Climate Scale (Moss, Moss, & Trickett, 1995). We obtained differences in attitude towards offenders in terms of gender and religious belief and a significant relation between prosocial attitudes towards offenders and family social climate. Finally, multiple regression analysis confirmed the predictive ability of gender, religious belief and the family social climate on prosocial attitudes of forgiveness and explanation.

Fundamentos metodológicos y teóricos de la investigación: las relaciones existentes entre las prácticas educativas familiares, el clima social familiar de los padres y el desarrollo de Habilidades sociales en niños y niñas entre 2 y 3 años de edad de nivel socio-económico bajo, medio y alto de la ciudad de Medellín / Methodological and theoretical fundamentals of the research: relationships between family educational practices, parents ́s family social climate of and Development of social skills in children between 2 and 3 years of age in low, medium and high social ­ economic leven In Medellin city

Este artículo presenta una reflexión en torno a la metodología propia para una investigación cuyo objeto es la familia. Hace un análisis de diferentes enfoques epistemológicos que soportan tales metodologías a partir del concepto de paradigmas de Kuhn y de autores que permiten establecer los puntos de encuentro y desencuentro de las investigaciones frente a la familia, concretamente, de las prácticas educativas familiares y el clima social familiar, con base en el punto de vista psicológico. El texto muestra, como conclusión, que a partir de los dos principales enfoques del objeto de estudio, los problemas, los métodos y técnicas de investigación, tienen un punto que puede suponerse común: consideran que la interacción con distintos ambientes representa una influencia directa en el desarrollo de los niños. Estas dos variables se soportan en la teoría ecológica de Bronfenbrenner y en la teoría histórico-cultural de Vigotsky.

This paper aims to show a reflection on the convenient method to develop a research which has as object the family. It presents an analysis about the different epistemic approaches, starting from the concept of paradigm by Kuhn and several authors that allow establishing the meetings or disagreement points about this research, specifically, about parenting practices, and social - family weather, based on a psychological point of view. The text shows, as conclusion, that the two principal epistemic approaches have a common point of view: the interaction with different environments represents a direct influence to children's develope processes. These research variables can be supported by the ecologic theory, by Bronfelbrenner and the historical-cultural theory by Vigotsky.

Relaciones entre el clima social familiar y el desempeño en habilidades sociales en niños y niñas entre dos y tres años de edad / The relationship between social family climate and social skills performance in boys and girls between two and three years of age / Relação entre clima social familiar e desempenho nas habilidades sociais em crianças entre dois e três anos de idade

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo estudiar el clima social de un grupo de familias y su relación con el desempeño en habilidades sociales de 108 niños y niñas entre dos y tres años de edad. Se evaluó el clima social desde tres dimensiones: relaciones, desarrollo y estabilidad, y el desarrollo social mediante seis repertorios conductuales. La investigación fue de tipo descriptivo correlacional. Para evaluar el clima social familiar se utilizó la Escala de clima social, y para evaluar las habilidades sociales, el Cuestionario de habilidades sociales. Se encontró que las familias cohesionadas, es decir, aquéllas que presentan una tendencia democrática caracterizada por espacios de comunicación, expresiones de afecto y un manejo de normas claras, son generadoras de un repertorio amplio de habilidades sociales; mientras que las familias con una estructura disciplinada, caracterizada por acciones autoritarias de los padres, se asocian con un nivel más bajo de desempeño social en los niños y niñas. Una situación similar se pudo evidenciar en las familias con una estructura sin orientación, caracterizada por el poco manejo de normas claras y una gran manifestación de afecto y satisfacción de los deseos de sus hijos e hijas.

This research aimed to study the social climate of a group of families and its relationship with social skills performance of 108 children between the ages of two and three. Social climate was assessed from three dimensions: relationships, development and stability; and social development through six social codes. The research was descriptive correlational. In order to assess the family social climate, the Social Climate Scale was used; and to assess social skills, the Social Skills Questionnaire was administered. Results showed that cohesive families, those with a democratic trend characterized by allowing communication spaces, using expressions of affection and managing clear standards generate a wide repertoire of social skills; whereas families with a disciplined structure, characterized by authoritarian actions of the parents, are associated with lower levels of social performance in boys and girls. A similar situation was evidenced in families with a structure without orientation, characterized by the limited amount of clear standards and a high expression of affection and satisfaction of their sons and daughters' desires.

O objetivo desta pesquisa descritiva correlacional é estudar o clima social de um grupo de famílias e sua relação com o desempenho em habilidades sociais de 108 crianças entre dois e três anos de idade. Estabeleceram-se três dimensões para avaliar o clima social: relacionamentos, desenvolvimento e estabilidade. No desenvolvimento social se observaram seis repertórios comportamentais. Para avaliar o clima social familiar se aplicou a Escala de clima social; para avaliar as habilidades sociais, o Questionário de habilidades sociais. Verificou-se que as famílias coesas, ou seja, mostrando uma tendência caracterizada por espaços democráticos de comunicação, expressões de afeto e aplicação de regras claras geram um amplo repertório de habilidades sociais. Enquanto as famílias com uma estrutura disciplinada caracterizada por ações autoritárias dos pais estão associadas a crianças com menor nível de desempenho social. Uma situação semelhante foi evidente em famílias sem orientação, caracterizada pela aplicação limitada de regras claras e uma grande demonstração de afeto e satisfação dos desejos de seus filhos.

Percepción de clima social familiar y actitudes ante situaciones de agravio en la adolescencia tardía / The family social enviroment perception and attitudes on offensive circumstances in later adolescence

El propósito de este trabajo fue evaluar la posible incidencia que ejerce la percepción del clima social familiar sobre las actitudes ante situaciones de agravio en otros ámbitos. Con este fin, fueron estudiados a través de un diseño de investigación ex post facto, 140 sujetos de ambos sexos de 18 a 24 años de edad, residentes en las provincias de Entre Ríos y Mendoza (República Argentina). Los instrumentos empleados fueron la adaptación de la Escala de Clima Social Familiar (FES) de Fernández Ballesteros (1995), el Cuestionario de Actitudes ante Situaciones de Agravio (Moreno & Pereyra, 2000) y un cuestionario demográfico para recabar variables como edad, sexo y estado civil, entre otras. Los da tos fueron analizados con Análisis de Variancia Múltiple (MANOVA). Los resultados del estudio indican que se encontraron diferencias significativas con respecto a las actitudes Venganza y Perdón entre los grupos que presentaron diferente clima familiar. Los que percibieron un clima menos favorable mostraron más predisposición a la Venganza y menos tendencia al Perdón ante la ofensa, en los ámbitos de trabajo, amistad, padres y Dios. Las actitudes ante el agravio más agresivas se vieron afectadas por la percepción negativa del clima familiar. Las actitudes prosociales se relacionaron con un ambiente más favorable. Los resultados obtenidos parecen estar de acuerdo con el modelo complementario, que plantea que las relaciones familiares proporcionan un aprendizaje de valores y habilidades básicas para la interacción con los demás en otros ámbitos.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the possible impact that the family social environment perception has on one's attitude when facing offensive situations in other environments. To this end, through an ex post facto investigation, 140 subjects of both sexes between the ages of 18 and 24, homogeneous by gender (70 men and 70 women) were studied. These subjects were residents in provinces of Entre Ríos and Mendoza (República Argentina). Throughout its existence, the individual is heavily influenced by their environment. This assertion has been supported by authors in the fields of Psychology and Educational Psychology (Bowbly, Winnicot, and others). Also, how to perceive the environment influences how the individual behavior in that environment. Then accordingly, the objective of this research was to determine whether a better social environment for families (greater cohesion and expressiveness and less conflict) is associat ed with a more prosocial attitude to the offense, from a psychological point of view, in the late adolescence. The evaluation methods applied were: The Family Social Environment Scale from Moos, R., Moos, B., and Trickett a dapted by Fernández Ballesteros (1995). To evaluate the family environment of the participants used the Dimension Relationship: describes the relationships between family members, aspects of development that are most important in it and its basic structure. The Attitudes on Offensive Circumstances Questionnaire (Moreno & Pereyra, 2000) and a demographic survey. In analyzing the data, Multiple Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was conducted. The results of the study showed significant differences in consideration of attitudes towards Revenge and Forgiveness in the groups with different familiar environment. Those who perceived a less favorable atmosphere demonstrated a greater predisposition towards Revenge and less towards Pardon when faced with offensive situations in their work environment, friendships, with their parents and with God. The attitudes facing more aggressive offenses were seen to be affected by the negative perception of the familiar atmosphere. The prosocial attitudes were connected to a more favorable atmosphere. The subjects of the sample that perceived less cohesion and expressiveness were more predisposed to aggressive answers and less to the forgiveness before the damage that those who were perceiving more cohesion at home. As well as those who were perceived less expressiveness showed to have more predisposition to the revenge before the offense that those who perceived more expressiveness in the family. The results showed in the areas of relationships observed, that the late adolescents with better family environment stretch to attitudes on the offense in the relations with the parents, God, the friends and his mate of job. The young of the less positive family environment showed predisposition to answers, such of more aggressive type, as the revenge before the offense in the relations with the parents, God and mate of job and a trend to the rancor in the relationship with friends. Some skills can be learned in other areas of relationships and, in turn, encourage them to a better family atmosphere, that is, more cohesive, more expressiveness and less conflict within the home. However, family relationships have a longer period and learning that makes them often have more impact than that acquired from other areas of relationship (Martínez & Fuertes, 1999). Finally, the results found in the present study seem to be more in accordance with the complementary model of Gold and Yanof (1985, cited in Martínez, 1997), that poses that the familiar relations provide a learning of values and basic skills for the interaction with others and no so much with the compensate model as which the relations with the equal would see intensified when the familiar environment and relations are poor (Fuligni & Eccles, 1993, cited in Martínez, 1997; Martínez, 1997).