Escoliosis idiopática del adolescente / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

La escoliosis idiopática del Adolescente (EIA) es una deformidad tridimensional de la columna vertebral que aqueja de diversas formas la condición de vida de quien la padece, afectando el desarrollo físico y psicológico del paciente. Proponemos evaluar el resultado clínico, radiológico y el componente de calidad de vida de pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente con EIA, en el servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Jesús Yerena del Lídice. Se evaluó patrón de la curva, clasificación según Lenke, ángulo de Cobb pre y postquirúrgico, edad de tratamiento quirúrgico, gradode corrección, calidad de vida según cuestionario SRS-22 pre y postquirúrgica, valoración funcional mediante la escala de discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI) y complicaciones postoperatorias. Se estudiaron 22 casos (95 % femenino), el principal grupo etario fue de 11-14 años (55 %), la escoliosis tipo 1 fue la predominante (60 %), el ángulo de Cobb inicial fue mayor a 50° (50 %) y la madurez esquelética principal fue Risser 3 (55 %). La edad de resolución quirúrgica predominante fue entre 15-18 años (60 %), el grado de corrección postoperatorio fue de 75-100 % (73 %) y la densidad de los tornillos pediculares fue de 1.4-1.7 (64 %). En el cuestionario SRS-22, hubo mayor afectación en las dimensiones de autoimagen con una media de 1.8 y la valoración por ODI mostró un índice de incapacidad mínima, que fue mejorando en los controles sucesivos. Nuestra principal complicación fueron las infecciones (36 %). Concluimos que la cirugía correctiva temprana en la EIA ofrece a una mejoría clínica, radiológica y de la calidadde vida de estos paciente(AU)

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that affects the living condition of those who suffer from it in various ways, affecting the physical and psychological development of the patient. We propose to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome and the quality-of-life component of patients treated surgically with EIA, in the Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Jesús Yerena del Lídice. Curve pattern, Lenke classification, pre-and post-surgical Cobb angle, age at surgical treatment, degree of correction, quality of life according to pre-and post-surgical SRS-22 questionnaire, functional assessment using the Oswestry Disability Scale (ODI) and postoperative complications were evaluated. 22 cases were studied (95% female), the main age group was 11-14 years (55%), type 1 scoliosis was predominant (60%), the initial Cobb angle was greater than 50° (50%) and the main skeletal maturity was Risser 3 (55%). The predominant age of surgical resolution was between 15-18 years (60%), the degree of postoperative correction was 75-100% (73%) and the density of pedicle screws was 1.4-1.7 (64%). In the SRS-22 questionnaire, there was greater impairment in the self-image dimensions with a mean of 1.8 and the ODI assessment showed aminimal disability index, which improved in successive controls. Our main complication was infections (36%). We conclude that early corrective surgery in AIS offers clinical, radiological and quality of life improvement for these patient(AU)

Cobb Syndrome Associated with Spinal Cavernoma ­ Case Report / Síndrome de Cobb associada a cavernoma medular ­ Relato de caso

Cobb syndrome, or cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis, is a rare condition that affects young adults, and its etiology has not been completely elucidated. It is characterized by a cutaneous sign, or stigma, associated with spinal or intracranial malformations. The symptoms are quite diverse, but, in most cases, the disease presents motor deficit and pain. The present study reports the case of a 48-year-old female patient, who initially sought dermatological medical care for a single skin lesion in the posterior cervical region. During the excision, it was noticed that the lesion had contiguous behavior to the deep anatomical planes, thus requiring the evaluation of the neurosurgical team. The purpose of this report is to describe this rare disease, covering more details about diagnosis and therapy.

Síndrome de Cobb, ou angiomatose cutâneo-meningo-espinhal, é uma condição rara que afeta adultos jovens, e sua etiologia não foi completamente elucidada. Caracterizase por um sinal cutâneo, ou estigma, associado a malformações espinhais ou intracranianas. Os sintomas são bastante diversos, mas, na maioria dos casos, a doença apresenta déficit motor e dor. O presente estudo relata o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino de 48 anos, que inicialmente procurou atendimento médico dermatológico para uma única lesão cutânea na região cervical posterior. Durante a excisão, notou-se que a lesão apresentava comportamento contíguo aos planos anatômicos profundos, exigindo assim a avaliação da equipe neurocirúrgica. O objetivo deste relatório é descrever essa doença rara, abrangendo mais detalhes sobre diagnóstico e terapia.

Conquering the Cobb Angle: A Deep Learning Algorithm for Automated, Hardware-Invariant Measurement of Cobb Angle on Radiographs in Patients with Scoliosis.

Scoliosis is a disease estimated to affect more than 8% of adults in the United States. It is diagnosed with use of radiography by means of manual measurement of the angle between maximally tilted vertebrae on a radiograph (ie, the Cobb angle). However, these measurements are time-consuming, limiting their use in scoliosis surgical planning and postoperative monitoring. In this retrospective study, a pipeline (using the SpineTK architecture) was developed that was trained, validated, and tested on 1310 anterior-posterior images obtained with a low-dose stereoradiographic scanning system and radiographs obtained in patients with suspected scoliosis to automatically measure Cobb angles. The images were obtained at six centers (2005-2020). The algorithm measured Cobb angles on hold-out internal (n = 460) and external (n = 161) test sets with less than 2° error (intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.96) compared with ground truth measurements by two experienced radiologists. Measurements, produced in less than 0.5 second, did not differ significantly (P = .05 cutoff) from ground truth measurements, regardless of the presence or absence of surgical hardware (P = .80), age (P = .58), sex (P = .83), body mass index (P = .63), scoliosis severity (P = .44), or image type (low-dose stereoradiographic image vs radiograph; P = .51) in the patient. These findings suggest that the algorithm is highly robust across different clinical characteristics. Given its automated, rapid, and accurate measurements, this network may be used for monitoring scoliosis progression in patients. Keywords: Cobb Angle, Convolutional Neural Network, Deep Learning Algorithms, Pediatrics, Machine Learning Algorithms, Scoliosis, Spine Supplemental material is available for this article. © RSNA, 2023.

Effects of Supplementation of Zinc, Manganese, or Copper and Different Phytase Levels in Serum and Bone Acid and Alkaline Phosphatases of Broiler Chicks

The knowledge of biological trace minerals and phytase requirements for modern broiler genotypes is not established and the pressure to reduce their usage in animal feeding due to environmental issues is increasing. Here, the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and tartarate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) of the tibia and serum of broilers fed with diets containing various levels of phytase and reduced levels of zinc, manganese, and copper was evaluated. The experiment was performed using 1,200 male Cobb broilers raised according to standard commercial husbandry techniques. Data were analyzed as a 4×3 factorial arrangement with four concentrations of zinc (0.34, 0.49, 0.64, and 0.79 ppm), manganese (0.18, 0.43, 0.68, and 0.93 ppm), or copper (0.09, 0.12, 0.15, and 0.18 ppm) and three concentrations of phytase (0, 500, and 1,000 FTU/kg) for age periods of 1-21 and 36-42 days. While the dietary supplementation with copper did not induce a significant effect in bone tissue biochemical markers, serum TRAP activity of 42-day old broilers increased with higher copper levels. Increasing dietary zinc levels linearly increased ALP activity in tibia growth, suggesting that zinc is essential for longitudinal bone growth. Phytase significantly promoted the increase of TRAP and ALP activities, suggesting that manganese increased growth plate activity, accelerated calcification, and remodeled the newly formed tissue into trabecular bone. Although not every enzymatic activity was affected by the treatments, the phytase use, along with trace minerals, improved the animal response to the rapid growth required nowadays and provided the nutrients for adequate bone metabolism.(AU)

A description of the potential growth and body composition of two commercial broiler strains.

1. The potential growth of feathers and feather-free body and their chemical components was measured in two commercial broiler strains. 2. A total of 200 chicks of each sex x strain were fed adequate amounts of dietary protein using a four-phase feeding programme. Ten birds per genotype were sampled at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 and 112 d of age. They were weighed before and after being dry-plucked to determine the weight of feathers, and the feather-free body was then minced and analysed for water, protein and lipid. 3. Body weights and chemical composition of males of the two strains were similar throughout the trial. Females of the two strains differed only in their body lipid contents, with mature Cobb females being higher than Ross (1371 vs. 1210 g). 4. Mature body weights of males and females from both strains averaged 8420 g and 6650 g; mature body protein weights averaged 1555 g and 1030 g; and mature body lipid contents averaged 908 and 1290 g, respectively. 5. Rates of maturing per day of body weights of males and females of both strains averaged 0.0385 and 0.0368; feather-free body protein was 0.0316 and 0.0348 and body lipid was 0.0503 and 0.0375, respectively. The rates for body lipid differed between Cobb and Ross females (0.0352 vs. 0.0397/d). Separate equations were required for males and females to describe the allometric relationship between lipid and protein in the feather-free body. 6. The rate of maturing of feathers in females was higher than in males (0.0526 vs. 0398/d) and the mature weight was lower (205 vs. 266 g), respectively. Mature body weights of broilers in this trial were considerably higher than those measured using the same protocol 24 years ago, whereas rates of maturing remained the same.

A Novel Computer-Aided Method to Evaluate Scoliosis Curvature using Polynomial Math Function.

BACKGROUND: Scoliosis is a health problem that causes a side-to-side curvature in the spine. The curvature may have an "S" or "C" shape. To evaluate scoliosis, the Cobb angle has been commonly used. However, digital image processing allows the Cobb angle to be obtained easily and quickly, several researchers have determined that Cobb angle contains high variations (errors) in the measurements. Therefore, a more reproducible computer aided-method to evaluate scoliosis is presented. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In this analytical study, several polynomial curves were fitted to the spine curvature (4th to 8th order) of thirty plain films of scoliosis patients to obtain the Curvature-Length of the spine. Each plain film was evaluated by 3 physician observers. Curvature was measured twice using the Cobb method and the proposed Curvature-Length Technique (CLT). Data were analyzed by a paired-sample Student t-test and Pearson correlation method using SPSS Statistics 25. RESULTS: The curve of 7th order polynomial had the best fit on the spine curvature and was also used for our proposed method (CLT) obtaining a significant positive correlation when compared to Cobb measurements (r=0.863, P<0.001). The Intraclass Correlation (ICC) was between 0.863 and 0.948 for Cobb method and0.974 to 0.984 for CLT method. In addition, mean measurement of the inter-observer COV (Coefficient of Variation) for Cobb method was of 0.185, that was significantly greater than the obtained with CLT method of 0.155, this means that CLT method is 16.2% more repeatable than Cobb Method. CONCLUSION: Based on results, it was concluded that CLT method is more reproducible than the Cobb method for measuring spinal curvature.

Influence of Glucose Availability and CRP Acetylation on the Genome-Wide Transcriptional Response of Escherichia coli: Assessment by an Optimized Factorial Microarray Analysis.

Background: While in eukaryotes acetylation/deacetylation regulation exerts multiple pleiotropic effects, in Escherichia coli it seems to be more limited and less known. Hence, we aimed to progress in the characterization of this regulation by dealing with three convergent aspects: the effector enzymes involved, the master regulator CRP, and the dependence on glucose availability. Methods: The transcriptional response of E. coli BW25113 was analyzed across 14 relevant scenarios. These conditions arise when the wild type and four isogenic mutants (defective in deacetylase CobB, defective in N(ε)-lysine acetyl transferase PatZ, Q- and R-type mutants of protein CRP) are studied under three levels of glucose availability (glucose-limited chemostat and glucose-excess or glucose-exhausted in batch culture). The Q-type emulates a permanent stage of CRPacetylated, whereas the R-type emulates a permanent stage of CRPdeacetylated. The data were analyzed by an optimized factorial microarray method (Q-GDEMAR). Results: (a) By analyzing one mutant against the other, we were able to unravel the true genes that participate in the interaction between ΔcobB/ΔpatZ mutations and glucose availability; (b) Increasing stages of glucose limitation appear to be associated with the up-regulation of specific sets of target genes rather than with the loss of genes present when glucose is in excess; (c) Both CRPdeacetylated and CRPacetylated produce extensive changes in specific subsets of genes, but their number and identity depend on the glucose availability; (d) In other sub-sets of genes, the transcriptional effect of CRP seems to be independent of its acetylation or deacetylation; (e) Some specific ontology functions can be associated with each of the different sets of genes detected herein. Conclusions: CRP cannot be thought of only as an effector of catabolite repression, because it acts along all the glucose conditions tested (excess, limited, and exhausted), exerting both positive and negative effects through different sets of genes. Acetylation of CRP does not seem to be a binary form of regulation, as there is not a univocal relationship between its activation/inhibitory effect and its acetylation/deacetylation stage. All the combinatorial possibilities are observed. During the exponential growth phase, CRP also exerts a very significant transcriptional effect, mainly on flagellar assembly and chemotaxis (FDR = 7.2 × 10-44).

Desempenho e características de carcaça de três genótipos comerciais de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes dietas / Performance and carcass traits of three commercial broiler genotypes fed different diets

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte de três genótipos comerciais do nascimento aos 35 dias de idade. Utilizou-se um total de 2.970 pintos de três genótipos de aves comerciais (Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex e Ross 308). Os programas nutricionais foram dieta basal, dieta com 10% mais e 10% menos de aminoácidos do que a dieta basal. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x3x2 (genótipo x dieta x sexo), com cinco repetições e 33 aves por unidade experimental. Conversão alimentar, ganho de peso diário, ingestão da dieta e peso corporal aos 35 dias de idade foram registrados. Duas aves de cada unidade experimental foram amostradas e abatidas aos 35 dias de idade para avaliar as seguintes características de carcaça: peso corporal no momento do abate, peso da carcaça e rendimento, e peso e rendimento dos cortes (peito, pernas e asas). Houve uma interação significativa entre o genótipo e sexo para GPD e PC35. Os machos apresentaram melhores desempenhos e características de carcaças do que as fêmeas.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate performance and carcass traits of three commercial broiler genotypes from hatch to 35 days of age. A total of 2,970 sexed one day old chicks of three commercial broiler genotypes (Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex and Ross 308) were used. The nutritional programs were basal diet, diet with 10% more and 10% less amino acids than the basal diets. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 3x3x2 (genotype x diet x sex) factorial scheme, with five replicates and 33 birds per experimental unit. Feed conversion, daily weight gain, diet intake and body weight at 35 days of age were recorded. Two birds from each experimental unit were sampled and slaughtered at 35 days of age to evaluate the following carcass traits: slaughter body weight, carcass weight and yield, and main cuts (breast, legs and wings) weight and yield. There was a significant interaction between genotype and sex for ADG and BW35. Males fed basal diets presented higher performance and carcass traits in comparison to females.(AU)

Desempenho e características de carcaça de três genótipos comerciais de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes dietas / Performance and carcass traits of three commercial broiler genotypes fed different diets

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte de três genótipos comerciais do nascimento aos 35 dias de idade. Utilizou-se um total de 2.970 pintos de três genótipos de aves comerciais (Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex e Ross 308). Os programas nutricionais foram dieta basal, dieta com 10% mais e 10% menos de aminoácidos do que a dieta basal. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3x3x2 (genótipo x dieta x sexo), com cinco repetições e 33 aves por unidade experimental. Conversão alimentar, ganho de peso diário, ingestão da dieta e peso corporal aos 35 dias de idade foram registrados. Duas aves de cada unidade experimental foram amostradas e abatidas aos 35 dias de idade para avaliar as seguintes características de carcaça: peso corporal no momento do abate, peso da carcaça e rendimento, e peso e rendimento dos cortes (peito, pernas e asas). Houve uma interação significativa entre o genótipo e sexo para GPD e PC35. Os machos apresentaram melhores desempenhos e características de carcaças do que as fêmeas.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate performance and carcass traits of three commercial broiler genotypes from hatch to 35 days of age. A total of 2,970 sexed one day old chicks of three commercial broiler genotypes (Cobb 500, Hubbard Flex and Ross 308) were used. The nutritional programs were basal diet, diet with 10% more and 10% less amino acids than the basal diets. Birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 3x3x2 (genotype x diet x sex) factorial scheme, with five replicates and 33 birds per experimental unit. Feed conversion, daily weight gain, diet intake and body weight at 35 days of age were recorded. Two birds from each experimental unit were sampled and slaughtered at 35 days of age to evaluate the following carcass traits: slaughter body weight, carcass weight and yield, and main cuts (breast, legs and wings) weight and yield. There was a significant interaction between genotype and sex for ADG and BW35. Males fed basal diets presented higher performance and carcass traits in comparison to females.(AU)

Cervicothoracic cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis in adults (Cobb's syndrome): A case report of acute quadriparesis.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneomeningospinal angiomatosis or Cobb syndrome is a rare, not well understood phacomatosis that features metameric cutaneous and spinal arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). The first case was described in Boston in 1915, and since then, few more cases have been reported in the English literature. No case was found to be from Argentina. CASE DESCRIPTION: The authors present a 16-year-old boy with acute quadriparesis and respiratory failure who was diagnosed as Cobb syndrome and treated with microsurgery alone with very good results. CONCLUSION: Authors believe that microsurgery, alone or combined with embolization, should be the mainstay of treatment. They also acknowledge Harvey Cushing's contribution to the description of the syndrome and propose the syndrome to be renamed as Cobb-Cushing syndrome.

Effect of stocking density on performance, carcass yield, productivity, and bone development in broiler chickens Cobb 500® / Efeito da densidade de criação sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, produtividade e desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®

This study aimed to assess the effect of stocking density of 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds m?2 on performance, carcass and cut yields, productivity, and bone development of broiler chickens Cobb 500®. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four treatments (stocking densities) and four replications. The assessments were performed weekly at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. The best live weight result was found at a density of 10 birds m?2 in the period from 1 to 7 days. No effect of density was observed on feed intake and weight gain. From 1 to 14 days, the best live weights were found at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2, in addition to a higher feed intake at densities of 10 and 12 birds m?2. Weight gain was better at a density of 10 birds m?2, showing no differences from densities of 12 and 14 birds m?2. In the period from 1 to 21 days, live weight and weight gain were higher at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2. The highest feed intake was observed at a density of 10 birds m?2, which showed no difference from the density of 14 birds m?2. A difference (P 0.05) was observed for live weight, weight gain, and feed intake of animals reared at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2 for the phases from 1 to 35 days and the total phase from 1 to 42 days of bird age when compared to 16 birds m?2, which presented lower performance.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da densidade de criação de 10, 12, 14 e 16 aves m2 sobre o desempenho, os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes, a produtividade e o desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (densidades de criação) e quatro repetições, as avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente aos: um, sete, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias. O melhor resultado de peso vivo foi encontrado na densidade de 10 aves m2 no período de 1-7 dias, não verificou efeito das densidades sobre consumo de ração e ganho de peso. De 1-14 dias os melhores pesos vivos foram encontrados na densidade de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2, o consumo de ração na densidade 10 e 12 aves m2 foi maior. O ganho de peso foi melhor na densidade de 10 aves m2, não diferindo das densidades de 12 e 14 aves m2. No período de 1-21 dias o peso vivo e ganho de peso foram maiores nas densidades de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2. O maior consumo de ração foi na densidade 10 aves m2, que não diferiu da densidade de 14 aves m2. Houve diferença (P0,05) entre densidade de criação e idade para nenhum parâmetro ósseo avaliado. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no desenvolvimento ósseo dos frangos de corte criados nas diferentes densidades de criação para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados.

Effect of stocking density on performance, carcass yield, productivity, and bone development in broiler chickens Cobb 500® / Efeito da densidade de criação sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, produtividade e desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®

This study aimed to assess the effect of stocking density of 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds m?2 on performance, carcass and cut yields, productivity, and bone development of broiler chickens Cobb 500®. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four treatments (stocking densities) and four replications. The assessments were performed weekly at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. The best live weight result was found at a density of 10 birds m?2 in the period from 1 to 7 days. No effect of density was observed on feed intake and weight gain. From 1 to 14 days, the best live weights were found at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2, in addition to a higher feed intake at densities of 10 and 12 birds m?2. Weight gain was better at a density of 10 birds m?2, showing no differences from densities of 12 and 14 birds m?2. In the period from 1 to 21 days, live weight and weight gain were higher at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2. The highest feed intake was observed at a density of 10 birds m?2, which showed no difference from the density of 14 birds m?2. A difference (P 0.05) was observed for live weight, weight gain, and feed intake of animals reared at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2 for the phases from 1 to 35 days and the total phase from 1 to 42 days of bird age when compared to 16 birds m?2, which presented lower performance.(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da densidade de criação de 10, 12, 14 e 16 aves m2 sobre o desempenho, os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes, a produtividade e o desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (densidades de criação) e quatro repetições, as avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente aos: um, sete, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias. O melhor resultado de peso vivo foi encontrado na densidade de 10 aves m2 no período de 1-7 dias, não verificou efeito das densidades sobre consumo de ração e ganho de peso. De 1-14 dias os melhores pesos vivos foram encontrados na densidade de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2, o consumo de ração na densidade 10 e 12 aves m2 foi maior. O ganho de peso foi melhor na densidade de 10 aves m2, não diferindo das densidades de 12 e 14 aves m2. No período de 1-21 dias o peso vivo e ganho de peso foram maiores nas densidades de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2. O maior consumo de ração foi na densidade 10 aves m2, que não diferiu da densidade de 14 aves m2. Houve diferença (P0,05) entre densidade de criação e idade para nenhum parâmetro ósseo avaliado. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no desenvolvimento ósseo dos frangos de corte criados nas diferentes densidades de criação para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados.(AU)

Effect of stocking density on performance, carcass yield, productivity, and bone development in broiler chickens Cobb 500® / Efeito da densidade de criação sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, produtividade e desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®

This study aimed to assess the effect of stocking density of 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds m?2 on performance, carcass and cut yields, productivity, and bone development of broiler chickens Cobb 500®. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four treatments (stocking densities) and four replications. The assessments were performed weekly at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. The best live weight result was found at a density of 10 birds m?2 in the period from 1 to 7 days. No effect of density was observed on feed intake and weight gain. From 1 to 14 days, the best live weights were found at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2, in addition to a higher feed intake at densities of 10 and 12 birds m?2. Weight gain was better at a density of 10 birds m?2, showing no differences from densities of 12 and 14 birds m?2. In the period from 1 to 21 days, live weight and weight gain were higher at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2. The highest feed intake was observed at a density of 10 birds m?2, which showed no difference from the density of 14 birds m?2. A difference (P 0.05) was observed for live weight, weight gain, and feed intake of animals reared at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2 for the phases from 1 to 35 days and the total phase from 1 to 42 days of bird age when compared to 16 birds m?2, which presented lower performance. However, feed conversi

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da densidade de criação de 10, 12, 14 e 16 aves m2 sobre o desempenho, os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes, a produtividade e o desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (densidades de criação) e quatro repetições, as avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente aos: um, sete, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias. O melhor resultado de peso vivo foi encontrado na densidade de 10 aves m2 no período de 1-7 dias, não verificou efeito das densidades sobre consumo de ração e ganho de peso. De 1-14 dias os melhores pesos vivos foram encontrados na densidade de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2, o consumo de ração na densidade 10 e 12 aves m2 foi maior. O ganho de peso foi melhor na densidade de 10 aves m2, não diferindo das densidades de 12 e 14 aves m2. No período de 1-21 dias o peso vivo e ganho de peso foram maiores nas densidades de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2. O maior consumo de ração foi na densidade 10 aves m2, que não diferiu da densidade de 14 aves m2. Houve diferença (P0,05) entre densidade de criação e idade para nenhum parâmetro ósseo avaliado. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no desenvolvimento ósseo dos frangos de corte criados nas diferentes densidades de criação para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Conclui-se que o aumento no número de aves por metro quadrado de 10 ou 12 a

Effect of stocking density on performance, carcass yield, productivity, and bone development in broiler chickens Cobb 500® / Efeito da densidade de criação sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça, produtividade e desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®

This study aimed to assess the effect of stocking density of 10, 12, 14, and 16 birds m?2 on performance, carcass and cut yields, productivity, and bone development of broiler chickens Cobb 500®. The experimental design was completely randomized design with four treatments (stocking densities) and four replications. The assessments were performed weekly at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. The best live weight result was found at a density of 10 birds m?2 in the period from 1 to 7 days. No effect of density was observed on feed intake and weight gain. From 1 to 14 days, the best live weights were found at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2, in addition to a higher feed intake at densities of 10 and 12 birds m?2. Weight gain was better at a density of 10 birds m?2, showing no differences from densities of 12 and 14 birds m?2. In the period from 1 to 21 days, live weight and weight gain were higher at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2. The highest feed intake was observed at a density of 10 birds m?2, which showed no difference from the density of 14 birds m?2. A difference (P 0.05) was observed for live weight, weight gain, and feed intake of animals reared at densities of 10, 12, and 14 birds m?2 for the phases from 1 to 35 days and the total phase from 1 to 42 days of bird age when compared to 16 birds m?2, which presented lower performance. However, feed conversi

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da densidade de criação de 10, 12, 14 e 16 aves m2 sobre o desempenho, os rendimentos de carcaça e cortes, a produtividade e o desenvolvimento ósseo de frangos de corte Cobb 500®. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (densidades de criação) e quatro repetições, as avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente aos: um, sete, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias. O melhor resultado de peso vivo foi encontrado na densidade de 10 aves m2 no período de 1-7 dias, não verificou efeito das densidades sobre consumo de ração e ganho de peso. De 1-14 dias os melhores pesos vivos foram encontrados na densidade de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2, o consumo de ração na densidade 10 e 12 aves m2 foi maior. O ganho de peso foi melhor na densidade de 10 aves m2, não diferindo das densidades de 12 e 14 aves m2. No período de 1-21 dias o peso vivo e ganho de peso foram maiores nas densidades de 10, 12 e 14 aves m2. O maior consumo de ração foi na densidade 10 aves m2, que não diferiu da densidade de 14 aves m2. Houve diferença (P0,05) entre densidade de criação e idade para nenhum parâmetro ósseo avaliado. Não houve diferença (P>0,05) no desenvolvimento ósseo dos frangos de corte criados nas diferentes densidades de criação para nenhum dos parâmetros estudados. Conclui-se que o aumento no número de aves por metro quadrado de 10 ou 12 a

[Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis]. / Consenso de escoliosis idiopática del adolescente.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a 3D spinal deformity in frontal, sagittal and axial planes, with high relevance in the pediatric population especially in adolescents and females between 10 years of age and the end of growth spurt and skeletal maturity. The radiographic manifestation is a curve greater than 10° measured by Cobb method associated with vertebral rotation. "Idiopathic" diagnosis has to be done after neuroanatomical anomalies of the posterior cerebral fosa and spinal canal have been ruled out. The physical finding of a thoracic or lumbar hump is the clinical manifestation of vertebral rotation seen in a forward bending test (Adam's Test). It is recommended that all curves with a magnitude greater than 20° have to be controlled and treated by a spinal surgeon being observation, bracing and surgery the different treatment options based on the extent, progression of deformity and basically the clinical condition of the patient.

La escoliosis es una condición patológica de la columna vertebral caracterizada por una deformidad espinal en las tres dimensiones del raquis (planos coronal, sagital y axial). Constituye una entidad de alta incidencia en la población pediátrica, especialmente en los adolescentes y en el sexo femenino. Se caracteriza por la presencia radiográfica de una curva en el plano frontal, cuya magnitud es mayor de 10° (técnica de Cobb). Puede ser idiopática o estar asociada a otras patologías. La escoliosis idiopática del adolescente (EIA) es aquella que se manifiesta entre los 10 años de edad y la madurez esquelética. Es más frecuente en mujeres (70%). Su diagnóstico de "idiopática" es de exclusión, ya que su presencia también puede ser originada por anomalías neuroanatómicas de la fosa cerebral posterior o del conducto raquídeo. En el examen físico, la presencia de giba/s visible/s con la maniobra de Adams (inclinación del tronco hacia adelante) expresa clínicamente la rotación vertebral. Toda curva mayor de 20° debe ser evaluada por el especialista. Las opciones de seguimiento y tratamiento son la observación, el tratamiento ortésico y la cirugía, dependiendo de la magnitud, de la progresión de la deformidad y, fundamentalmente, de la clínica del paciente.

Determination of the equation parameters of carbon flow curves and estimated carbon flow and CO2 emissions from broiler production.

The objective of this study was to determine the equation parameters of carbon (i.e., C) flow curves and to estimate C flow and carbon dioxide (i.e., CO2) emissions from the production of 1- to 49-day-old broilers from different genetic strains. In total, 384 1-day-old chicks were used, distributed into 4 groups: high-performance males (Cobb-M) and females (Cobb-F), and intermediate-performance males (C44-M) and females (C44-F), with 6 replicates/treatment according to a completely randomized study design. Carbon intake and retention were calculated based on diet and body C composition, and expired C was stoichiometrically estimated as digestible C intake-C retention-C in the urine. Litter C emission was estimated as initial litter C+C in the excreta-final litter C. Carbon flow curves were determined fitting data by nonlinear regression using the Gompertz function. Expired CO2 was calculated based on expired C. The applied nonlinear model presented goodness-of-fit for all responses (R2>0.99). Carbon dioxide production was highly correlated with growth rate. At 42 d age, CO2 expiration (g/bird) was 3,384.4 for Cobb-M, 2,947.9 for Cobb-F, 2,512.5 for C44-M, and 2185.1 for C44-F. Age also significantly affected CO2 production: to achieve 2.0 kg BW, CO2 expiration (g/bird) was 1,794.3 for Cobb-M, 2,016.5 for Cobb-F, 2617.7 for C44-M, and 3,092.3 for C44-F. The obtained equations present high predictability to estimate individual CO2 emissions in strains of Cobb and C44 broilers of any weight, or age, reared between 1 and 49 d age.

Values of Metabolizable Energy and Metabolization of Nutrients for Slow- and Fast-growing Birds at Different Ages

Two trials were performed to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for zero nitrogen balance (AMEn) values and coefficients of apparent metabolizability of nitrogen (CAMN) and of ether extract (CAMEE) of slow- and fast-growing broilers (Isa label and Cobb, respectively) fed four different diets between 10 to 17 days or 28 to 35 days of age. The method of total excreta collection was applied. The tested feedstuffs were corn, whole corn germ (WCG), sorghum, and soybean meal (SBM). A randomized block experimental design was applied, with two treatments (breeds) and four replicates of ten animals each in the first trial, and four replicates of six animals each in the second trial. No differences in CAMN values were observed between the breeds; however, Isa Label birds presented higher CAMEE for all tested feedstuffs. The AME and AMEn values obtained in Isa Label chickens fed the corn diet were 5.75 and 3.44% higher relative tothe Cobb birds, respectively. Breed did not influence AME and AMEn values of the other tested feedstuffs. Independently of breed, age influenced the AME and AMEn values of WCG, sorghum and SBM, suggesting that birds become utilize feed more efficiently as they age.

Values of Metabolizable Energy and Metabolization of Nutrients for Slow- and Fast-growing Birds at Different Ages

Two trials were performed to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and AME corrected for zero nitrogen balance (AMEn) values and coefficients of apparent metabolizability of nitrogen (CAMN) and of ether extract (CAMEE) of slow- and fast-growing broilers (Isa label and Cobb, respectively) fed four different diets between 10 to 17 days or 28 to 35 days of age. The method of total excreta collection was applied. The tested feedstuffs were corn, whole corn germ (WCG), sorghum, and soybean meal (SBM). A randomized block experimental design was applied, with two treatments (breeds) and four replicates of ten animals each in the first trial, and four replicates of six animals each in the second trial. No differences in CAMN values were observed between the breeds; however, Isa Label birds presented higher CAMEE for all tested feedstuffs. The AME and AMEn values obtained in Isa Label chickens fed the corn diet were 5.75 and 3.44% higher relative tothe Cobb birds, respectively. Breed did not influence AME and AMEn values of the other tested feedstuffs. Independently of breed, age influenced the AME and AMEn values of WCG, sorghum and SBM, suggesting that birds become utilize feed more efficiently as they age.(AU)