Precision fMRI reveals that the language network exhibits adult-like left-hemispheric lateralization by 4 years of age.

Left hemisphere damage in adulthood often leads to linguistic deficits, but many cases of early damage leave linguistic processing preserved, and a functional language system can develop in the right hemisphere. To explain this early apparent equipotentiality of the two hemispheres for language, some have proposed that the language system is bilateral during early development and only becomes left-lateralized with age. We examined language lateralization using functional magnetic resonance imaging with two large pediatric cohorts (total n=273 children ages 4-16; n=107 adults). Strong, adult-level left-hemispheric lateralization (in activation volume and response magnitude) was evident by age 4. Thus, although the right hemisphere can take over language function in some cases of early brain damage, and although some features of the language system do show protracted development (magnitude of language response and strength of inter-regional correlations in the language network), the left-hemisphere bias for language is robustly present by 4 years of age. These results call for alternative accounts of early equipotentiality of the two hemispheres for language.

Did Kant suffer from misophonia?

Misophonia is a disorder of decreased tolerance to specific sounds, often produced by humans but not always, which can trigger intense emotional reactions (anger, disgust etc.). This relatively prevalent disorder can cause a reduction in the quality of life. The causes of misophonia are still unclear. In this article, we develop a hypothesis suggesting that misophonia can be caused by a failure in the organization of the perceived world. The perceived world is the result of both the structure of human thought and the many conditioning factors that punctuate human life, particularly social conditioning. It is made up of abstract symbols that map the world and help humans to orient himself in a potentially dangerous environment. In this context, the role of social rules acquired throughout life is considerable. Table manners, for example, are a set of deeply regulated and controlled behaviors (it's considered impolite to eat with the mouth open and to make noise while eating), which contribute to shape the way the perceived world is organized. So it's not surprising to find sounds from the mouth (chewing etc.) among the most common misophonic sound triggers. Politeness can be seen as an act of obedience to moral rules or courtesy, which is a prerequisite for peaceful social relations. Beyond this example, we also argue that any sound can become a misophonic trigger as long as it is not integrated into the perceived ordered and harmonious world, because it is considered an "anomaly," i.e., a disorder, an immorality or a vulgarity.

Excess Mortality in the United States, 2020-21: County-level Estimates for Population Groups and Associations with Social Vulnerability.

To assess the excess mortality burden of Covid-19 in the United States, we estimated sex, age and race stratified all-cause excess deaths in each county of the US during 2020 and 2021. Using spatial Bayesian models trained on all recorded deaths between 2003-2019, we estimated 463,187 (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 426,139 - 497,526) excess deaths during 2020, and 544,105 (95% UI: 492,202 - 592,959) excess deaths during 2021 nationally, with considerable geographical heterogeneity. Excess mortality rate (EMR) nearly doubled for each 10-year increase in age and was consistently higher among men than women. EMR in the Black population was 1.5 times that of the White population nationally and as high as 3.8 times in some states. Among the 25-54 year population excess mortality was highest in the American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) population among the four racial groups studied, and in a few states was as high as 6 times that of the White population. Strong association of EMR with county-level social vulnerability was estimated, including positive associations with prevalence of disability (standardized effect: 40.6 excess deaths per 100,000), older population (37.6), poverty (23.6), and unemployment (18.5), whereas population density (-50), higher education (-38.6), and income (-35.4) were protective. Together, these estimates provide a more reliable and comprehensive understanding of the mortality burden of the pandemic in the US thus far. They suggest that Covid-19 amplified social and racial disparities. Short-term measures to protect more vulnerable groups in future Covid-19 waves and systemic corrective steps to address long-term societal inequities are necessary.

Cognitive archaeology, and the psychological assessment of extinct minds.

Evolutionary anthropology relies on both neontological and paleontological information. In the latter case, fields such as paleoneurology, neuroarchaeology, and cognitive archaeology are supplying new perspectives in prehistory and neuroscience. Cognitive archaeology, in particular, investigates the behaviors associated with extinct species or cultures according to specific psychological models. For example, changes in working memory, attention, or visuospatial integration can be postulated when related behavioral changes are described in the archaeological record. However, cognition is a process based on different and partially independent functional elements, and extinct species could hence have evolved distinct combinations of cognitive abilities or features, based on both quantitative and qualitative differences. Accordingly, differences in working memory can lead to more conceptual or more holistic mindsets, with important changes in the perception and management of the mental experience. The parietal cortex is particularly interesting, in this sense, being involved in functions associated with body-tool integration, attention, and visual imaging. In some cases, evolutionary mismatches among these elements can induce drawbacks that, despite their positive effects on natural selection, can introduce important constraints in our own mental skills. Beyond the theoretical background, some hypotheses can be tested following methods in experimental psychology. In any case, theories in cognitive evolution must acknowledge that, beyond the brain and its biology, the human mind is also deeply rooted in body perception, in social networks, and in technological extension.

Effect of COGNI-MACHINE computational thinking training on executive functions in children aged 9 to 11: Protocol of a cluster randomized controlled trial.

We designed a controlled trial protocol that seeks to contribute to cognitive science by studying the effect of thought training on children's executive functions. The study design is a cluster randomized controlled trial, with intra-subject and inter-subject evaluation, with two parallel groups: an experimental group and a TAU control group. With three measures, pre-test, post-test, and follow-up after three months. The participants will be children aged 9 to 11. The allocation will be randomized by groups and not individually. The sample will be a minimum of 44 participants. The primary measures will be neuropsychological tests to assess executive functions. Secondary measures will be a computational thinking test, neuropsychological tests to assess metacognition and attention, and an acceptability scale. The experimental group will participate in the COGNI-MACHINE computational thinking training designed by the first author. The training frequency will be twice a week in 60 min sessions for 12 weeks. The TAU control group will receive computer science classes as usual during the same time as the experimental group. The evaluators taking the measurements will be blinded to the assignment. The investigators in charge of the intervention will be blinded to the results of the evaluations.

[What Connects Bayes's Rule to Mental Health?]

A branch of computational psychiatry aims to handle the problems which arose due to the heterogeneity and comorbidity of mental illnesses by capturing phenotypic differences behind symptoms. In order to more accurately describe the mechanisms of the mind and its disturbances, it uses the tools and methods of computational cognitive science. In this paper, we introduce the reader to the (mathematical) language in which (Bayesian) predictive coding was written, which holds one of the possible explanations of the perceptual differences found on the autism or the psychosis spectrum. By representing prior knowledge and sampled sensory information as (prior and likelihood, respectively) distributions, the Bayes-rule allows us to calculate the inferred posterior distribution. The aforementioned terms are introduced through simple examples, such as coin tosses (inferring how biased it is) or making a diagnosis, however, this framework might also help us understand the more complex mechanisms of the mind. Studies show that visual perception can be examined following Bayesian formalization. The likelihood information can be manipulated with bistable or noisy stimuli, whereas through instructions and/or cues, prior expectations are formed. With the use of perceptual and response models fitted to cognitive task performance, it becomes possible to identify parameters which shed light on the features of information processing that characterize the perceptual alterations in certain clinical populations. At the end of the paper we draw attention to the limitations of computational modelling.

Hierarchical clustering optimizes the tradeoff between compositionality and expressivity of task structures for flexible reinforcement learning.

A hallmark of human intelligence, but challenging for reinforcement learning (RL) agents, is the ability to compositionally generalise, that is, to recompose familiar knowledge components in novel ways to solve new problems. For instance, when navigating in a city, one needs to know the location of the destination and how to operate a vehicle to get there, whether it be pedalling a bike or operating a car. In RL, these correspond to the reward function and transition function, respectively. To compositionally generalize, these two components need to be transferable independently of each other: multiple modes of transport can reach the same goal, and any given mode can be used to reach multiple destinations. Yet there are also instances where it can be helpful to learn and transfer entire structures, jointly representing goals and transitions, particularly whenever these recur in natural tasks (e.g., given a suggestion to get ice cream, one might prefer to bike, even in new towns). Prior theoretical work has explored how, in model-based RL, agents can learn and generalize task components (transition and reward functions). But a satisfactory account for how a single agent can simultaneously satisfy the two competing demands is still lacking. Here, we propose a hierarchical RL agent that learns and transfers individual task components as well as entire structures (particular compositions of components) by inferring both through a non-parametric Bayesian model of the task. It maintains a factorised representation of task components through a hierarchical Dirichlet process, but it also represents different possible covariances between these components through a standard Dirichlet process. We validate our approach on a variety of navigation tasks covering a wide range of statistical correlations between task components and show that it can also improve generalisation and transfer in more complex, hierarchical tasks with goal/subgoal structures. Finally, we end with a discussion of our work including how this clustering algorithm could conceivably be implemented by cortico-striatal gating circuits in the brain.

Viés da Escalada, Daemons de Otimização, e a Influência da Narrativa Social Aceleracionista / Hill-Climbing Bias, Optimization Daemons, and the Influence of Accelerated Social Narratives

O fenômeno de aceleração social, intimamente ligado a nossa modernização tecnológica e os sistemas políticos e sociais que adotamos, vem sendo alvo de questionamentos por parte da teoria crítica por diversos filósofos e sociólogos, principalmente em relação a se tal "aceleração" seja algo que, possa ser justificável pelo bem comum da sociedade. De fato, as rápidas mudanças que ocorreram no último século causaram uma tremenda mudança em nossos estilos-de-vida, e na maneira como experienciamos o mundo. Que a nossa sociedade mudou e continua a mudar é um fato evidente quando olhamos criticamente para o passado e presente, e comparamos diferentes épocas da história humana. Neste ensaio tentaremos explorar algumas possíveis hipóteses que fundamentem o comportamento aceleracionista em certos fatores e mecanismo biológicos que caracterizam os sistemas de motivação e saciação humanos. Também tentaremos mostrar como certos fenômenos sociais podem auxiliar em fortalecer este tipo de comportamento, e suas possíveis origens evolutivas. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal fundamentar a Tese Aceleracionista em evidências neurofisiológicas, cognitivo-comportamentais, evolutivas e sociais.

The phenomenon of social acceleration is closely linked to our technological modernization and the political and social systems we have adopted, and it has been questioned by several philosophers and sociologists, especially in relation to whether such acceleration is something that can be justified for the common good of society. In fact, the rapid changes that have occurred in the last century have caused a tremendous change in our lifestyles, and in the way we experience the world. That society have changed and continues to change is an evident fact when we look critically to the past and our present and compare different times in human history. In this essay we will try to explore some possible hypotheses that underpin accelerated behavior, in certain biological factors and mechanisms that characterize human motivation and satiation systems. We will also try to show how certain social phenomena can help to strengthen this type of behavior, and its possible evolutionary origins. The main objective of this study is to base the Accelerationist Thesis on neurophysiological, cognitive-behavioral, evolutionary and also social evidence.

On the origin of mental representations.

The symbol grounding problem raises its head in the fields of the philosophy of AI, philosophy of psychology and philosophy of cognitive sciences. The solution to the symbol grounding problem must account for the genesis of mental representations in the world. It has to offer a strategy for grounding mental representations in the objective domain. Orthodox representationalist theories do not provide a satisfactory reply to the symbol grounding problem. On the other hand, there are embodied-enactivist approaches that dissolve the problem but only at the cost of representations and internal phenomenal states. The code model of biosemiotics provides a biologically viable (i.e., mechanistic) venue for developing a new solution to the problem. For the same reason, it could reconcile representationalism to the embodied approach.

Comparative Analysis of the WISC between Two ADHD Subgroups.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children is 7.2%, and ADHD is divided into clinical subtypes. METHODS: The current study explored whether specific cognitive profiles as assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-IV could be obtained for each clinical ADHD subtype (ADHD-Inattentive type and ADHD-Combined type) and investigated the correlation between WISC scores and parental age at their children's birth or birthweight. The enrolled sample comprised 12 ADHD-I and 15 ADHD-C subjects. RESULTS: An impaired Processing Speed Index was found in ADHD-I. The age of the father at the child's birth and birthweight positively correlated with the full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) score in the WISC assessment. CONCLUSION: Inattentiveness within the behaviors of the children with ADHD-I is partly due to the impaired processing speed, therefore effective support for ADHD will be conducted if educator decreases their speaking speed. Since biological basis of ADHD is still largely unknown, future studies using both psychological and biological methods will reveal the etiology of ADHD. These scientific assessments will provide information for more effective approaches in the care of children with ADHD.

The Incidence of Overconfidence and Underconfidence Effects in Medical Student Examinations.

BACKGROUND: Overconfidence is the tendency to overestimate the knowledge, capacity, or performance one really possesses. This cognitive bias could be potentially dangerous in medical decision-making, considering the impact it could have on patient health care. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of overconfidence and underconfidence in medical student knowledge on general surgery by using traditional and new statistical approaches. METHODS: During the application of a multiple-choice examination, 251 next-to-graduate medical students were invited to express the accuracy of their responses by choosing their own perceived confidence level for a set of questions. Analysis was done by comparing the difference between percentage of right answers (student's actual knowledge or accuracy) and self-estimated confidence level (student's perceived knowledge or confidence). Overconfidence was defined as a positive difference between confidence and accuracy, and underconfidence as a negative difference. RESULTS: Nearly 12% of students showed significant overconfidence regarding their actual knowledge or accuracy levels. Better students showed a lower overconfidence effect than students with poorer performance. On the other hand, underconfidence was less likely than overconfidence (8.3% of students), and that effect was most frequently found in students who performed better in examinations. CONCLUSIONS: The small proportion of our students exhibiting overconfidence or underconfidence behaviors moderates the need for educational interventions. Nevertheless, promoting prudence in individualized students manifesting overconfidence, and trust in those reporting significant underconfidence could increase the reliability of medical judgment during their future professional life. Overconfidence in individuals with lower scores in examinations may depend on a ceiling-like effect, since worst ranked students have a wider upper margin to manifest their confidence perceptions. The most confident students showed higher scores in examinations than the less confident ones. From this point of view, confidence could be considered an essential ingredient of success in examination performance.

Comparative Analysis of the WISC between Two ADHD Subgroups

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in school-age children is 7.2%, and ADHD is divided into clinical subtypes. METHODS: The current study explored whether specific cognitive profiles as assessed using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)-IV could be obtained for each clinical ADHD subtype (ADHD-Inattentive type and ADHD-Combined type) and investigated the correlation between WISC scores and parental age at their children’s birth or birthweight. The enrolled sample comprised 12 ADHD-I and 15 ADHD-C subjects. RESULTS: An impaired Processing Speed Index was found in ADHD-I. The age of the father at the child’s birth and birthweight positively correlated with the full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) score in the WISC assessment. CONCLUSION: Inattentiveness within the behaviors of the children with ADHD-I is partly due to the impaired processing speed, therefore effective support for ADHD will be conducted if educator decreases their speaking speed. Since biological basis of ADHD is still largely unknown, future studies using both psychological and biological methods will reveal the etiology of ADHD. These scientific assessments will provide information for more effective approaches in the care of children with ADHD.

Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in a Depressed Patient Who Survived a Suicide Attempt by Jumping from the Bridge on the Han River.

Suicide attempts at the Han river are rapidly increasing, which are 4.11 times from 2005 to 2015, whereas the rate of completed suicide in South Korea increased 1.07 times during the same period. However, few studies have been conducted on the issue because many suicide attempters were seriously injured after a fall in the Han river. We present a case of a patient with major depressive disorder (MDD) who attempted suicide and minimally injured after jumping from the bridge at the Han river. We could assess his psychological and neurocognitive functions before and immediately after his attempt. From this case, we can identify that higher cognitive aspect of executive dysfunction, especially in the frontal domain of selective attention and inhibition, may be associated with his suicide attempt. In conclusion, we suggest psychiatric treatments for cognitive impulsiveness and safety barriers at the bridge to prevent suicide attempts of patients with MDD.

Mapping the audit traces of interdisciplinary collaboration: bridging and blending between choreography and cognitive science.

Two long-term sci-art research projects are described and positioned in the broader conceptual landscape of interdisciplinary collaboration. Both projects were aimed at understanding and augmenting choreographic decision-making and both were grounded in research conducted within a leading contemporary dance company. In each case, the work drew upon methods and theory from the cognitive sciences, and both had a direct impact on the way in which the company made new work. In the synthesis presented here the concept of an audit trace is introduced. Audit traces identify how specific classes of knowledge are used and transformed not only within the arts or sciences but also when arts practice is informed by science or when arts practice informs science.

Frontal Lobe Dysfunction in a Depressed Patient Who Survived a Suicide Attempt by Jumping from the Bridge on the Han River

Suicide attempts at the Han river are rapidly increasing, which are 4.11 times from 2005 to 2015, whereas the rate of completed suicide in South Korea increased 1.07 times during the same period. However, few studies have been conducted on the issue because many suicide attempters were seriously injured after a fall in the Han river. We present a case of a patient with major depressive disorder (MDD) who attempted suicide and minimally injured after jumping from the bridge at the Han river. We could assess his psychological and neurocognitive functions before and immediately after his attempt. From this case, we can identify that higher cognitive aspect of executive dysfunction, especially in the frontal domain of selective attention and inhibition, may be associated with his suicide attempt. In conclusion, we suggest psychiatric treatments for cognitive impulsiveness and safety barriers at the bridge to prevent suicide attempts of patients with MDD.

Sound-meaning association biases evidenced across thousands of languages.

It is widely assumed that one of the fundamental properties of spoken language is the arbitrary relation between sound and meaning. Some exceptions in the form of nonarbitrary associations have been documented in linguistics, cognitive science, and anthropology, but these studies only involved small subsets of the 6,000+ languages spoken in the world today. By analyzing word lists covering nearly two-thirds of the world's languages, we demonstrate that a considerable proportion of 100 basic vocabulary items carry strong associations with specific kinds of human speech sounds, occurring persistently across continents and linguistic lineages (linguistic families or isolates). Prominently among these relations, we find property words ("small" and i, "full" and p or b) and body part terms ("tongue" and l, "nose" and n). The areal and historical distribution of these associations suggests that they often emerge independently rather than being inherited or borrowed. Our results therefore have important implications for the language sciences, given that nonarbitrary associations have been proposed to play a critical role in the emergence of cross-modal mappings, the acquisition of language, and the evolution of our species' unique communication system.

Conhecimento prévio e aprendizagem no ensino: implicações à luz do efeito reverso da expertise e de construtos computacionais da cognição / Prior knowledge and learning in teaching: implications in light of expertise reversal effect and computational constructs of cognition

Este artigo tem o objetivo de realizar uma discussão sobre o papel do conhecimento prévio como fator interveniente em situações de aprendizagem com o alcance de algumas implicações para o ensino. A abordagem teórica é proveniente das Ciências Cognitivas em uma vertente baseada no processamento da informação, que utiliza sistemas computacionais e arquiteturas cognitivas para a compreensão de processos cognitivos. E considerado o relacionamento de construtos teóricos com a cognição, a organização do conhecimento e sua estruturação para a geração de comportamento coerente. Em seguida foi abordado o papel do conhecimento prévio como fator interveniente sobre o processo de aprendizagem. As conclusões exploram o papel do conhecimento prévio em situações de aprendizagem

This paper aimed at undertaking a discussion on the role of previous knowledge as an intervening factor on learning situations, bringing about some considerations on teaching. The theoretical approach comes from the area of Cognitive Sciences, and particularly, information processing theory. This, uses computational systems and cognitive architectures for further our understanding of cognitive processes. The relationship between theoretical constructs and cognition is taken into account. These include reflections on the organization of knowledge and its structuring for the generation of coherent behaviour. Next, the role of previous knowledge is explored as an intervening factor on learning processes. The conclusions emphasise the importance of previous knowledge on learning situations and its extensive infl uence on learning as whole

Conhecimento prévio e aprendizagem no ensino: implicações à luz do efeito reverso da expertise e de construtos computacionais da cognição / Prior knowledge and learning in teaching: implications in light of expertise reversal effect and computational constructs of cognition

Este artigo tem o objetivo de realizar uma discussão sobre o papel do conhecimento prévio como fator interveniente em situações de aprendizagem com o alcance de algumas implicações para o ensino. A abordagem teórica é proveniente das Ciências Cognitivas em uma vertente baseada no processamento da informação, que utiliza sistemas computacionais e arquiteturas cognitivas para a compreensão de processos cognitivos. E considerado o relacionamento de construtos teóricos com a cognição, a organização do conhecimento e sua estruturação para a geração de comportamento coerente. Em seguida foi abordado o papel do conhecimento prévio como fator interveniente sobre o processo de aprendizagem. As conclusões exploram o papel do conhecimento prévio em situações de aprendizagem (AU)

This paper aimed at undertaking a discussion on the role of previous knowledge as an intervening factor on learning situations, bringing about some considerations on teaching. The theoretical approach comes from the area of Cognitive Sciences, and particularly, information processing theory. This, uses computational systems and cognitive architectures for further our understanding of cognitive processes. The relationship between theoretical constructs and cognition is taken into account. These include reflections on the organization of knowledge and its structuring for the generation of coherent behaviour. Next, the role of previous knowledge is explored as an intervening factor on learning processes. The conclusions emphasise the importance of previous knowledge on learning situations and its extensive infl uence on learning as whole (AU)