Time trends in the incidence of interstitial lung disease across Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS) from 1990 to 2019: An age-period-cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The global incidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) has risen over the past few decades. However, few studies have evaluated the status and incidence trends of ILD in Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa (BRICS). This study assesses the trends of ILD incidence across the BRICS with an emphasis on ILD changes from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: Incidence rates were estimated by the data obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019). Age-period-cohort modelling was used to estimate the effects on ILD from 1990 to 2019, and the net drift and local drift were calculated. RESULTS: In 2019, a total of 11.4 million cases of ILD were reported in the BRICS countries. From 1990 to 2019, the incidence rate of ILD in BRICS showed an upward trend. India consistently reported the highest incidence rate, while China showed the fastest growth rate (107.6%). Russia reported a similar incidence rates for men and women, with a lower age of peak incidence compared to the other four countries. We found the time effect was unfavourable for BRICS in the first decade, especially for Brazil; in China and Brazil, the risk of people born after 1960 has rapidly decreased. CONCLUSION: ILD shows a rising incidence in BRICS. with the trends varying based on age and other environmental factors. BRICS should strengthen specific public health approaches and policies for different stages and populations.

Trends in the mortality of diabetes in Mexico from 1998 to 2022: a joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort effect analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose was to analyze age-standardized trends in diabetes mortality rates (DMR) from 1998 to 2022, stratified by sex and Mexican state, and the effects attributable to age, period, and cohort by sex. STUDY DESIGN: Joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort effect analysis. METHODS: Based on the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases, E11, E12, E13, and E14 codes of the death certificate, a daily record of mortality was extracted from the death certificate attributable to diabetes as the main cause. From 1998 to 2022, sexes and ages (≥20 years) were used to calculate the crude mortality rates and standardized at the national and Mexican state levels. Additionally, the age-period-cohort model was used to examine age, period, and cohort effects. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2005, the age-adjusted DMR increased by 3.6% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.7, 4.5) for the total population, as shown by the joinpoint regression analysis at a national level; from 2017 to 2020, it increased by 7.4% (95% CI: 0.6, 14.8). The DMR with the highest increase during the study period came mainly from states in the country's southeastern region, 2.3% to 3.7% per year. The net age and period effects showed that mortality increased with advancing age and with going time, respectively; and the net cohort effect revealed that mortality increased in more recent birth cohorts, mainly in men Rate Ratio (RR) = 2.37 (95% CI: 2.29, 2.46) vs RR = 1.13 (95% CI: 1.09, 1.17). CONCLUSION: The DMR increased among older age groups. The period effect showed that mortality increased over time. Furthermore, the cohort effect showed that mortality increased in more recent birth cohorts, especially among men.

Efeito da idade-período-coorte na mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero no Centro-Oeste do Brasil, 1980-2019 / Age-period-cohort effect on cervical cancer mortality in the Center-West of Brazil, 1980-2019 / Efecto edad-período-cohorte en la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en el Centro-Oeste de Brasil, 1980-2019

Objetivos: analisar o efeito da idade-período-coorte nas taxas de mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero no Centro-Oeste do Brasil. Métodos: estudo ecológico de séries temporais, de 1980 a 2019, cujas fontes de dados foram o Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade e as estimativas populacionais do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Modelos de efeito idade-período-corte com distribuição de Poisson foram usados. Resultados: observaram-se 19.260 óbitos, correspondente à taxa de mortalidade padronizada média de 17,23/100 mil mulheres. O efeito da idade indicou aumento progressivo das taxas com o avançar da idade. O efeito do período evidenciou redução do risco de morte no Distrito Federal (2015-2019), Mato Grosso do Sul (2010-2014) e Mato Grosso (2010-2019), além de aumento em Goiás (2015-2019). O efeito da coorte revelou aumento do risco de morte para as nascidas antes de 1950-1954 e redução nas gerações a partir de 1955-1959. Conclusão: há evidências de efeito da idade-período-coorte na mortalidade por câncer do colo do útero no Centro-Oeste brasileiro, o que demanda fortalecimento de ações para sua prevenção e controle voltadas para mulheres de coortes e idades sob maior risco de morrer por essa causa.

Objectives: to analyze the effect of age-period-cohort on cervical cancer mortality rates in the Center-West of Brazil. Methods: ecological time series study from 1980 to 2019, utilizing data from the Mortality Information System and population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Age-period-cohort effect models with Poisson distribution were employed. Results: 19,260 deaths were observed, corresponding to an average standardized mortality rate of 17.23/100,000 women. The age effect indicated a progressive increase in rates as age advanced. The period effect showed a reduction in the risk of death in the Federal District (2015-2019), Mato Grosso do Sul (2010-2014), and Mato Grosso (2010-2019), as well as an increase in Goiás (2015-2019). The cohort effect showed an increase in the risk of death for those born before 1950-1954 and a reduction in the generations from 1955-1959 onwards. Conclusion: there is evidence of an age-period-cohort effect on mortality from cervical cancer in the Brazilian Center-West, which calls for the strengthening of actions for its prevention and control aimed at women of cohorts and ages at greater risk of dying from this cause.

Objetivos: análisis del efecto de la edad-período-cohorte en las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en el centro-oeste de Brasil. Métodos:estudio de series temporales ecológicas, de 1980 a 2019, cuyas fuentes de datos fueron el Sistema de Información de Mortalidad y las estimaciones de población del Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística. Se utilizaron modelos de efecto edad-período-corte con distribución de Poisson. Resultados: se registraron 19.260 fallecimientos, lo que corresponde a una tasa media de mortalidad estandarizada de 17,23/100.000 mujeres. El efecto edad indicó un aumento progresivo de las tasas con el avance de la edad. El efecto período mostró una reducción del riesgo de muerte en el Distrito Federal (2015-2019), Mato Grosso do Sul (2010-2014) y Mato Grosso (2010-2019), así como un aumento en Goiás (2015-2019). El efecto cohorte mostró un aumento del riesgo de muerte para los nacidos antes de 1950-1954 y una reducción en las generaciones a partir de 1955-1959. Conclusión: hay evidencias de un efecto edad-período-cohorte en la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en el Centro-Oeste brasileño, lo que exige el refuerzo de las acciones para su prevención y control dirigidas a las mujeres de cohortes y edades con mayor riesgo de morir por esta causa.

Analysis of age, period, and birth cohort effects on suicide mortality in Brazil and the five major geographic regions.

OBJECTIVE: Estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on suicide mortality in Brazil by major geographic region in the overall population and by sex. METHODS: This was a time trend ecological study. National and regional suicide mortality data from 1981 to 2020 were analyzed for the overall population and by sex. Age, period, and cohort effects were calculated with a Poisson regression model using estimable functions with the Epi package of the R statistical program, version 4.2.1. RESULTS: There were 272,716 suicides in individuals ranging from 20 to 79 years old. In the overall population, the age model-adjusted suicide mortality rates showed an upward pattern for Brazil. The most recent cohort showed the highest associated risk, 1.67 (95%CI 1.63; 1.71), while for the reference period, it was the highest risk among all the periods. CONCLUSIONS: Suicide mortality rates have shown an upward trend with advancing age in both men and women in the Brazilian population. However, the behavior of the period effect and cohort depends on the population analyzed and regional distribution.

Female Homicides in Brazil and Its Major Regions (1980-2019): An Analysis of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects.

The objective was to analyze the temporal effects of age, period, and cohort on mortality from all female homicides, and from female homicides and by firearms, in Brazil from 1980 to 2019. Data were accessed from Brazilian health records. There was an increase in the risk of death in the 2000s in the North and Northeast regions and a decrease in the Southeast, South, and Midwest. Younger women had a higher risk of death than women born between 1950 and 1954. The findings may be correlated with the inefficiency of the Brazilian state in protecting female victims of violence.

Time trends in type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence across the BRICS from 1990 to 2019: an age-period-cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: The incidence rate of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing in Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS). The present study analyzed trends in T2DM incidence rate across the BRICS and associations with age, period, and birth cohort. METHODS: The incidence rate was estimated by the data obtained from GBD 2019 (Global Burden of Disease Study 2019) and was analyzed with the age-period-cohort framework. Incidence rates of T2DM (1990-2019) were collected for each 5-year age group (from 25 to 29 to 85-89 age group) stratified by gender from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study. RESULTS: In 2019, the the incidence rate of T2DM was 280.2 per 100,000 across the BRICS. Between 1990 and 2019, the incidence rate of T2DM among the BRICS population increased by 83.3%. In each period, as age increases, the incidence rate of T2DM in China and Russia first increased and then decreased, while the incidence rate of T2DM in Brazil, India and South Africa first increased and then decreased slightly with age group. Deteriorating period and cohort risks for incidence rate of T2DM were generally found across the BRICS. CONCLUSIONS: The number of diabetic patients in the BRICS countries has continued to increase and the growth rate has been stable in the past 30 years, which is dependent on age and some other environmental factors. Some possible factors influencing T2DM incidence are analyzed and hypotheses generated through the age and period effects.

Oral and oropharyngeal cancer mortality in Brazil, 1983-2017: Age-period-cohort analysis.

AIM: To estimate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil. METHODS: Deaths due to oral and oropharyngeal cancer from 1983 to 2017 were analyzed. The effect of age, period, and cohort was calculated using the Poisson regression model. RESULTS: Between 1983 and 2017, 142,634 deaths were recorded from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil, 54% from oropharyngeal cancer. The male sex contributed to 81% of the deaths. The average mortality rate for men was 4.5 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, and for women, it was 0.9 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. There was a strong effect of age on mortality rates from oral and oropharyngeal cancer. The risk increases from 40 years of age in men and 55 years of age in women. An overall period effect was observed. The 2000 period showed the greatest risk when compared to the 1985 period in men. In women, the period of highest risk was 2010. The cohorts born between 1958 and 1962 had a higher risk of death. CONCLUSIONS: The period effect is mainly attributed to mortality from oropharyngeal cancer. Most significant values regarding the effect on the cohort groups were observed in female mortality from oral cancer.

Effects of age, period, and birth cohort on homicide mortality in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 1996 to 2015 / Efeitos de idade, período e coorte de nascimentos sobre mortalidade por homicídio na cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, entre 1996 e 2015 / Efectos de la edad, período, y cohorte de nacimiento en la mortalidad por homicidio, en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Brasil, de 1996 a 2015

Abstract: Although São Paulo is the most populous city in Brazil - one of the world's most violent countries - a significant reduction in its homicide mortality rate (HMR) has been detected. This study aims to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on the trend of homicide mortality according to sex in the city of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2015. An ecological study was undertaken with data on deaths by homicide for both sexes, in all age brackets, in the city of São Paulo. Poisson models were adjusted for each sex to estimate the age-period-cohort effects. In total, 61,833 deaths by homicide were recorded among males and 5,109 among females. Regardless of the period, the highest HMR occurred in the 20-24 age bracket. Higher HMRs were found in those born in the 1970s and 1980s. The complete model, with age-period-cohort effects, were the best fit to the data. The risk of death by homicide declined over the periods, with lower intensity in the final five years (2011-2015), for both males (RR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.46; 0.49) and females (RR = 0.52; 95%CI: 0.47; 0.57). A reduction was found in the risk of homicide, regardless of the sex or age bracket, and also in recent cohorts. However, the intensity of such reductions has been decreasing over time, which suggests that the public policies adopted have limited potential to maintain these achievements.

Resumo: Embora São Paulo seja a cidade mais populosa do Brasil, que é um dos países mais violentos do mundo, o município vem apresentando uma redução significativa na taxa de mortalidade por homicídio (TMH). O estudo buscou estimar os efeitos de idade, período e coorte de nascimentos na tendência da mortalidade por homicídio de acordo com sexo na cidade de São Paulo, entre 1996 e 2015. Foi realizado um estudo ecológico com dados sobre óbitos por homicídio em ambos os sexos, em todas as faixas etárias, no local e período mencionados acima. Foram ajustados modelos de Poisson para cada sexo, para estimar os efeitos de idade-período-coorte. Foram registrados 61.833 óbitos por homicídio em homens e 5.109 em mulheres. Independentemente do período, a TMH mais alta ocorreu na faixa etária de 20-24 anos. As TMH mais altas foram observadas em indivíduos que nasceram nas décadas de 1970 e 1980. O melhor ajuste para os dados foi como o modelo completo, com os efeitos de idade-período-coorte. O risco e óbitos por homicídio diminuiu ao longo dos anos, com a menor intensidade nos últimos cinco anos (2011-2015), tanto em homens (RR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,46; 0,49) quanto em mulheres (RR = 0,52; IC95%: 0,47; 0,57). Foi observada uma redução no risco de homicídio, independente de sexo ou faixa etária, como também, nas coortes mais recentes. Entretanto, a intensidade dessas reduções tem diminuído ao longo do tempo, sugerindo que as políticas públicas adotadas têm potencial limitado para manter os avanços alcançados.

Resumen: A pesar de que São Paulo es la cuidad más poblada en Brasil, uno de los países más violentos del mundo, ha estado mostrando una significativa reducción en su tasa de mortalidad por homicidios (TMH). Este estudio se propone estimar los efectos de la edad, período, y cohorte de nacimiento sobre la tendencia de la mortalidad por homicidio, según sexo, en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, de 1996 a 2015. Se realizó un estudio ecológico con datos sobre las muertes por homicidio en ambos sexos, en todos los grupos de edad, en el lugar y período mencionado previamente. Con el fin de estimar los efectos de la edad-período-cohorte, se ajustaron modelos Poisson para ambos sexos. Se registraron un total de 61.833 muertes por homicidio entre hombres y 5.109 entre mujeres. Independientemente del período, la TMH más alta se produjo en la franja de edad 20-24. Unas TMH más altas se observaron en quienes habían nacido en los 1970 y los 1980. El modelo completo, con los efectos edad-período-cohorte, fue la mejor manera de ajustar los datos. El riesgo de muerte por homicidio se redujo a lo largo de los períodos, con una intensidad más baja en los últimos cinco años (2011-2015), para tanto hombres (RR = 0,48; IC95%: 0,46; 0,49), como mujeres (RR = 0,52; IC95%: 0,47; 0,57). Se observó una reducción en el riesgo de homicidio, independientemente del sexo o franja de edad, así como en las cohortes recientes. No obstante, la intensidad de tales reducciones ha estado decreciendo a lo largo del tiempo, lo que sugiere que las políticas públicas adoptadas tienen un potencial limitado para mantener estos logros.

Incidence and mortality rates of lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers in Brazil: time-trend and age-period-cohort analysis from the last 30 years, Global Burden of Disease Study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Cancers are the second main cause of morbidity worldwide, but robust information on lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers in Brazil is lacking. This study aimed to analyze the trends of incidence and mortality caused by lip, oral cavity, and pharynx cancers and age-period-cohort effects in the Brazilian population of 30 years of age and over, in the period of 1990 to 2019. METHODS: A time series study of the incidence and mortality rates for oral cavity and pharynx cancer ("Lip and oral cavity cancer", "Nasopharynx cancer", and "Other pharynx cancer") was conducted, with corrected data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. Age-standardized rates per 100,000 inhabitants, for the global population, were gathered according to the individuals' sex. The annual average percentage change (AAPC) was estimated, as was the age-period-cohort effects. RESULTS: The incidence and mortality rates were higher for men in the studied anatomical regions. The cancers tended to decrease for men, except for nasopharynx cancer, which increased in individuals of both sexes. Mortality tended to present a decline in most of the groups studied. For men and women, the age-period-cohort model presented a better adjustment for both incidence and mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Incidence and mortality caused by the main head and neck cancers showed a tendency to decline over the past 30 years in Brazil, except for nasopharynx cancer, which showed an increase in incidence and mortality in some segments of the population. Higher rates were found for lip and oral cavity cancers in men.

Efeitos temporais das estimativas de mortalidade corrigidas de homicídios femininos na Região Nordeste do Brasil / Temporal effects of corrected female homicide mortality estimates in Northeast Brazil / Efectos temporales de las estimaciones de mortalidad corregidas de feminicidios en la Región Nordeste de Brasil

O objetivo foi analisar os efeitos temporais (idade, período e coorte) na mortalidade por homicídios femininos nos estados da Região Nordeste do Brasil, no período de 1980 a 2017. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal em que foram utilizados modelos APC com uma abordagem bayesiana e o método determinístico INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) na inferência dos parâmetros. As taxas de homicídios femininos, para cada estado da região estudada, foram padronizadas pelo método direito, após correção dos registros de óbitos quanto à qualidade da informação e à subnotificação. Além disso, obtiveram-se dados segundo raça/cor, local de ocorrência e meio pelo qual a agressão foi perpetrada. No período estudado, após a correção dos registros de óbito, a Região Nordeste apresentou taxa média de 5,40 óbitos por homicídios a cada 100 mil mulheres, com aumento significativo em todos os estados nos anos 2000. Em todos os estados houve aumento do risco de óbito (RR) por homicídio na segunda e terceira década de vida e efeito de proteção para as mulheres mais velhas. Com exceção de Sergipe, constatou-se aumento do risco de óbito em quinquênios dos anos 2000. Na Região Nordeste e estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Piauí, verificou-se efeito protetor para mulheres de gerações mais antigas. Ainda, a maior proporção de óbitos ocorreu em mulheres negras, no domicílio, sendo perpetrado por arma de fogo. Os achados do presente estudo podem estar correlacionados ao processo de disseminação da violência ocorrido no Brasil, nos anos 2000, assim como a ineficiência do Estado brasileiro em proteger as mulheres vítimas de violência.

This study aimed to analyze the temporal effects (age, period, and cohort) on female homicide mortality in the states of Northeast Brazil from 1980 to 2017. This ecological time trend study used APC with a Bayesian approach and the deterministic method Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations (INLA) in the parameters' inference. The female homicide rates for each state of the Northeast were standardized by the direct method after correction of the death records for quality of information and underreporting. Data were also obtained on race/color, place of death, and means of perpetration. During the period analyzed, after correcting the death records, the Northeast region showed a mean rate of 5.40 female homicide deaths per 100,000 women, with a significant increase in all the states in the 2000s. In all the states, there was an increase in relative risk (RR) of homicide death in the second and third decades of life and a protective effect in older women. Except for the state of Sergipe, there was an increase in the risk of death in all five-year periods in the 2000s. The Northeast region as a whole and the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco, and Piauí showed a protective effect for women from older generations. There were also higher proportions of deaths in black women, homicides committed at home, and those perpetrated with firearms. The current study's findings may correlate with the spread of violence in Brazil in the 2000s and the Brazilian State's failure to protect women from violence.

Analizar los efectos temporales (edad, período y cohorte) en la mortalidad por feminicidios en los estados de la región Nordeste de Brasil durante el período de 1980 a 2017. Estudio ecológico de tendencia temporal en el que se utilizaron modelos APC con un abordaje bayesiano y el método determinístico INLA (Integrated Nested Laplace Approximations) para la inferencia de los parámetros. Las tasas de feminicidios, para cada estado de la región estudiada, fueron estandarizadas por el método directo, tras la corrección de los registros de fallecimientos, en cuanto a la calidad de la información y a la subnotificación. Asimismo, se obtuvieron datos según raza/color, lugar de ocurrencia y medio por el que se perpetró la agresión. Durante el período estudiado, tras la corrección de los registros por fallecimiento, la región Nordeste presentó una tasa media de 5,40 óbitos por feminicidio en cada 100.000 mujeres, con un aumento significativo en todos los estados a partir del año 2000. En todos los estados hubo un aumento del riesgo de óbito (RR) por homicidio en la segunda y tercera década de vida y efecto de protección para las mujeres mayores. Con excepción del estado de Sergipe, se observó un aumento del riesgo de fallecimientos en quinquenios de los años 2000. En la región Nordeste y estados de Paraíba, Pernambuco y Piauí se verificó un efecto protector para las mujeres de generaciones mayores. Asimismo, la mayor proporción de fallecimiento se produjo en mujeres negras, en el domicilio, siendo perpetrado por arma de fuego. Los resultados del presente estudio pueden estar correlacionados con el proceso de diseminación de la violencia, ocurrido en Brasil a partir del año 2000, así como la ineficiencia del Estado brasileño para proteger a las mujeres víctimas de violencia.

Mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer: age-period-cohort effect, Brazil, 1983-2017 / Mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe: efeito idade-período-coorte, Brasil, 1983-2017

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Estimate the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in Brazil and its macro-regions. METHODS Deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer from 1983 to 2017 were analyzed. The Poisson regression model was applied, using estimable functions proposed by Holford. RESULTS From 1983 to 2017, 142,634 deaths from oral and oropharyngeal cancer were registered in Brazil, 81% among men, and the South and Southeast regions had the highest rates. The most significant period effects were observed in male mortality in the Southeast and Central-West regions for the 2003-2007 reference period. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increased risk of mortality was observed in the most recent male cohorts. In the North region, the most significant risk identified was for men born during 1973-1977 (RR = 1.47; 95%CI 1.05-2.08); in the Northeast, for men born during 1988-1992 (RR = 2.77; 95%CI 1.66-4.63); and in the Central-West, for women born during 1973-1977 (RR = 2.01; 95%CI 1.19-3.39). In the Southeast and South regions, the most recent cohorts had lower mortality rates. The lowest risk in the Southeast region was observed in the male cohort born during 1978-1982 (RR = 0.53; 95%CI 0.45-0.62) and 1983-1987 in the South region (RR = 0.25; 95%CI 0.12-0.54). CONCLUSIONS Age had a significant effect on mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer in all regions. In the North, Northeast, and Central-West regions, an increase in risk was observed in the most recent cohorts, while in the South and Southeast regions, these cohorts presented a lower risk when compared to the older cohorts.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar o efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe no Brasil e suas macrorregiões. MÉTODO Foram analisados os óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe de 1983 a 2017. Aplicou-se o modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis propostas por Holford. RESULTADOS No período de 1983 a 2017, foram registrados no Brasil 142.634 óbitos por câncer de boca e orofaringe, 81% entre o sexo masculino, e as regiões Sul e Sudeste apresentaram as taxas mais altas. Os maiores efeitos de período foram observados na mortalidade masculina das regiões Sudeste e Centro-Oeste para o período de referência 2003-2007. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste foi observado aumento do risco de mortalidade nas coortes masculinas mais recentes. Na região Norte o maior risco identificado foi para homens nascidos entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 1,47; IC95% 1,05-2,08); no Nordeste, para homens nascidos entre 1988 e 1992 (RR = 2,77; IC95% 1,66-4,63); e no Centro-Oeste, para mulheres nascidas entre 1973 e 1977 (RR = 2,01; IC95% 1,19-3,39). Nas regiões Sudeste e Sul, as coortes mais recentes apresentaram taxas de mortalidade mais baixas. O menor risco na região Sudeste foi observado na coorte masculina nascida entre 1978 e 1982 (RR = 0,53; IC95% = 0,45-0,62), e entre 1983 e 1987 na região Sul (RR = 0,25; IC95% 0,12-0,54). CONCLUSÕES A idade teve efeito significativo na mortalidade por câncer de boca e orofaringe em todas as regiões. Nas regiões Norte, Nordeste e Centro-Oeste, foi observado aumento do risco nas coortes mais recentes, enquanto nas regiões Sul e Sudeste essas coortes apresentaram risco menor quando comparadas às coortes mais antigas.

Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Selected Countries of Latin America: Age-Period-Cohort Effect.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate Age-Period-Cohort effects on colorectal, colon and rectal cancer incidence rates in Latin American countries covered by high quality population-based cancer registries. METHODS: A trend study was performed using data from Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Age-Period-Cohort effects were estimated by Poisson regression for individuals aged between 20 and 79 years with colorectal, colon and rectal cancers informed by Population-Based Cancer Registries from 1983 to 2012 in Cali (Colombia); from 1983 to 2007 in Costa Rica; and from 1988 to 2012 for both Goiânia (Brazil) and Quito (Ecuador). Goodness of fit model was tested using the deviance of the models. RESULTS: Age effect was statistically significant for both sexes in all Population-Based Cancer Registries areas and the curves slope reached peaks in the older age groups. There were cohort effects on the incidence rates for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers in all Population-Based Cancer Registries areas, except for women in Quito. Regarding the period effect, an increased ratio rate was observed in men (1.26, 95%CI 1.17 to 1.35) and women (1.23, 95%CI, 1.15 to 1.32) in Goiânia, between 2003 and 2007. CONCLUSIONS: In Latin America, age effect was observed on incidence rates for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers. Besides, birth cohort effect was identified for recent cohorts in both genders for colorectal, colon and rectal cancers in Cali and Goiânia, and cohort effect for colorectal and colon cancers in both genders in Costa Rica; while in Quito a cohort effect was only observed for rectal cancer among men. Period effect was observed in Goiânia with increased ratio rate in 2003-2007.
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Comportamentos de saúde da população brasileira: situação do domicílio e diferenças geracionais / Health behaviors of the Brazilian population: household situation and generational differences

Antecedentes: A relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e as desigualdades em saúde é tema relevante para análise dos comportamentos de saúde. Conhecer essa relação constitui importante contribuição para o adequado enfretamento das doenças crônicas. Nesse sentido, este trabalho objetivou analisar os comportamentos de saúde da população brasileira, a partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013), segundo a situação de domicílio e as diferentes gerações. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de delineamento transversal com o uso de dados secundários provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013). A PNS utilizou amostra aleatória simples por conglomerados, com representatividade para o Brasil, suas macrorregiões, população urbana e rural, e capitais. Identificou-se a prevalência de indicadores de alimentação saudável (consumo recomendado de frutas e hortaliças, consumo regular de peixes e feijão) e não saudável (consumo regular de refrigerantes e suco artificial, doces, carnes com excesso de gordura, substituição de refeições por lanches) na população brasileira segundo situação de domicílio ­ urbana e rural. Foram estimadas as prevalências (%) e modelos de regressão logística foram ajustados para estimar odds ratio (OR) e intervalos de confiança (IC 95%). Identificou-se ainda, as diferenças nos comportamentos de saúde da população brasileira, relacionados ao consumo alimentar, uso abusivo de álcool, tabagismo e prática de atividade física no lazer e de acordo com as diferentes gerações (tradicionalistas, baby-boomer, geração X, geração Y e geração Z). Foram estimadas as prevalências (%) e realizada regressão de Poisson para estimar Razão de Prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança (IC 95%). Resultados: Em relação aos indicadores de alimentação de acordo com a situação de domicílio, observou-se nas áreas rurais maior consumo regular de feijão (OR= 1,20; IC95%: 1,14-1,26) e de carne com excesso de gordura (OR= 1,48; IC95%: 1,42-1,55); e menor consumo de refrigerantes (OR = 0,55; IC95%: 0,52-0,59) e de substituição de refeições por lanches (OR= 0,59; IC95%: 0,51-0,66). Por outro lado, foi menor o consumo recomendado de frutas e hortaliças (OR= 0,89; IC95%: 0,85-0,96) e regular de peixes (OR= 0,88; IC95%: 0,84-0,92). Em relação aos comportamentos de saúde analisados segundo as gerações, observou-se que a gerações com representantes mais velhos, os Tradicionalistas e Baby-boomers apresentaram melhores comportamentos de saúde relacionados à alimentação, com maiores prevalências de consumo de frutas e hortaliças e menores de refrigerantes e sucos artificiais, além de menores prevalências de consumo abusivo de álcool. Por outro lado, as gerações mais jovens - as Gerações Y e Z, em comparação aos Tradicionalistas, apresentaram maiores prevalências do hábito de não fumar e eram mais ativos no lazer. Conclusão: Observou-se diferenças no consumo alimentar de brasileiros residentes em áreas rurais e urbanas, assim como nos comportamentos de saúde nas diferentes gerações. Brasileiros residentes nas áreas rurais relataram maior chance de manter um padrão alimentar tradicional, com o consumo de marcadores de alimentos minimamente processados, especialmente feijão; e menor consumo de marcadores de alimentos ultraprocessados; apesar do menor consumo de frutas e hortaliças, e de peixes. As diferenças identificadas conforme a situação do domicilio e as diferente gerações investigadas denotam a importância de fomentar políticas de promoção da saúde que respeitem e valorizem as tradições, e considerem as diferenças culturais, valorizando seus aspectos positivos e reforçando a necessidade de alinhamento com os objetivos de saúde.

Background: The relationship between sociodemographic factors and health inequalities is a relevant topic for the analysis of health behaviors. Knowing this relationship is an important contribution to the adequate coping with chronic diseases. In this sense, this study aimed to analyze the health behaviors of the Brazilian population, based on data from the National Health Survey (2013), according to the situation of the home and the different generations. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study using secondary data from the National Health Survey (2013). The PNS used a simple random sample by conglomerates, with representativeness for Brazil, its macro-regions, urban and rural population, and capitals. The prevalence of healthy eating indicators (recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables, regular consumption of fish and beans) and unhealthy (regular consumption of soft drinks and artificial juice, sweets, excess fat meats, replacement of meals with snacks) in the Brazilian population according to household situation - urban and rural. Prevalences (%) were estimated and logistic regression models were adjusted to estimate odds ratios (OR and confidence intervals (95% CI). Differences in the health behaviors of the Brazilian population, related to food consumption, alcohol abuse, smoking and physical activity during leisure and according to the different generations (traditionalists, baby-boomers, generation X, generation Y and generation Z). Prevalence (%) was estimated and Poisson regression was performed for to estimate Prevalence Ratio (PR) and confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Regarding the food indicators according to the situation at home, higher regular consumption of beans was observed in rural areas (OR = 1.20 ; 95% CI: 1.14-1.26) and meat with excess fat (OR = 1.48; 95% CI: 1.42-1.55); and lower consumption of soft drinks (OR = 0.55; 95% CI: 0.52-0.59) and replacement of meals with snacks (OR = 0.59; 95% CI %: 0.51-0.66) On the other hand, the recommended consumption of fruits and vegetables was lower (OR = 0.89; 95% CI: 0.85-0.96) and regular fish (OR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.84-0.92). Regarding the health behaviors analyzed according to the generations, it was observed that the generations with older representatives, the Traditionalists and Baby-boomers showed better health behaviors related to food, with a higher prevalence of consumption of fruits and vegetables and less of soft drinks and artificial juices, in addition to lower prevalence of alcohol abuse. On the other hand, the younger generations - Generations Y and Z, compared to Traditionalists, had a higher prevalence of the habit of not smoking and were more active at leisure. Conclusion: Differences were observed in the food consumption of Brazilians living in rural and urban areas, as well as in health behaviors across different generations. Brazilians living in rural areas reported a greater chance of maintaining a traditional dietary pattern, with the consumption of minimally processed foods, especially beans; and lower consumption of ultra-processed foods; despite the lower consumption of fruits and vegetables, and fish. The differences identified according to the situation of the home and the different generations investigated denote the importance of promoting health promotion policies that respect and value traditions, and consider cultural differences, valuing their positive aspects and reinforcing the need to align with the objectives of health.

Disparities in Epidemiological Profile of Gastric Adenocarcinoma in Selected Cities of Brazil

Background: Despite decreasing global incidence trends, gastric cancer is still among the five most incident cancers in the world and the third cancer-related cause of death. In Brazil, differences in incidence and mortality exist depending on the geographic region studied. Objective: To describe the incidence, mortality, trends and age-period-cohort of gastric cancer in three cities of Brazil (Sao Paulo, Belem and Fortaleza), in the period 1990-2012. Mortality for gastric cancer in Brazil overall and by region was described. Methods: 33,462 incident cases of gastric cancer were identified from the population-based cancer registries and 23,424 deaths from mortality information system in residents of the three cities and in Brazil were included in the study. Data for incident cases were extracted from the Population Based Cancer Registries from the National Cancer Institute (INCA). Mortality data on gastric cancer were extracted from Information Technology Department of Brazilian Public Health Care System/Health Ministry (DATASUS/MS). Mortality and incidence age standardized rates were calculated. For trends analysis the Joinpoint Regression and age-period-cohort model were applied. Results: Belem presented the highest incidence rates for gastric adenocarcinoma. Decreasing incidence trends were identified in Sao Paulo (-7.8% in men; -6.3% in women) and in Fortaleza (-1.2% in men). Increasing incidence trends were observed for women in Belem (1.8%) and Fortaleza (1.1%). In Belem (Amazon area), there was an increased risk for gastric cancer in women born after the 1960s. Overall in Brazil mortality for gastric cancer is decreasing. Mortality trends showed significant reduction, for both sexes, in the three Brazilian cities. Conclusion: Incidence of gastric cancer is increasing in women born in the sixties in Belem (Amazon region) and Fortaleza (Northeast region). In Brazil there was increase in mortality in Northeast region and decrease in others regions. More update data on incidence for Amazon and Northeast region is needed.

Efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na incapacidade de idosos residentes na comunidade: Coorte de Idosos de Bambuí (1997-2012) / Effect of age, period, and birth cohort on incapacity in community-dwelling elderly: the Bambuí Elderly Cohort (1997-2012) / Efecto de la edad, período y cohorte de nacimiento en la incapacidad de ancianos residentes en una comunidad: Cohorte Ancianos de Bambuí (1997-2012)

Resumo: A evolução temporal das prevalências de incapacidade em idosos pode ocorrer devido ao efeito de idade, período ou coorte. A idade é relacionada a fatores biológicos, o período ao contexto ambiental do sujeito e a coorte às exposições que o mesmo sofre desde o seu nascimento até o momento atual. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar quais dimensões temporais mais influenciam a evolução da prevalência de incapacidade entre idosos, em 15 anos. Foram utilizados dados da Coorte de Idosos de Bambuí, e a incapacidade foi avaliada por relato de "muita dificuldade" ou "não consegue" realizar pelo menos uma entre as atividades relacionadas à mobilidade, atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária. A análise foi feita pelo modelo idade-período-coorte para dados agregados, com cálculo dos efeitos das dimensões temporais por análise do deviance. O modelo de regressão de Poisson determinou as associações entre idade, período e coorte e a prevalência de incapacidade, considerando-se a população total e a estratificação por sexo e nível de escolaridade. O efeito de período foi o mais importante para as três dimensões da incapacidade, com aumento da prevalência no início do período, seguida de redução ao longo do tempo, com pequenas diferenças em relação ao sexo e a escolaridade. O efeito de coorte foi significativo, embora menos importante que o de período. Assim, destaca-se o importante olhar para o ambiente do idoso na busca da redução da prevalência de incapacidade, com ênfase nas políticas e programas que podem impactar de forma positiva na evolução temporal desse desfecho, dado o consistente efeito de período observado neste estudo.

Abstract: Time trends in the prevalence rates of incapacity in the elderly can occur due to the effects of age, period, or cohort. Age is related to biological factors, the period to the subject's environmental context, and the cohort to the subject's exposures from birth to the present. The study aimed to verify which time dimensions most influence the evolution in the prevalence of incapacity in the elderly over the course of 15 years. Data were used from the Bambuí Elderly Cohort, and incapacity was assessed by report of "great difficulty" or "inability" to perform at least one of the activities related to mobility and basic and instrumental activities of daily living. The analysis was done with the age-period-cohort model for aggregate data, with calculation of the effects of time dimensions by analysis of deviance. A Poisson regression model determined the associations between age, period, and cohort and prevalence of incapacity, considering the total population and stratification by sex and schooling. Period effect was the most important for the three dimensions of incapacity, with an increase in prevalence at the start of the period, followed by a reduction over time, with minor differences in relation to sex and schooling. Cohort effect was significant, although less important than period effect. The results highlight the importance of analyzing the elder's environment for reducing prevalence of incapacity, with an emphasis on policies and programs that can positively impact the time trend in this outcome, given the consistent effect of period observed in this study.

Resumen: La evolución temporal de las prevalencias de incapacidad en ancianos puede estar ocasionada debido al efecto de la edad, período o cohorte. La edad está relacionada con factores biológicos, el período con el contexto ambiental del sujeto y la cohorte con las exposiciones que el mismo sufre desde su nacimiento hasta el momento actual. El objetivo del estudio fue verificar cuáles son las dimensiones temporales que más influencian la evolución de la prevalencia de la incapacidad entre ancianos durante 15 años. Se utilizaron datos de la Cohorte de Ancianos de Bambuí y se evaluó la incapacidad por el informe de "mucha dificultad" o "no consigue" realizar por lo menos una, entre todas las actividades relacionadas con la movilidad, además de las actividades básicas e instrumentales de la vida diaria. El análisis se realizó mediante el modelo edad-período-cohorte para datos agregados, con cálculo de los efectos de las dimensiones temporales por análisis de desviación. El modelo de regresión de Poisson determinó las asociaciones entre edad, período y cohorte y la prevalencia de incapacidad, considerando la población total y la estratificación por sexo y nivel de escolaridad. El efecto de período fue el más importante para las tres dimensiones de la incapacidad, con un aumento de la prevalencia en el comienzo del período, seguida de una reducción a lo largo del tiempo, con pequeñas diferencias en relación con el sexo y la escolaridad. El efecto de cohorte fue significativo, aunque menos importante que el de período. De esta forma, se destaca la importante visión del anciano respecto al ambiente, con el fin de reducir la prevalencia de incapacidad, resaltando las políticas y programas que pueden impactar de forma positiva en la evolución temporal de este desenlace, dado el consistente efecto del período observado en este estudio.

Homicídios masculinos em duas regiões brasileiras: análise do efeito da idade, período e coorte / Male homicides in two regions of Brazil: analysis of the effect of age, period, and cohort / Homicidios masculinos en dos regiones brasileñas: análisis del efecto de la edad, período y cohorte

O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento na evolução temporal da mortalidade por homicídios em homens nos estados das regiões Nordeste e Sudeste do Brasil, entre o período de 1980 a 2014. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal. Os modelos APC foram estimados usando funções estimáveis na inferência dos parâmetros. Os dados de mortalidade e os dados populacionais foram obtidos junto ao Departamento de Informática do SUS. As taxas de mortalidade por homicídio, segundo estados, foram padronizadas pelo método direto, tendo, como população padrão, a mundial, proposta pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. A Região Nordeste apresentou 317.711 óbitos por homicídios, e o Sudeste, 544.640 óbitos, correspondendo, respectivamente, a uma taxa média padronizada por 100.000 homens de 58,68 óbitos e 64,68 óbitos. As maiores taxas de mortalidade médias padronizadas foram observadas nos estados de Alagoas (157,74 óbitos) e Pernambuco (109,58 óbitos). Em todos os estados, observou-se aumento da mortalidade até a terceira década de vida, com redução progressiva para as demais faixas etárias. Verificou-se tendência ascendente para todos os estados da Região Nordeste, Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo; nos demais estados, houve descendência das taxas. Em todos os estados, observou-se aumento do risco de óbito nas gerações mais jovens, com exceção do Estado de São Paulo que mostrou perfil inverso. Os achados do presente estudo podem correlacionar-se com o processo de descontinuidade de coorte, no qual integrantes de coortes largas encontram menor oportunidade de acesso a emprego, renda e educação, aumentando o risco de envolvimento com a criminalidade e morte por homicídios.

The objective was to assess the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on the time trend in mortality from homicides in men in the states of the Northeast and Southeast regions of Brazil from 1980 to 2014. This was an ecological time trend study. PCA models were estimated using estimable functions in inference of the parameters. Mortality and population data were obtained from the Brazilian Health Informatics Department. State-by-state mortality rates from homicide were standardized by the direct method, with the world population as the standard, as proposed by the World Health Organization. The Northeast region recorded 317,711 deaths from homicides and the Southeast 544,640 deaths, corresponding, respectively, corresponding to mean standardized rates of 58.68 and 64.68 deaths per 100,000 men. The highest mean standardized mortality rates were observed in the states of Alagoas (157.74 deaths) and Pernambuco (109.58 deaths). All the states showed an increase in mortality up to the third decade of life, with a progressive reduction in the other age brackets. There was an upward trend in all the states of the Northeast and in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo in the Southeast, while in the other states there was a downward trend. All the states showed an increase in the risk of death in the younger age brackets, except for the state of São Paulo, which showed the inverse profile. The current study's findings may correlate with the process of discontinuity in the cohort, in which members of wide cohorts found less opportunity for access to employment, income, and education, thus increasing the risk of involvement in crime and death from homicide.

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de la edad, período y cohorte de nacimiento, en la evolución temporal de la mortalidad por homicidios en hombres, en los estados de las regiones Nordeste y Sudeste, Brasil, entre el período de 1980 a 2014. Se realizó un estudio ecológico de tendencia temporal. Los modelos APC se estimaron usando funciones estimables en la inferencia de los parámetros. Los datos de mortalidad y los datos poblacionales se obtuvieron mediante el Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud. Las tasas de mortalidad por homicidio, según los diferentes estados, se estandarizaron mediante método directo, considerando como población patrón la mundial, propuesta por la Organización Mundial de la Salud. La Región Nordeste presentó 317.711 óbitos por homicidios y el Sudeste 544.640 óbitos, correspondiendo a una tasa media estandarizada por 100.000 hombres de 58,68 óbitos y 64,68 óbitos, respectivamente. Las mayores tasas de mortalidad medias estandarizadas se observaron en los estados de Alagoas (157,74 óbitos) y Pernambuco (109,58 óbitos). En todos los estados se observó un aumento de la mortalidad hasta la tercera década de vida, con una reducción progresiva para las demás franjas etarias. Se verificó una tendencia ascendente para todos los estados de la Región Nordeste, Minas Gerais y Espírito Santo, en los demás estados hubo un descenso de las tasas. En todos los estados, se observó un aumento del riesgo de óbito en las generaciones más jóvenes, con excepción del Estado de São Paulo, que mostró un perfil inverso. Los hallazgos del presente estudio pueden correlacionarse con el proceso de discontinuidad de cohorte, en donde integrantes de cohortes más grandes encuentran una menor oportunidad de acceso al empleo, renta y educación, así como un aumento el riesgo de implicación en la criminalidad y muerte por homicidios.

Absence of Adolescent Obesity in Grenada: Is This a Generational Effect?

Background: Low- and middle-income countries are affected disproportionately by the ongoing global obesity pandemic. Representing a middle income country, the high prevalence of obesity among Grenadian adults as compared to US adults is expected as part of global obesity trends. The objective of this study was to determine if Grenadian adolescents have a higher prevalence of overweight compared to their US counterparts, and if a disparity exists between urban and rural adolescents. Methods: Using a subcohort of participants in the Grenadian Nutrition Student Survey, diet quality and anthropometric measures were collected from 55% of the classrooms of first year secondary students in Grenada (n = 639). Rural or urban designations were given to each school. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated and categorized as overweight or obese for each student following CDC classification cutoffs. A standardized BMI (BMIz) was calculated for each school. Sex-specific BMI and overall BMIz were compared to a 1980s US cohort. Multilevel models, overall and stratified by sex, of students nested within schools were conducted to determine if BMIz differed by rural or urban locality, gender, and diet quality. Results: The mean age of this cohort was 12.7 (SD = 0.8) years with 83.8% of the cohort identifying as Afro-Caribbean. Females had nearly twice the prevalence of overweight when compared to males (22.7 vs. 12.2%) but a similar prevalence of obesity (8.2 vs. 6.8%). Grenadian adolescents had lower prevalence of overweight (females: 22.7 vs. 44.7%; males: 12.2 vs. 38.8%, respectively) as compared to US counterparts. Eating a traditional diet was negatively associated with BMIz score among females ( ß^ = -0.395; SE = 0.123) in a stratified, multilevel analysis. BMIz scores did not differ significantly by rural or urban school designation. Conclusions: Among Grenadian adolescents, this study identified a lower overweight prevalence compared to US counterparts and no difference in overweight prevalence by urban or rural location. We hypothesize that the late introduction of processed foods to Grenada protected this cohort from obesogenic promoters due to a lack of fetal overnutrition. However, further research in subsequent birth cohorts is needed to determine if adolescent obesity will increase due to a generational effect.

Mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil e suas regiões geográficas: análise do efeito da idade-período-coorte / Mortality due to acute myocardial infarction in Brazil and its geographical regions: analyzing the effect of age-period-cohort

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar o efeito da idade-período e coorte (APC) de nascimento na mortalidade por infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil e regiões geográficas, segundo sexo, no período de 1980 a 2009. Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade e foram corrigidos e ajustados, por meio da redistribuição proporcional dos registros com sexo e idade ignorados, causas mal definidas, e também se realizou a correção do sub-registro de morte. O APC foi calculado pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson, utilizando funções estimáveis. A análise APC nos dois sexos e em todas as regiões do país evidenciou progressiva redução no risco de morte nas coortes de nascimento a partir da década de 1940, exceto na região nordeste. Nessa região, verificou-se aumento progressivo do risco de morte a partir da década de 1940 para ambos os sexos, até a década de 1950 para os homens e a década de 1960 para as mulheres. Concluiu-se que as diferenças observadas no risco de morte nas regiões brasileiras é fruto das desigualdades socioeconômicas e de acesso aos serviços de saúde existente no território brasileiro, favorecendo a mortalidade precoce por essa causa sobretudo em localidades mais pobres.

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of age-period and cohort (APC) of birth on mortality for acute myocardial infarction in Brazil and its geographic regions, according to sex in the period from 1980 to 2009. The data was extracted from the Mortality Information System and was corrected and adjusted by means of proportional redistribution of records with sex and age ignored, ill-defined causes, and corrections were made based on the death sub-register. The APC was calculated using the Poisson regression model with estimable functions. The APC analysis on both sexes and in all regions of the country showed gradual reductions in the risk of death in birth cohorts from the decade of the 1940s, except in the Northeast. In this region, there have been progressive increases in the risk of death from the late 1940s for both sexes. This was up until the 1950s for men and the 1960s for women. It was concluded that the observed differences in the risk of death in Brazilian regions is the result of socio-economic inequalities and poor access to health services within the Brazilian territory, favoring early mortality for this cause especially in poorer areas.

Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Hispanics living in Puerto Rico: A population-based study.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori is an important etiologic factor for peptic ulcers and gastric cancer, one of the top ten leading causes of cancer death in Puerto Rico. However, the prevalence of H. pylori infections in this population was previously unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the seroprevalence of H. pylori and its associated risk factors in Puerto Rico. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was designed using an existing population-based biorepository. Seropositivity was determined using the Premier™ H. pylori immunoassay. Helicobacter pylori seroprevalence was estimated with 95% confidence using marginal standardization following logistic regression. To assess the risk factors associated with H. pylori seropositivity, a multivariable log-binomial model was fitted to estimate the prevalence ratio (PR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: A total of 528 population-based serum samples were analyzed. The mean age of the study population was 41 ± 12 years, of whom 55.3% were females. The overall seroprevalence of H. pylori was 33.0% (95% CI = 28.3%-38.1%). Increasing age and having <12 years of education were significantly (P < .05) associated with H. pylori seropositivity in the multivariable model; however, residing in counties with low population density reached marginal significance (P = .085). CONCLUSIONS: We report that H. pylori infection is common among Hispanics living in Puerto Rico. The H. pylori seroprevalence observed in Puerto Rico is similar to the seroprevalence reported in the overall population of the United States. The association between H. pylori seroprevalence and the risk factors analyzed offers insight into the epidemiology of gastric cancer in Puerto Rico and warrants further investigation.

Análise do efeito idade-período-coorte na mortalidade por câncer colorretal no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, no período 1980 a 2014 / Analysis of the age-period-cohort effect on mortality from colorectal cancer in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, from 1980 to 2014 / Análisis del efecto edad-período-cohorte en la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal en el Estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, durante el período 1980 a 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a contribuição do efeito da idade, do período e da coorte de nascimento na mortalidade por câncer colorretal. Foram analisados dados de óbitos pela neoplasia entre indivíduos com mais de 35 anos de idade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre 1980 e 2014. As taxas de mortalidade foram calculadas por gênero e faixa etária. O efeito da idade, período e coorte de nascimento foi estimado pelo método que utiliza funções estimáveis: desvios, curvaturas e drift, na biblioteca Epi do software R. As taxas de mortalidade por câncer colorretal padronizadas foram 27,37/100 mil homens e 21,83/100 mil mulheres em 2014. Verificou-se aumento da mortalidade pela neoplasia entre 1980 e 2014, sendo as taxas de mortalidade entre homens superiores às das mulheres após a década de 1990. O efeito idade foi observado com o aumento das taxas e o envelhecimento. A análise das gerações mostrou o menor risco de óbito nas coortes mais antigas comparadas às mais recentes coortes, o que pode estar ligado à adoção do estilo de vida ocidental. Tal cenário aponta a relevância da implantação de estratégias de rastreamento visando ao diagnóstico e ao tratamento precoce de lesões precursoras da doença.

The aim of this study was to estimate the contribution of the effect of age, period, and birth cohort on mortality from colorectal cancer. The study analyzed data on deaths from this cancer in individuals over 35 years of age in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) from 1980 to 2014. Mortality rates were calculated by gender and age bracket. The effect of age, period, and birth cohort was estimated by the method that uses estimable functions: deviations, curves, and drift in the Epi library of the R software. Standardized mortality rates from colorectal cancer were 27.37/100,000 men and 21.83/100,000 women in 2014. The data showed an increase in mortality from this cancer from 1980 to 2014, and mortality rates were higher in men than in women after the 1990s. Age effect was observed with an increase in the rates and aging. Generational analysis showed lower risk of death in older versus younger cohorts, possibly related to the adoption of the Western lifestyle. This scenario underscores the need for screening strategies aimed at early diagnosis and treatment of precursor lesions.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la contribución del efecto de la edad, del período y de la cohorte de nacimiento en la mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal. Se analizaron datos de óbitos por la neoplasia entre individuos con más de 35 años de edad del estado de Río de Janeiro, Brasil, extraídos del Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad (SIM) entre 1980 y 2014. Las tasas de mortalidad fueron calculadas por género y franja de edad. El efecto de la edad, período y cohorte de nacimiento fue estimada por el método que utiliza funciones estimables: desvíos, curvaturas y drift, en la biblioteca Epi del software R. Las tasas de mortalidad por cáncer colorrectal estandarizadas fueron 27,37/100 mil hombres y 21,83/100 mil mujeres en 2014. Se verificó un aumento de la mortalidad por la neoplasia entre 1980 y 2014, siendo las tasas de mortalidad entre hombres superiores a las de las mujeres tras la década de 1990. El efecto edad se observó con el aumento de las tasas y el envejecimiento. El análisis de las generaciones mostró un menor riesgo de óbito en las cohortes más antiguas, comparadas con las cohortes más recientes, lo que puede estar vinculado a la adopción del estilo de vida occidental. Tal escenario apunta la relevancia de la implantación de estrategias de monitoreo con el objetivo del diagnóstico y el tratamiento precoz de lesiones precursoras de la enfermedad.