Concerns About Inequality in Health, Education and Income Jointly Predict Collective Actions

Introduction: Income inequality is often tolerated and justified, but when it brings about disparities in other domains of life (e.g., health or education), it may be seen with different eyes. In this research, we aimed to explore concerns regarding economic inequality in health, education, and income, and its relationship to supporting collective actions to reduce inequality. Method: We used survey data (N = 20,204, 18 countries) from the Latinobarometer 2020. We conducted descriptive analyses, latent class analyses, and analyses of multilevel linear regression to test our hypothesis. Results: We found that people were more concerned about health access and education opportunities than income inequality. We also identified two classes of people: one class concerned about education and health and the other unconcerned about inequality in any domain. In addition, results showed that all concerns and class membership predicted greater support of collective actions to reduce inequality. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest that concerns about education and health disparities may serve to increase awareness of overall inequality and mobilise the public.

Introducción: La desigualdad de ingresos a menudo se tolera y justifica, pero cuando esta conlleva desigualdades en otros ámbitos de la vida (e.g., salud o educación), puede que se vea con ojos diferentes. En este artículo tratamos de explorar la preocupación por la desigualdad económica en salud, educación e ingresos, así como su relación con el apoyo a acciones colectivas para reducir la desigualdad. Método: Usamos datos secundarios (N = 20 204, 18 países) del Latinobarómetro 2020. Llevamos a cabo análisis descriptivos, análisis de clases latentes y análisis de regresión multinivel. Resultados: Encontramos que la gente estaba más preocupada por el acceso a la salud y las oportunidades en educación que por la desigualdad en el ingreso. También identificamos dos perfiles de personas: unas preocupadas por la educación y la salud, y otras poco preocupadas por la desigualdad en ninguno de los ámbitos. Además, los resultados mostraron que todas las preocupaciones y los distintos perfiles predecían un mayor apoyo a las acciones colectivas para reducir la desigualdad. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos preliminares sugieren que la preocupación por las desigualdades en salud y educación podrían servir para aumentar la conciencia sobre la desigualdad general y movilizar al público.

Intensification or diversification: responses by anti health-pass entrepreneurs to French government announcements.

We study the extent to which French entrepreneurs mobilized in an online collective action against the generalization of the health-pass policy in summer 2021. We document the dynamics of registrations on the website Animap.fr where entrepreneurs could claim they would not check the health-pass of their clients. We first note an over-representation of complementary and alternative medicine practitioners among the mobilized people. We also suggest that professionals related to the touristic industry mobilized on the website. Second, we show that the government announcements led to an increase in the mobilization. However, they did not affect the diversity of the entrepreneurs joining the action. This lack of diversity may have restricted the pool of potential participants as well as limited the identification of the "public opinion" to the mobilization.

Identidade(s) em movimento: ações coletivas e multiplicidade nas trajetórias juvenis / Identity(s) in movement: collective actions and multiplicity in youth / Identidad(es) en movimiento: acciones colectivas y multiplicidad en trayectorias jóvenes

Este texto trata de um ensaio teórico que busca discutir questões relativas ao conceito de identidade ou identidade(s), na perspectiva de alguns autores da Sociologia e da Psicologia Social Crítica, direcionando às ações coletivas e trajetórias juvenis. As elaborações sobre identidade têm como contribuição principal essencial a obra de Alberto Melucci (2006), compondo um esquadrinhamento teórico referencial no estudo realizado. Ao refletirmos sobre a identidade em movimento e a multiplicidade nas trajetórias juvenis percebemos por meio da literatura especializada e analisada que não podemos negar os contextos múltiplos que lançam mão os jovens para tomar as suas decisões e estratégias escolares e laborais. As trajetórias juvenis se apresentam oscilantes, não-lineares, caracterizadas por rupturas, uma série de transformações e rearranjos vividos, assim como a própria constituição das identidades(s). Os jovens vivem situações de experimentação em suas trajetórias pessoais e profissionais num movimento que se apresenta circulante, fluído e incerto.

This text is a theoretical essay that aims to discuss issues related to the concept of identity or identity( ies), from the perspective of some authors of Sociology and Critical Social Psychology, directing to collective actions and youth trajectories. The elaborations on identity have as their main essential contribution the work of Alberto Melucci (2006), composing a theoretical scrutiny of reference in the study carried out. When we reflect on identity in motion and the multiplicity of youth trajectories, we realize through the specialized and analyzed literature that we cannot deny the multiple contexts that young people use to make their school and work decisions and strategies. Youth trajectories are oscillating, non-linear, characterized by ruptures, a series of lived transformations and rearrangements, as well as the very constitution of identity(ies). Young people experience situations of experimentation in their personal and professional trajectories in a movement that is circulating, fluid and uncertain.

Este texto es un ensayo teórico que busca discutir cuestiones relacionadas con el concepto de identidad o identidad(es), desde la perspectiva de algunos autores de la Sociología y la Psicología Social Crítica, dirigiéndose a acciones colectivas y trayectorias juveniles. Las elaboraciones sobre identidad tienen como principal aporte esencial el trabajo de Alberto Melucci (2006), componiendo un escrutinio teórico de referencia en el estudio realizado. Cuando reflexionamos sobre la identidad en movimiento y la multiplicidad de trayectorias juveniles, percibimos a través de la literatura especializada y analizada que no podemos negar los múltiples contextos que utilizan los jóvenes para tomar sus decisiones y estrategias escolares y laborales. Las trayectorias juveniles son oscilantes, no lineales, caracterizadas por rupturas, una serie de transformaciones y reordenamientos vividos, así como la constitución misma de (s) identidad(es). Los jóvenes viven situaciones de experimentación en sus trayectorias personales y profesionales en un movimiento circulante, fluido e incierto.

Fighting inequalities in times of pandemic: The role of politicized identities and interdependent self-construal in coping with economic threat.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, institutions encouraged social isolation and non-interaction with other people to prevent contagion. Still, the response to an impending economic crisis must be through the collective organization. In this set of pre-registered studies, we analyse two possible mechanisms of coping with collective economic threats: shared social identity and interdependent self-construction. We conducted three correlational studies during the pandemic in May-October 2020 (Study 1, N = 363; Study 2, N = 250; Study 3, N = 416). Results show that shared identity at two levels of politicization (i.e., working-class and 99% identities) and interdependent self-construal mediated the relationship between collective economic threat, intolerance towards economic inequality and collective actions to reduce it. The results highlight that the collective economic threat can reinforce the sense of community-either through the activation of a politicized collective identity, such as the working class or the 99% or through the activation of an interdependent self-which in turn can trigger greater involvement in the fight against economic inequality. Please refer to the Supplementary Material section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

Agent-based modeling and life cycle dynamics of COVID-19-related online collective actions.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has greatly threatened global public health and produced social problems, which includes relative online collective actions. Based on the life cycle law, focusing on the life cycle process of COVID-19 online collective actions, we carried out both macro-level analysis (big data mining) and micro-level behaviors (Agent-Based Modeling) on pandemic-related online collective actions. We collected 138 related online events with macro-level big data characteristics, and used Agent-Based Modeling to capture micro-level individual behaviors of netizens. We set two kinds of movable agents, Hots (events) and Netizens (individuals), which behave smartly and autonomously. Based on multiple simulations and parametric traversal, we obtained the optimal parameter solution. Under the optimal solutions, we repeated simulations by ten times, and took the mean values as robust outcomes. Simulation outcomes well match the real big data of life cycle trends, and validity and robustness can be achieved. According to multiple criteria (spans, peaks, ratios, and distributions), the fitness between simulations and real big data has been substantially supported. Therefore, our Agent-Based Modeling well grasps the micro-level mechanisms of real-world individuals (netizens), based on which we can predict individual behaviors of netizens and big data trends of specific online events. Based on our model, it is feasible to model, calculate, and even predict evolutionary dynamics and life cycles trends of online collective actions. It facilitates public administrations and social governance.

Um mosaico de experiências e narrativas sobre práticas coletivas na terapia ocupacional: considerações metodológicas / A mosaic of experiences and narratives about collective practices in occupational therapy: methodological considerations

Resumo Na última década, estudos em terapia ocupacional têm enfatizado aspectos da construção coletiva em pesquisas narrativas que refletem sobre os preceitos éticos essenciais à anonimidade de participantes, ao mesmo tempo em que garantem o seu protagonismo. Este artigo discute um percurso metodológico pouco usado, qual seja, a narrativa construída por meio da colaboração não anônima entre participantes e pesquisadores, buscando identificar os desafios e as potencialidades da elaboração compartilhada. Para tanto, o artigo apresenta: 1. descrição das concepções do estudo e suas características gerais, notadamente os referenciais teóricos e metodológicos que sustentam a construção reflexiva, dialógica e coletiva das histórias; 2. potencialidades e dificuldades da abordagem participativa na construção de conhecimento em terapia ocupacional. Um dos pontos centrais da metodologia adotada, a revelação das identidades das participantes, que enfatiza a escrita das histórias em primeira pessoa, ainda não está consolidado nos desenhos atuais de estudos participativos realizados com terapeutas ocupacionais e pode ser considerado uma ação inovadora para o campo da terapia ocupacional. São apresentados os requerimentos da formação técnica, como as habilidades de comunicação e pactuação política, bem como os desdobramentos éticos e epistemológicos da experiência das profissionais. Ademais, cabe registrar que, ao narrar em primeira pessoa, sem pseudônimos, a trajetória das profissionais, enfrentamos diversos desafios, como a linha tênue entre vida pessoal e vida profissional, e também os compromissos sociais e consequências políticas das ações das participantes, além da exposição involuntária de terceiros, que não necessariamente autorizariam que suas ações fossem tornadas públicas.

Abstract In the last decade, studies in occupational therapy have emphasized aspects of collective construction in narrative research that reflect on the ethical precepts essential to the anonymity of participants, while guaranteeing their protagonism. This article discusses a methodological approach that is little used, namely, the narrative constructed through non-anonymous collaboration between participants and researchers, seeking to identify the challenges and potential of shared elaboration. Therefore, the article presents: 1. description of the study's conceptions and its general characteristics, notably the theoretical and methodological references that support the reflexive, dialogic and collective construction of the stories; 2. potentialities and difficulties of the participatory approach in the construction of knowledge in occupational therapy. One of the central points of the adopted methodology, the revelation of the participants' identities, which emphasizes the writing of stories in the first person, is not yet consolidated in the current designs of participatory studies carried out with occupational therapists and can be considered an innovative action for the field of occupational therapy. Technical training requirements are presented, such as communication skills and political agreement, as well as the ethical and epistemological consequences of the professionals' experience. Furthermore, it is worth mentioning that, when narrating in the first person, without pseudonyms, the trajectory of the professionals, we face several challenges, such as the fine line between personal and professional life, as well as the social commitments and political consequences of the participants' actions, in addition to the involuntary exposure of third parties, who would not necessarily authorize their actions to be made public.

Big data-drive agent-based modeling of online polarized opinions.

Under the mobile internet and big data era, more and more people are discussing and interacting online with each other. The forming process and evolutionary dynamics of public opinions online have been heavily investigated. Using agent-based modeling, we expand the Ising model to explore how individuals behave and the evolutionary mechanism of the life cycles. The big data platform of Douban.com is selected as the data source, and the online case "NeiYuanWaiFang" is applied as the real target, for our modeling and simulations to match. We run 10,000 simulations to find possible optimal solutions, and we run 10,000 times again to check the robustness and adaptability. The optimal solution simulations can reflect the whole life cycle process. In terms of different levels and indicators, the fitting or matching degrees achieve the highest levels. At the micro-level, the distributions of individual behaviors under real case and simulations are similar to each other, and they all follow normal distributions; at the middle-level, both discrete and continuous distributions of supportive and oppositive online comments are matched between real case and simulations; at the macro-level, the life cycle process (outbreak, rising, peak, and vanish) and durations can be well matched. Therefore, our model has properly seized the core mechanism of individual behaviors, and precisely simulated the evolutionary dynamics of online cases in reality.

The intergenerational transmission of participation in collective action: The role of conversation and political practices in the family.

In this study, we examined the intergenerational transmission of collective action from parents to children. Using a mixed-method approach combining quantitative and qualitative analysis, we analysed data from 100 dyads of activist parents in Chile (involved in the mobilizations against the dictatorship during the 1980s) and their adult children (N = 200). The quantitative analysis addressed the role of conversations about politics in the family. The results provided evidence of a direct association between those conversations and the frequency of participation in conventional and radical actions by the children, and an indirect association via children's knowledge about parental involvement in past social movements. The qualitative phase, which used interviews and thematic analysis on a subsample of 24 dyads (N = 48), confirmed the role of political conversations, but also revealed the influence of other factors such as cultural consumption and joint political participation. This phase allowed the identification of factors that facilitate or hinder family transmission. Overall, the study highlights the relevance of family as a critical site of socialization that enables the intergenerational transmission of protest.

Inequalities and identity processes in crises: Recommendations for facilitating safe response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Structural inequalities and identity processes are pivotal to understanding public response to COVID-19. We discuss how identity processes can be used to promote community-level support, safe normative behaviour, and increase compliance with guidance. However, we caution how government failure to account for structural inequalities can alienate vulnerable groups, inhibit groups from being able to follow guidance, and lead to the creation of new groups in response to illegitimate treatment. Moreover, we look ahead to the longitudinal impacts of inequalities during pandemics and advise government bodies should address identity-based inequalities to mitigate negative relations with the public and subsequent collective protest.

Feminist or Paternalistic: Understanding Men's Motivations to Confront Sexism.

The role of men in fighting gender inequality is a controversial issue. Literature has shown that advantaged group members can promote social change but also perpetuate status quo. We conducted three studies to examine two motivational processes that may lead men to confront sexism: an egalitarian path and a paternalistic one. Studies 1-3 revealed that men high in benevolent sexism were more willing to confront sexism for paternalistic reasons, whereas Studies 2-3 found that men high in feminist identification were more likely to confront sexism for egalitarian reasons. Pooled analyses (Studies 1-3) supported the egalitarian and paternalistic paths underlying sexism confrontation. Moreover, Studies 2 and 3 extended these findings to collective action and engagement in the men's activist movement that aims to reflect on male privilege (i.e., the Men for Equity movement). These results highlight the existence of various underlying motivations to confront sexism by men, as well as the limits of paternalism and the potential of feminism to motivate men to take part in other kinds of actions beyond confrontation to foster social change.

Análise sobre ações coletivas: contribuições e limites teóricos na produção científica da psicologia social brasileira / Analysis about collective actions: theoretical contributions and limits in scientific production of brazilian social psychology / Analisis sobre acciones colectivas: aportaciones y limitaciones de las teorias na producción científica en psicología social brasileña

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o modo como pesquisadoras/es do campo da psicologia social têm analisado o tema da ação coletiva a partir das perspectivas teóricas que utilizam. Esta discussão permite-nos localizar as teorias que estão fundamentando investigações contemporâneas sobre movimentos sociais no contexto brasileiro e refletir sobre suas limitações e contribuições para a democratização da sociedade. Esse trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa mais ampla, na qual construímos um mapeamento de pesquisadoras/es brasileiras/os que se identificam com a psicologia social e caracterizamos os artigos sobre temas políticos publicados por elas/es. Discutimos treze artigos categorizados na categoria temática ação coletiva, publicados a partir de 2003, escritos em português, produzidos por oito pesquisadoras/es presentes no mapeamento. Estes artigos tratam sobre obstáculos, possibilidades e repercussões da participação em diferentes movimentos sociais, utilizando teorias distintas. A partir da leitura dos artigos, construímos duas categorias analíticas que se referem a conceitos centrais utilizados nos estudos – gênero e identidade –, as quais orientam a discussão sobre contribuições e limitações das perspectivas teóricas para a compreensão do processo de democratização social. Todos os artigos compartilham a crítica à dicotomia entre indivíduo e sociedade, a concepção do político como não reduzido à esfera institucional e a articulação entre a produção do conhecimento e o enfrentamento a relações de dominação. Espera-se que este artigo contribua para a reflexão de estudantes e pesquisadoras/es sobre modos de análise das ações coletivas na psicologia social brasileira.

The aim of this article is to discuss the way that researchers from the social psychology field and/or political psychology have analysis the subject of collective action from the theoretical perspective that they use. This discuss able us to localize the theories that are grounding contemporary investigations about social movements in Brazilian context and to reflect about their limits and contributions to society democratization. This work result of a broader research, in which we constructed a mapping of Brazilian researchers who identify with social psychology, and we characterized articles about political themes published by them. We discuss thirteen articles that we categorize in the category collective action, that were publish from 2003, were write in Portuguese, made by eight researchers presents in the mapping. These articles treat about obstacles, possibilities and repercussions of participation in different social movements, using distinct theories. From reading the articles, we constructed two analytical categories that are refer to main concepts used in analyses – gender and identity –, which guide the discussion about contributions and limitations of theoretical perspectives for the understanding of process of social democratization. All articles share the critique of the dichotomy between individual and society, the conception of politics as not reduced to the institutional sphere and the articulation between the production of knowledge and the confrontation of relations of domination. It is expect that this article contribute to the reflexion of students and researchers about the analysis modes of the collective actions in Brazilian social psychology.

Este artículo objetiva discutir el modo como los investigadores del campo de la psicología social analizan el tema de la acción colectiva a partir de las teorías utilizadas. Esta discusión permite ubicar las teorías utilizadas en el contexto brasileño en las investigaciones sobre movimientos sociales, además de permitir la reflexión sobre sus limitaciones y las contribuciones para el proceso de construcción democrática de la sociedad. Este trabajo es un recorte de una investigación mayor en la cual mapeamos investigadores brasileños que se identifican con la psicología social y caracterizamos los artículos publicados por ellos sobre temas políticos. Analizamos los artículos de la categoría acción colectiva publicados desde 2003 en la lengua portuguesa. Fueran analizados trece artículos producidos por ocho investigadores elegidos en la investigacion mayor. Los trabajos tienen como tema los obstáculos, posibilidades y repercusiones de la participación en movimientos sociales, analizados utilizando teorías distintas. Construimos dos categorías de análisis referentes a los conceptos utilizados, son ellas: género e identidad. A partir de ellas debatimos las contribuciones y limitaciones de las teorías para el proceso de construcción democrática de la sociedad. Todos los artículos critican la dicotomía entre individuo y sociedad, la concepción de político además del ámbito institucional y la articulación entre producción de conocimiento y enfrentamiento de relaciones de dominación. Creemos que este artículo contribuye para la reflexión de estudiantes e investigadores sobre los modos de análisis del tema de la acción colectiva en la psicología social brasileña.

Power, influence and structure in Natura 2000 governance networks. A comparative analysis of two protected areas in Romania.

Successful management of complex social-ecological landscapes overlapping Natura 2000 sites requires collaboration between various actors such as law enforcement agencies, NGOs and enterprises. Natura 2000 governance is stimulated by central actors (e.g., Natura 2000 administrators), with successes and failures of management activities depending on the capacity of the network leader to implement a collaborative approach to environmental governance. By using social network analysis, we analysed the cooperation, information flow and capacity for collective action within Natura 2000 governance networks within two Romanian protected areas: Lower Siret Floodplain and Iron Gates Natural Park. The two networks represent protected areas managed by different types of organisations (i.e., Lower Siret Floodplain - by an NGO, Iron Gates Natural Park - by a public entity). Taking into consideration that NGOs may favour an adaptive co-management, while the public bodies may take a top-down management approach, we hypothesize that Lower Siret Floodplain will have a more cohesive and collaborating network compared to Iron Gates Natural Park, and that there will be a greater representation of private and NGO sector in the network coordinated by Lower Siret Floodplain. Contrary to our expectations, the results show that collaboration patterns are similar in the two networks, although they are governed by two different types of institutions, both being less participative than expected, with low involvement of NGOs and private stakeholders. Furthermore, Lower Siret Floodplain network is surprisingly more centralized around a small number of public authorities, and the pre-existing power of public bodies likely inhibit the capacity of the NGO to collaborate with private stakeholders. We also found lower collaboration levels between actors in the network periphery with other organisations from the same cluster, denoting a clear top-down approach of the management in both networks. Our findings suggest that delegating the protected areas administration to NGOs, a solution to increase the use of co-management in protected areas, does not solve the poor representation of private stakeholders.

Análise sobre ações coletivas: contribuições e limites teóricos na produção científica da psicologia social brasileira / Analysis about collective actions: theoretical contributions and limits in scientific production of brazilian social psychology / Analisis sobre acciones colectivas: aportaciones y limitaciones de las teorias na producción científica en psicología social brasileña

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir o modo como pesquisadoras/es do campo da psicologia social têm analisado o tema da ação coletiva a partir das perspectivas teóricas que utilizam. Esta discussão permite-nos localizar as teorias que estão fundamentando investigações contemporâneas sobre movimentos sociais no contexto brasileiro e refletir sobre suas limitações e contribuições para a democratização da sociedade. Esse trabalho é fruto de uma pesquisa mais ampla, na qual construímos um mapeamento de pesquisadoras/es brasileiras/os que se identificam com a psicologia social e caracterizamos os artigos sobre temas políticos publicados por elas/es. Discutimos treze artigos categorizados na categoria temática ação coletiva, publicados a partir de 2003, escritos em português, produzidos por oito pesquisadoras/es presentes no mapeamento. Estes artigos tratam sobre obstáculos, possibilidades e repercussões da participação em diferentes movimentos sociais, utilizando teorias distintas. A partir da leitura dos artigos, construímos duas categorias analíticas que se referem a conceitos centrais utilizados nos estudos – gênero e identidade –, as quais orientam a discussão sobre contribuições e limitações das perspectivas teóricas para a compreensão do processo de democratização social. Todos os artigos compartilham a crítica à dicotomia entre indivíduo e sociedade, a concepção do político como não reduzido à esfera institucional e a articulação entre a produção do conhecimento e o enfrentamento a relações de dominação. Espera-se que este artigo contribua para a reflexão de estudantes e pesquisadoras/es sobre modos de análise das ações coletivas na psicologia social brasileira.(AU)

The aim of this article is to discuss the way that researchers from the social psychology field and/or political psychology have analysis the subject of collective action from the theoretical perspective that they use. This discuss able us to localize the theories that are grounding contemporary investigations about social movements in Brazilian context and to reflect about their limits and contributions to society democratization. This work result of a broader research, in which we constructed a mapping of Brazilian researchers who identify with social psychology, and we characterized articles about political themes published by them. We discuss thirteen articles that we categorize in the category collective action, that were publish from 2003, were write in Portuguese, made by eight researchers presents in the mapping. These articles treat about obstacles, possibilities and repercussions of participation in different social movements, using distinct theories. From reading the articles, we constructed two analytical categories that are refer to main concepts used in analyses – gender and identity –, which guide the discussion about contributions and limitations of theoretical perspectives for the understanding of process of social democratization. All articles share the critique of the dichotomy between individual and society, the conception of politics as not reduced to the institutional sphere and the articulation between the production of knowledge and the confrontation of relations of domination. It is expect that this article contribute to the reflexion of students and researchers about the analysis modes of the collective actions in Brazilian social psychology.(AU)

Este artículo objetiva discutir el modo como los investigadores del campo de la psicología social analizan el tema de la acción colectiva a partir de las teorías utilizadas. Esta discusión permite ubicar las teorías utilizadas en el contexto brasileño en las investigaciones sobre movimientos sociales, además de permitir la reflexión sobre sus limitaciones y las contribuciones para el proceso de construcción democrática de la sociedad. Este trabajo es un recorte de una investigación mayor en la cual mapeamos investigadores brasileños que se identifican con la psicología social y caracterizamos los artículos publicados por ellos sobre temas políticos. Analizamos los artículos de la categoría acción colectiva publicados desde 2003 en la lengua portuguesa. Fueran analizados trece artículos producidos por ocho investigadores elegidos en la investigacion mayor. Los trabajos tienen como tema los obstáculos, posibilidades y repercusiones de la participación en movimientos sociales, analizados utilizando teorías distintas. Construimos dos categorías de análisis referentes a los conceptos utilizados, son ellas: género e identidad. A partir de ellas debatimos las contribuciones y limitaciones de las teorías para el proceso de construcción democrática de la sociedad. Todos los artículos critican la dicotomía entre individuo y sociedad, la concepción de político además del ámbito institucional y la articulación entre producción de conocimiento y enfrentamiento de relaciones de dominación. Creemos que este artículo contribuye para la reflexión de estudiantes e investigadores sobre los modos de análisis del tema de la acción colectiva en la psicología social brasileña.(AU)

El papel de la identidad, la eficacia y las emociones positivas en las acciones colectivas de resistencia pacífica en contextos violentos / The role of identity, efficacy and positive emotions in collective actions of peaceful resistance in violent contexts

Resumen Este trabajo explora los motivos que conducen a la participación en acciones de resistencia pacífica bajo condiciones de violencia armada. Fundamentados en los marcos de acción colectiva, se analizó el papel que ejercen la identidad, el agravio, la ira, la esperanza, la satisfacción moral y la eficacia sobre la implicación en acciones de resistencia pacífica. Participaron 739 personas que viven en medio del conflicto armado colombiano, con diferentes niveles de implicación en los movimientos de resistencia pacífica. Análisis de correlaciones y de regresión muestran que todas las variables correlacionaron significativamente con el nivel de implicación en acciones de resistencia, a excepción de la ira, y que las mejores predictoras son la eficacia, la esperanza-satisfacción moral y la identidad. Mediante un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, se analizó el papel que ejercen las variables para motivar acciones de resistencia pacífica. Los resultados evidencian paths directos y significativos. El agravio es incorporado al modelo como una variable exógena que actúa sobre la identidad para potenciar su influencia motivadora de la participación. La identidad potencia el papel mediador de la esperanza-satisfacción moral y de la eficacia. Los hallazgos hacen un aporte novedoso a la teoría tradicional que explica el surgimiento de las acciones colectivas, pues incorporan emociones positivas y poco estudiadas en el contexto de la movilización, tal y como son la esperanza y la satisfacción moral.

Abstract This paper explores the motives leading to the participation in pacific resistance actions under the conditions of armed violence. Based within the framework of collective action, the roles of identity, grief, anger, hope-moral satisfaction, and efficacy were analyzed on their implications on the actions of pacific resistance. The participants were 739 people living in the middle of the Colombian armed conflict, with different levels of involvement in pacific resistance movements. Correlation and regression analysis shows that all variables are significantly correlated to the level of involvement in resistance actions, except for anger. The best predictors in a regression equation are efficacy, moral hope-satisfaction, and identity. We used a structural equation model to analyze the role of these variables in motivating non-violent resistance actions, and the results show direct and significant paths. Grief is incorporated in the model as an exogenous variable that acts on identity, in order to potentiate its important motivational influence for the participation in resistance actions. The identity potentiates the mediator role of moral satisfaction-hope and efficacy. These findings are a novel contribution to the traditional theory, which explains the emergence of collective actions, since it incorporates positive and less-studied emotions within the mobilization context, such as hope and moral satisfaction.

On TB Vaccines, Patients' Demands, and Modern Printed Media in Times of Biomedical Uncertainties: Buenos Aires, 1920-1950.

Reconstructing some of the experiences of people living with tuberculosis in Argentina in the first half of the twentieth century, as reflected not only in written and oral accounts but also in individual and collective actions, this article explores the ways in which patients came to grips with medical expertise in times of biomedical uncertainty. These negotiations, which inevitably included adaptations as well as confrontations, highlight a much less passive and submissive patient-physician relationship than is often assumed. Though patients were certainly subordinate to medical doctors' knowledge and practices, that subordination, far from absolute, was limited and often overthrown. The article focuses on patients' demands to gain access to a vaccine not approved by the medical establishment. By engaging with media organizations, the sick invoked their "right to health" in order to obtain access to experimental treatments when biomedicine was unable to deliver efficient therapies.

Tragedia de los recursos de uso común y ética ambiental individual responsable frente al calentamiento global / Tragédia dos recursos de uso comum e ética ambiental individual responsável frente ao aquecimento global / Tragedy of the common pool resources and environmental ethics individually liable to global warming

La tragedia de los recursos de uso común (sobreexplotación, contaminación) es una metáfora bien acuñada en la literatura. El aire es un recurso de uso común, sobre el que no existe propiedad privada. El problema del calentamiento global, derivado del exceso de gases de efecto invernadero (CO2, NO2, metano), generados por actividades humanas y el excesivo consumismo, y que se almacenan en la alta atmósfera causando cambios climáticos, es hoy una tragedia. Vivimos una nueva Era llamada del Antropoceno. Las soluciones monocéntricas globales a esta tragedia, de arriba hacia abajo -por ejemplo, Protocolo de Kyoto, de 1997- han fracasado. El artículo destaca la necesidad urgente de comenzar a usar soluciones estratégicas policéntricas -de abajo hacia arriba-, acciones individuales y colectivas, en conjunto con las globales, para enfrentar la tragedia. Ello debe basarse en la instalación masiva de una nueva ética ambiental responsable, basada, por ejemplo, en el principio ético de responsabilidad individual de Kutz. Para ello se necesita poner en acción una ciencia ambiental posmoderna, creíble, con una democratización del conocimiento, y alfabetizar a la sociedad en forma simple y directa sobre la información dura del cambio climático en todas sus dimensiones: negativas, positivas y de nuevas oportunidades. Los medios de comunicación social masivos pueden ser la clave para lograr este objetivo.

The tragedy of the commons (overexploitation, pollution) is a metaphor well anchored in the literature. The air is a common pool resource and private property does not exist. The global warming of the planet, caused by excess greenhouse gas emissions (CO2, NO2, methane), generated by human activities and consuming society, which are stored in the high atmosphere causing climatic changes, is today a tragedy. We live in a new Era, that of the Antrophocene. Monocentric solutions to this tragedy: topdown -for instance the Kyoto Protocol of 1997- have failed. The article highlights the urgent need to implement polycentric solutions to face the tragedy: bottomup, individual and collective actions in concurrence with topdown strategies. This needs to be based in the installation of a new environmental responsible ethic, for instance based in the individual responsible Kutz ethic principle. For this is needed to promote, as soon as possible, a postmodern environmental science, with credibility and a true democratization of knowledge. Moreover, there is a need for environmental alphabetization of our society based on hard knowledge about climatic changes and global warming, in all dimensions: negative, positive, new opportunities. The use of massive communication tools may be the key to achieve the goal.

A tragédia dos recursos de uso comum (superexploração, contaminação) é uma metáfora bem cunhada na literatura. O ar é um recurso de uso comum, sobre o qual não existe propriedade privada. O problema do aquecimento global derivado do excesso de gases de efeito estufa (CO2, NO2, metano), gerados por atividades humanas e o excessivo consumismo, que se armazenam na alta atmosfera causando mudanças climáticas, é hoje uma tragédia. Vivemos uma nova Era chamada de Antropoceno. As soluções monocêntricas globais a esta tragédia, de cima para baixo por exemplo, Protocolo de Kyoto de 1997 fracassaram. O artigo destaca a necessidade urgente de começar a usar soluções estratégicas policêntricas de baixo para cima , ações individuais e coletivas, em conjunto com as globais, para enfrentar a tragédia. Isso tem que basearse na instalação massiva de uma nova ética ambiental responsável por exemplo, baseada no princípio ético de responsabilidade individual de Kutz. Para isso se necessita por em acção uma ciência ambiental pósmoderna, crível, com uma democratização do conhecimento, e alfabetizar a sociedade de forma simples e direta sobre a informação dura da mudança climática em todas suas dimensões: negativas, positivas, novas oportunidades. Os meios de comunicação social massivos podem ser a chave para lograr este objetivo.