Association between malformation type, location and functional deficits in lymphatic malformations of the head and neck in children.

PURPOSE: Lymphatic malformations (LM) are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system, mainly located in the head and neck area. They can be staged based on location according to de Serres and based on different morbidity items using the Cologne Disease Score (CDS), a clinical staging system. In many cases, functional impairment greatly affects the life of patients suffering from lymphatic malformations. The present study aims to analyze a cohort of pediatric patients with LM. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 144 pediatric patients with head and neck LM was performed. Location, type of malformation (microcystic, macrocystic, mixed), scoring according to two different scoring systems and therapy were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis test was used to analyze the difference in CDS between the patient groups and Dunn's test was used for post-hoc pairwise comparison. RESULTS: The average age at presentation was 6.1 years. The most common sites were neck (47%), cheek/parotid gland (26%), tongue (17%) and orbit (8%). Macrocystic malformations dominated the lateral neck, while microcystic malformations were predominantly localized in the tongue and floor of mouth. Macrocystic malformations (mean CDS 9.44) were associated with significantly better CDS than microcystic (mean CDS 7.11) and mixed (mean CDS 5.71) malformations (p < 0.001). LM in stage V according to de Serres had the lowest values (mean CDS: 4.26). The most common therapeutic procedures were conventional surgical (partial) resection, laser therapy and sclerotherapy with OK-432. CONCLUSIONS: There is an association between malformation type, location according to de Serres and CDS in children with LM of the head and neck. Patients with microcystic and mixed malformations in stage V had lowest CDS levels.

Lactate Thresholds and the Simulation of Human Energy Metabolism: Contributions by the Cologne Sports Medicine Group in the 1970s and 1980s.

Today, researchers, practitioners, and physicians measure the concentration of lactate during a graded exercise test to determine thresholds related to the maximal lactate steady state (maxLass) as a sensitive measure of endurance capacity. In the 1970s and 1980s, a group of Cologne-based researchers around Wildor Hollmann, Alois Mader, and Hermann Heck developed the methodology for systematic lactate testing and introduced a 4 mmol.L-1 lactate threshold. Later, they also developed the concept of the maxLass, and Mader designed a sophisticated mathematical model of human energy metabolism during exercise. Mader`s model simulates metabolic responses to exercise based on individual variables such as maximum oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O2max) and the maximal rate of lactate formation (νLa.max). Mader's model predicts that the νLa.max reduces the power at the anaerobic threshold and endurance performance but that a high νLa.max is required for events with high power outputs in elite athletes. Mader's model also assumed before the millennium that the rate of fat oxidation is explained by the difference between glycolytic pyruvate synthesis and the actual rate of pyruvate oxidation which is consistent with current opinion. Mader's model also simulated the V ˙ O2max slow component in the mid-1980s. Unfortunately, several landmark studies by the Cologne group were only published in German, and as a result, contributions by the Cologne group are under-appreciated in the English-speaking world. This narrative review aims to introduce key contributions of the Cologne group to human metabolism research especially for readers who do not speak German.

[Spatio-temporal distribution of COVID-19 in Cologne and associated socio-economic factors in the period from February 2020 to October 2021]. / Die zeitlich-räumliche Verteilung von COVID-19 in Köln und beeinflussende soziale Faktoren im Zeitraum Februar 2020 bis Oktober 2021.

BACKGROUND AND GOALS: Even in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic, which took a very different course globally, there were indications that socio-economic factors influenced the dynamics of disease spread, which from the second phase (September 2020) onwards particularly affected people with a lower socio-economic status. Such effects can also be seen within a large city. The present study visualizes and examines the spatio-temporal spread of all COVID-19 cases reported in Cologne, Germany (February 2020-October 2021) at district level and their possible association with socio-economic factors. METHODS: Pseudonymized data of all COVID-19 cases reported in Cologne were geo-coded and their distribution was mapped in an age-standardized way at district level over four periods and compared with the distribution of social factors. The possible influence of the selected factors was also examined in a regression analysis in a model with case growth rates. RESULTS: The small-scale local infection process changed during the pandemic. Neighborhoods with weaker socio-economic indices showed higher incidence over a large part of the pandemic course, with a positive correlation between poverty risk factors and age-standardized incidence. The strength of this correlation changed over time. CONCLUSION: The timely observation and analysis of the local spread dynamics reveals the positive correlation of disadvantaging socio-economic factors on the incidence rate of COVID-19 at the level of a large city and can help steer local containment measures in a targeted manner.

Calculating earthquake damage building by building: the case of the city of Cologne, Germany.

The creation of building exposure models for seismic risk assessment is frequently challenging due to the lack of availability of detailed information on building structures. Different strategies have been developed in recent years to overcome this, including the use of census data, remote sensing imagery and volunteered graphic information (VGI). This paper presents the development of a building-by-building exposure model based exclusively on openly available datasets, including both VGI and census statistics, which are defined at different levels of spatial resolution and for different moments in time. The initial model stemming purely from building-level data is enriched with statistics aggregated at the neighbourhood and city level by means of a Monte Carlo simulation that enables the generation of full realisations of damage estimates when using the exposure model in the context of an earthquake scenario calculation. Though applicable to any other region of interest where analogous datasets are available, the workflow and approach followed are explained by focusing on the case of the German city of Cologne, for which a scenario earthquake is defined and the potential damage is calculated. The resulting exposure model and damage estimates are presented, and it is shown that the latter are broadly consistent with damage data from the 1978 Albstadt earthquake, notwithstanding the differences in the scenario. Through this real-world application we demonstrate the potential of VGI and open data to be used for exposure modelling for natural risk assessment, when combined with suitable knowledge on building fragility and accounting for the inherent uncertainties.

In-silico analysis of nonsynonymous genomic variants within CCM2 gene reaffirm the existence of dual cores within typical PTB domain.

PURPOSE: The objective of this study is to validate the existence of dual cores within the typical phosphotyrosine binding (PTB) domain and to identify potentially damaging and pathogenic nonsynonymous coding single nuclear polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the canonical PTB domain of the CCM2 gene that causes cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs). METHODS: The nsSNPs within the coding sequence for PTB domain of human CCM2 gene, retrieved from exclusive database searches, were analyzed for their functional and structural impact using a series of bioinformatic tools. The effects of mutations on the tertiary structure of the PTB domain in human CCM2 protein were predicted to examine the effect of nsSNPs on the tertiary structure of PTB Cores. RESULTS: Our mutation analysis, through alignment of protein structures between wildtype CCM2 and mutant, predicted that the structural impacts of pathogenic nsSNPs is biophysically limited to only the spatially adjacent substituted amino acid site with minimal structural influence on the adjacent core of the PTB domain, suggesting both cores are independently functional and essential for proper CCM2 PTB function. CONCLUSION: Utilizing a combination of protein conservation and structure-based analysis, we analyzed the structural effects of inherited pathogenic mutations within the CCM2 PTB domain. Our results predicted that the pathogenic amino acid substitutions lead to only subtle changes locally, confined to the surrounding tertiary structure of the PTB core within which it resides, while no structural disturbance to the neighboring PTB core was observed, reaffirming the presence of independently functional dual cores in the CCM2 typical PTB domain.

Determining infrastructure requirements for an air taxi service at Cologne Bonn Airport.

The worldwide increasing population density in major urban centres poses great challenges for transportation systems. Air taxi services could be a solution to this growing problem by bringing the existing transportation system to the three dimensional space. This paper analyzes the challenges and requirements of developing a vertiport intended for the use of air taxis at Cologne Bonn Airport. This research was conducted with the information available at the time of writing, for which a basis scenario is defined for the Cologne Bonn Airport where important aspects of an air taxi service are determined such as passenger demand and possible vehicles. The main aspects analysed were the requirements on the vertiport infrastructure and its location, as well as the requirements on passenger processing. For the defined basis scenario, results show that the preferential locations to develop a vertiport at Cologne Bonn Airport are the roof top levels of parking garages P2 and P3. Furthermore, it is shown that given the estimated passenger demand, a very high utilization factor of the defined infrastructure is to be expected. This paper provides a starting point for the development of an air taxi service at Cologne Bonn Airport. Further research is needed in key issues such as the financial aspects of an air taxi service, its integration into the current operating scenario of the Cologne Bonn Airport and the approval process for an air taxi service and the vertiport itself.

Genetic Risk in Families with Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Purpose: To determine the contribution of common and rare genetic risk variants in families with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design: Case-control study. Participants: A family cohort (355 affected and 342 unaffected family members from 144 families with AMD) and an unrelated case-control cohort (1078 patients, 952 controls), recruited from the European Genetic Database. Methods: Genetic data of both cohorts were filtered for carriership of rare genetic variants in the coding and splice-site regions of the complement factor H (CFH) and complement factor I (CFI) genes, and 52 AMD-associated variants were extracted for calculation of genetic risk scores (GRS). To compare GRSs between familial and nonfamilial rare CFH and CFI variant carriers and noncarriers and between AMD disease stages, we performed a 2-way analysis of variance, with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. Within families with AMD carrying rare CFH and CFI variants, we analyzed segregation patterns by calculating the proportion of affected among carriers. Main Outcome Measures: GRSs and segregation of rare CFH and CFI variants. Results: We observed higher GRSs in familial versus nonfamilial individuals without rare CFH and CFI variants: mean GRS, 1.76 (standard error [SE], 0.08) versus 0.83 (SE, 0.03; P < 0.001). In 51 of 144 families (35.4%), rare CFH and CFI variants were identified. Within the AMD family cohort, carriers of rare CFH and CFI variants showed lower GRSs compared with noncarriers (mean GRS, 1.05 [SE, 0.23] vs. 1.76 [SE, 0.08]; P = 0.02). The proportion of affected family members with a high GRS was 57.3% (176/307). Of the affected family members with a low or intermediate GRS, 40.0% carried rare CFH or CFI variants. Among carriers of 11 rare CFH or CFI variants, the proportion affected by AMD was more than 75%. Conclusions: Genetic risk in families with AMD often is attributed to high GRSs based on common variants. However, in part of the families with a low or intermediate GRS, rare CFH and CFI variants contributed to disease development. We recommend computing GRSs and sequencing the CFH and CFI genes in families with AMD, in particular in the light of ongoing gene-specific clinical trials.

Verum versus sham tDCS in the treatment of stroke-induced apraxia: study protocol of the randomized controlled trial RAdiCS -"Rehabilitating (stroke-induced) Apraxia with direct Current Stimulation".

INTRODUCTION: Stroke is the leading cause of acquired disability in western societies. (Motor) cognitive deficits like apraxia significantly contribute to disability after stroke, harming activities of daily living and rehabilitation outcome. To date, efficient therapeutic options for apraxia remain sparse. Thus, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are warranted. METHODS: Based on promising results of a pilot study, the on-going RAdiCS (Rehabilitating stroke-induced Apraxia with direct Current Stimulation) study is a randomized controlled trial, which follows a double-blinded (investigator and patient), two-arm parallel interventional model. It is designed to include 110 apraxic patients (as diagnosed by the Cologne Apraxia Screening, KAS) in the subacute phase after a left hemisphere (LH) stroke. The University of Cologne initiated the trial, which is conducted in two German Neurorehabilitation Centers.The study aims to evaluate the effect of anodal (versus sham) transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the left posterior parietal cortex (PPC) with an intensity of 2 mA for 10 min on five consecutive days on apraxic deficits. In addition to anodal or sham tDCS, all LH stroke patients undergo a motor (cognitive) training that is performed before and after the stimulation (off-line stimulation).The primary outcome measure is the (differential) change in the overall KAS score after five daily sessions of anodal versus sham tDCS when compared to the baseline assessment before tDCS. Secondary study outcomes include further apraxia scores, aphasia severity, and measures of motor performance and disability after stroke. All outcome measures are obtained in the post-stimulation assessment as well as during follow-up (3-4 months after tDCS). PERSPECTIVE: The RCT RAdiCS shall evaluate in a large number of LH stroke patients whether anodal tDCS (compared to sham tDCS) expedites the rehabilitation of apraxia - over and above additional motor (cognitive) training and standard care. A positive study outcome would provide a new strategy for the treatment of apraxia, which hopefully ameliorates the negative impact of apraxia on daily living and long-term outcome. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials Gov: NCT03185234, registered 14 June 2017 ; Deutsches Register für Klinische Studien: DRKS00012292, registered 01 June 2017. TRIAL STATUS: Participant enrollment began on 22 June 2017. The trial is expected to be completed on 30 June 2022.

Influência da adesão bacteriana em resina composta Bulk fill submetida a diferentes protocolos de acabamento e polimento: estudo in vitro / Influence of bacterial adhesion on Bulk fill composite resin submitted to different finishing and polishing protocols: in vitro study

Objetivo: avaliar a adesão bacteriana do Streptococcus mutans na superfície de uma resina composta do tipo incremento único submetida a diferentes protocolos de polimento. Materiais e métodos: foram realizadas 60 amostras nas quais foram divididas aleatoriamente em 6 grupos (n=10) de diferentes tratamentos de superfície. Cinco amostras de cada grupo foram separadas e submetidas ao estudo de adesão bacteriana, das quais duas foram analisadas pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Foram contabilizadas as unidades formadoras de colônias UFC/ml de modo manual e realizada a média e desvio padrão de cada grupo. De acordo com os resultados analisados através do teste de One Way ANOVA e comparações múltiplas de Tukey observou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Resultados: os valores de UFC/ mL variaram de 0 para o grupo American Burrs a 8,64 para o grupo Dhpro. Os grupos Jota e Dhpro não diferiram estatisticamente entre si (p=0,71), porém diferiram dos demais grupos avaliados (p=0,45). Os grupos American Burrs e o controle negativo não diferiram estatisticamente entre si (p>0.999) e diferiram dos demais grupos testados (p=0,20). O grupo de controle positivo diferiu estatisticamente dos outros grupos (p=0,02) assim como o grupo KG (p=0,01). Conclusão: Diante dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que, a superfície da resina Bulk Fill One submetida a diferentes protocolos de polimento e mesmo sem ter passado por nenhum tratamento de superfície é passível de adesão bacteriana seja por contagem manual ou microscopia eletrônica de varredura(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the bacterial adhesion of Streptococcus mutans on the surface of a single increment composite resin submitted to different polishing protocols. Materials and methods: 60 samples were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 10) of different surface treatments. Five samples from each group were separated and submitted to the bacterial adhesion study, two of which were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The UFC/ml colony forming units were accounted for manually and the mean and standard deviation of each group were performed. According to the results analyzed by the One Way ANOVA test and Tukey's multiple comparisons, a statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. Results: The values ranged from 0 for the American Burrs group to 8.64 for the Dhpro group. The Jota and Dhpro groups did not differ statistically (p = 0.71), but differed from the other groups evaluated (p = 0.45). The American Burrs and negative control groups did not differ statistically (p> 0.999) and differed from the other groups tested (p = 0.20). The positive control group differed statistically from the other groups (p = 0.02) as did the KG group (p = 0.01). Conclusion: It can be concluded that the surface of the Bulk Fill One resin submitted to different polishing protocols and even without any surface treatment is susceptible to bacterial adhesion either by manual counting or scanning electron microscopy(AU)

Ludwig Guttmann's Academic Relationship with Postwar Germany.

Sir Ludwig Guttmann's pioneering work in the treatment of spinal injury not only improved the care for patients with paraplegia up to now but revolutionized basic principles of neurorehabilitation. A wide selection of publications honors the personal and academic life of this singular German neurologist and neurosurgeon of Jewish descent. When the Nazis came into power, Guttmann was dismissed from his hospital workplace, humiliated, and later forced to leave Germany. Surprisingly, after the Second World War, the psychiatrist Friedrich Panse, who had been a member of the Nazi party, initiated Guttmann's academic rehabilitation up to his nomination as emeritus professor of Cologne University in 1964. The present article recounts the difficult academic restitution and poses the question why Guttmann sought to re-establish connections to Germany, a country that had expelled him so harshly some decades before.

The Cologne pouch procedure for continent anal urinary diversion in children with bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex.

INTRODUCTION: In children who remain incontinent after reconstruction of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC), continent anal urinary diversion (CAD) is one option to achieve continence. Known problems after CAD are an increased stool frequency and ureterointestinal stenosis. We devised a new surgical technique of CAD that we named the "Cologne pouch procedure" (CPP) that renders the possibility of separate evacuation of urine and feces. Furthermore, we connect the bladder plate to the rectosigmoid pouch instead of performing a ureterosigmoidostomy to reduce the rate of ureterointestinal stenosis. In this study, we want to introduce the CCP and critically evaluate our results. STUDY DESIGN: In CPP a detubularized sigmoid-bladder pouch is created, which is naturally connected to the rectum. A retrospective study was performed including all patients with BEEC and CPP treated in our hospital between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2016. Epidemiological and surgical key data, complications, and the need for alkaline supplementation were assessed. At follow-up examinations, we evaluated continence, ability of independent urine and feces evacuation, need for bicarbonate supplementation, status of the upper urinary tract, and complications such as urinary tract infections or urolithiasis. RESULTS: In total, 29 patients with BEEC and CPP were included. The mean age at surgery was 4.2 ± 3.3 years (range 0.1-12.7 years). Overall, 14 short-term complications occurred in nine patients. Postoperatively, all patients were continent for urine and feces during daytime and only one child occasionally lost small portions of urine at night. An independent evacuation of urine and feces was accomplished in 22 patients (81.5%). Continued bicarbonate supplementation was necessary in 15 patients (55.6%). During the follow-up period six patients (22.2%) had a single urinary tract infection and four patients (14.8%) calculi of the urinary tract. No urinary tract abnormalities-especially no vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) or stenosis-were detected during follow-up ultrasound examination. In two children, a preoperatively known hydronephrosis decreased after CPP. CONCLUSION: CPP is a novel technique that yields excellent results concerning continence. In contrast to other forms of rectosigmoid urinary diversion, functional separation of defecation and urination can be achieved in most patients.

Health care provision for refugees in Germany - one-year evaluation of an outpatient clinic in an urban emergency accommodation.

BACKGROUND: In 2015, Germany recorded the highest rates of refugees since the early 1990s. Access to medical care is a legally regulated fundamental element of aid for refugees. In practice, there are several hurdles such as language barriers and legal regulations. In response to the massively increased need, special outpatient services for refugees were started in several German cities. In Cologne, an outpatient clinic (OPD) was established in the largest emergency accommodation centre for refugees supported by the Cologne municipality and operated by the German Red Cross and physicians from the Association of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians. This study reports experiences of the first year of the OPD regarding structure, processes and utilization. METHODS: Employing mixed methods, between May and December 2015 cross sectional pseudonymized data from patients' contacts were collected, coded in the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC) and evaluated. Infrastructure, equipment, process organisation and function of the OPD were assessed during five participatory observations and triangulated with results of a self-administered questionnaire for staff and four qualitative interviews with key informants. RESULTS: During the observation period a total of 2205 persons (67% male) stayed in the emergency accommodation and 984 patient contacts (51% male) were registered, mainly by young persons from Western Balkan countries and Syria. Medical treatment was sought primarily for acute respiratory-, loco-motor-system- and skin symptoms followed by chronic physical diseases. Headache, back and neck pain and acute respiratory infection were the most frequent diagnoses. Questionnaires and interviews among staff revealed language barriers and psycho-trauma as the most frequently reported challenges. Equipment and staffing was adequate, but patient documentation was not systematic, leading to loss of information. CONCLUSION: To facilitate refugees' appropriate access to health care, the OPD was seen as functional for this refugee accommodation centre. Need was recognised for standardized, data protective documentation and a health passport for clients for medical information. Psychological support for refugees needs expansion taking legal circumstances and coverage of costs into consideration. To improve patient communication employees working with refugees should be offered an introduction to culturally sensitive understanding of health and illness.

Fragrances and work-related asthma-California surveillance data, 1993-2012.

OBJECTIVE: Fragrance chemicals are used in a large array of products. Workers may be exposed to these chemicals in the workplace directly when used as air fresheners, or indirectly in personal care products used by coworkers or others. This study characterizes work-related asthma (WRA) cases associated with fragrance exposures in California workplaces from 1993 through 2012. METHODS: We used the California Work-Related Asthma Prevention Program's surveillance database to identify individuals with physician-diagnosed WRA associated with the use of air fresheners and scented personal care products (perfumes, colognes, etc.). Cases were classified using previously published, standardized surveillance methods. RESULTS: Perfume was the ninth most common exposure identified from 1993 through 2012. A total of 270 WRA cases associated with fragrance exposure were reported during this period, representing 3.8% of all confirmed cases. These 270 cases included 242 associated with perfume or cologne, 32 associated with air freshener, and 4 associated with both. Similar to non-fragrance cases, nearly a quarter of fragrance-associated cases were classified as new-onset asthma. Fragrance-associated cases were significantly more likely to be in office, health, and education jobs than non-fragrance-associated cases. When compared to non-fragrance cases, fragrance cases were significantly more likely to be female (94% vs 62%) and be classified as having work-aggravated asthma (38% vs 20%), yet had similar outcomes compared with cases associated with other exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Our surveillance data show that fragrance use in the workplace is associated with WRA. Prevention methods include employee education, enforced fragrance-free policies, well-designed ventilation systems, and good building maintenance.

Impact of Glasgow Coma Scale score and pupil parameters on mortality rate and outcome in pediatric and adult severe traumatic brain injury: a retrospective, multicenter cohort study.

OBJECTIVE Prediction of death and functional outcome is essential for determining treatment strategies and allocation of resources for patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this study was to evaluate, by using pupillary status and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score, if patients with severe TBI who are ≤ 15 years old have a lower mortality rate and better outcome than adults with severe TBI. METHODS A retrospective cohort analysis of patients suffering from severe TBI registered in the Trauma Registry of the German Society for Trauma Surgery between 2002 and 2013 was undertaken. Severe TBI was defined as an Abbreviated Injury Scale of the head (AIShead) score of ≥ 3 and an AIS score for any other part of the body that does not exceed the AIShead score. Only patients with complete data (GCS score, age, and pupil parameters) were included. To assess the impact of GCS score and pupil parameters, the authors also used the recently introduced Eppendorf-Cologne Scale and divided the study population into 2 groups: children (0-15 years old) and adults (16-55 years old). Each patient's outcome was measured at discharge from the trauma center by using the Glasgow Outcome Scale. RESULTS A total of 9959 patients fulfilled the study inclusion criteria; 888 (8.9%) patients were ≤ 15 years old (median 10 years). The overall mortality rate and the mortality rate for patients with a GCS of 3 and bilaterally fixed and dilated pupils (19.9% and 16.3%, respectively) were higher for the adults than for the pediatric patients (85% vs 80.9%, respectively), although cardiopulmonary resuscitation rates were significantly higher in the pediatric patients (5.6% vs 8.8%, respectively). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, no motor response (OR 3.490, 95% CI 2.240-5.435) and fixed pupils (OR 4.197, 95% CI 3.271-5.386) and bilateral dilated pupils (OR 2.848, 95% CI 2.282-3.556) were associated with a higher mortality rate. Patients ≤ 15 years old had a statistically lower mortality rate (OR 0.536, 95% CI 0.421-0.814; p = 0.001). The rate of good functional outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale Score 4 or 5) was higher in pediatric patients than in the adults (72.2% vs 63.1%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS This study found that severe TBI in children aged ≤ 15 years is associated with a lower mortality rate and superior functional outcome than in adults. Also, children admitted with a missing motor response or fixed and bilaterally dilated pupils also have a lower mortality rate and higher functional outcome than adults with the same initial presentation. Therefore, patients suffering from severe TBI, especially pediatric patients, could benefit from early and aggressive treatment.

High antiallergic activity of 5,6,4'-trihydroxy-7,8,3'-trimethoxyflavone and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone from eau de cologne mint (Mentha×piperita citrata).

The following compounds with higher antiallergic activities were isolated from eau de cologne mint leaves: 5,6,4'-trihydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone (6), 5,6,4'-trihydroxy-7,8,3'-trimethoxyflavone (7), 5,6-dihydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone (8), 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8,3',4'-tetramethoxyflavone (9), and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,8,4'-trimethoxyflavone (10). The IC50 values of compounds 6-10 against RBL-2H3 cells were 6.7, 2.4, 5.6, 3.0, and 6.1µM. Compounds 7 and 9 (IC50 2.4µM and 3.0µM) had the highest antiallergic activities among the flavonoids previously reported. The amounts of 7, 9, and 10 isolated were fairly high, at 177.7mg/kg, 278.0mg/kg, and 179.7mg/kg in the mint, respectively. LD5 value (index of toxicity) and LD5/IC50 ratio of 7 and 9 indicate that the safety is greater than that of luteolin, a typical antiallergic substance. The extract containing powerful antiallergic flavones, 6-10 with higher hydrophobicity could be selectively separated from the extract containing luteolin and other flavonoid glycosides by partition with dichloromethane and water. Therefore, compounds 7 and 9 in mint, and the dichloromethane extract would be the most potent and preventive resources against type I allergy.