Studies on correlation for GC-MS fingerprints of Blumea balsamifera and its extracts / 中草药

Objective: To establish a GC-MS fingerprint method of Blumea balsamifera (BB), Aifen, and Blumea balsamifera oil (BBO), and make a correlation study of the results. Methods: A GC-MS method was developed for the fingerprint analysis of BB, Aifen, and BBO. Then the CHROMAP 1.5 fingerprint system software was used for processing the results as setting up their common patterns, painting the common peaks and evaluating the similarity, and according to the NIST11 standard mass spectrometry database the common peaks would be analyzed. Results: The GC-MS fingerprints of BB, Aifen, and BBO were established. There were 40 common peaks in common fingerprints of BB, 17 of Aifen, and 31 of BBO were painted and all of BB, 13 of Aifen, and 25 of BBO were identified. The similarty of BB was 0.632-0.989, the extractions were greater than 0.900. BB and its extract had a good correlation between fingerprints. Conclusion: The study is simple, accurate, and reliable, which can be used for identification and quality control of BB, Aifen, and BBO.

Quality analysis of commercial samples of Ziziphi spinosae semen (suanzaoren) by means of chromatographic fingerprinting assisted by principal component analysis.

Due to the scarcity of resources of Ziziphi spinosae semen (ZSS), many inferior goods and even adulterants are generally found in medicine markets. To strengthen the quality control, HPLC fingerprint common pattern established in this paper showed three main bioactive compounds in one chromatogram simultaneously. Principal component analysis based on DAD signals could discriminate adulterants and inferiorities. Principal component analysis indicated that all samples could be mainly regrouped into two main clusters according to the first principal component (PC1, redefined as Vicenin II) and the second principal component (PC2, redefined as zizyphusine). PC1 and PC2 could explain 91.42% of the variance. Content of zizyphusine fluctuated more greatly than that of spinosin, and this result was also confirmed by the HPTLC result. Samples with low content of jujubosides and two common adulterants could not be used equivalently with authenticated ones in clinic, while one reference standard extract could substitute the crude drug in pharmaceutical production. Giving special consideration to the well-known bioactive saponins but with low response by end absorption, a fast and cheap HPTLC method for quality control of ZSS was developed and the result obtained was commensurate well with that of HPLC analysis. Samples having similar fingerprints to HPTLC common pattern targeting at saponins could be regarded as authenticated ones. This work provided a faster and cheaper way for quality control of ZSS and laid foundation for establishing a more effective quality control method for ZSS.

Quality analysis of commercial samples of Ziziphi spinosae semen (suanzaoren) by means of chromatographic fingerprinting assisted by principal component analysis / 药物分析学报

Due to the scarcity of resources of Ziziphi spinosae semen (ZSS), many inferior goods and even adulterants are generally found in medicine markets. To strengthen the quality control, HPLC fingerprint common pattern established in this paper showed three main bioactive compounds in one chromatogram simultaneously. Principal component analysis based on DAD signals could discriminate adulterants and inferiorities. Principal component analysis indicated that all samples could be mainly regrouped into two main clusters according to the first principal component (PC1, redefined as Vicenin II) and the second principal component (PC2, redefined as zizyphusine). PC1 and PC2 could explain 91.42%of the variance. Content of zizyphusine fluctuated more greatly than that of spinosin, and this result was also confirmed by the HPTLC result. Samples with low content of jujubosides and two common adulterants could not be used equivalently with authenticated ones in clinic, while one reference standard extract could substitute the crude drug in pharmaceutical production. Giving special consideration to the well-known bioactive saponins but with low response by end absorption, a fast and cheap HPTLC method for quality control of ZSS was developed and the result obtained was commensurate well with that of HPLC analysis. Samples having similar fingerprints to HPTLC common pattern targeting at saponins could be regarded as authenticated ones. This work provided a faster and cheaper way for quality control of ZSS and laid foundation for establishing a more effective quality control method for ZSS.

La respuesta adaptativa del anciano a la diabetes mellitus, comportamiento en dos áreas de salud / Elderly adaptive response related to diabetes mellitus and behavior in two health areas

INTRODUCCIÓN: en el paciente diabético la calidad de vida está relacionada con el control metabólico, el que a su vez depende de múltiples factores psicosociales y conductuales. El estudio de la respuesta adaptativa a esta enfermedad permitirá identificar conductas de riesgo que interfieren con el cumplimiento adecuado del tratamiento y el control metabólico. OBJETIVO: determinar la existencia de patrones de respuesta adaptativa a la diabetes mellitus en un grupo de ancianos pertenecientes a los policlínicos universitarios Ana Betancourt y Rampa. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo, transversal, seleccionando una muestra de 260 pacientes diabéticos, entre los 60 y 75 años, pertenecientes a las 2 áreas de salud mencionadas. RESULTADOS: predominó el sexo femenino, el nivel primario de escolaridad, así como los jubilados o amas de casa. El tiempo de evolución media de la enfermedad fue inferior a 10 años. Se demostró, en ambas áreas de salud, la existencia de un patrón común de respuesta adaptativa a la diabetes mellitus en más del 90 por ciento de los pacientes, caracterizado por valoración de la enfermedad como padecimiento severo, existencia de barreras para el cumplimiento del tratamiento, tendencia a mejorar la conducta de salud y aceptable funcionamiento de las redes de apoyo social. CONCLUSIONES: la respuesta adaptativa a la diabetes mellitus se comportó como deficiente en la mayoría de los pacientes estudiados, pues exhibió similar comportamiento en los ancianos diabéticos de ambas áreas de salud, dadas las favorables características socioculturales inherentes a las comunidades de las 2 localidades involucradas en la investigación...

INTRODUCTION: in diabetic patient life of quality is related to metabolic control, which in turn, depends of many psychosocial and behavioral factors. Study of adaptive response to this disease will allow us to identify risk behaviors interfering with proper fulfillment of treatment and the metabolic control. AIM: to determine existence of adaptive response patterns to diabetes mellitus in cohort of elderlies from Ana Betancourt and Rampa University polyclinics. METHODS: a cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out to select a cohort of 260 diabetic patients aged between 60 and 75 from the above mentioned areas. RESULTS: there was predominance of female sex, primary level of education, as well as retired persons and housewives. Mean course time of disease was lower than 10 years. In both health areas, it was possible to demonstrate existence of a common pattern of adaptive response to diabetes mellitus in more than 90 percent of patients, characterized by disease assessment as a severe ailment, trend to improve health behavior, an acceptable working of social support network. CONCLUSIONS: adaptive response to diabetes mellitus was poor in most of study patients showing a similar behavior in diabetic elderlies of both health areas due to the favorable social-cultural features inherent to community of the two places involved in this research...

La enseñanza problémica y el juego utilizados en el aprendizaje de algunos aspectos de la sexualidad infantil / The problematic teaching related to game used in learning of some features of infantile sexuality

INTRODUCCIÓN: el estudio de la sexualidad en la niñez es de gran interés y ha sido poco estudiada. OBJETIVO: adquirir la fundamentación de un sistema de clases por enseñanza problémica para el aprendizaje de algunos aspectos de la sexualidad en la infancia. MÉTODOS: se aplicó una estrategia de intervención educativa utilizando el juego y la enseñanza problémica en la asignatura El mundo en que vivimos en 1ro., 2do., 3ro. y 4to. grados, con el propósito de lograr el aprendizaje de los aspectos relacionados con la sexualidad en esta etapa de la vida. RESULTADOS: en la técnica del dibujo las actividades hogareñas estaban muy vinculadas a la educación sexista, y la recreación de padres e hijos no constituía un elemento a destacar entre las actividades programadas por la familia; en las lúdicas hubo una buena participación de los escolares; y en las docentes se destacó la disciplina, la cooperación y el interés por aprender y dar solución a los problemas docentes que se originan de la contradicción. CONCLUSIONES: se evaluó la intervención de útil y funcional, con un impacto favorable a mediano plazo, ya que los escolares aprendieron durante su participación aspectos de la sexualidad en esta etapa, e incorporaron nuevas conceptualizaciones con modificaciones importantes en relación con el tema...

INTRODUCTION: sexuality study during childhood is an interesting matter but has been not much studied. AIM: to acquire the foundation of a lessons system by problematic teaching for learning of some sexuality features during childhood. METHODS: an educational intervention strategy was applied using the games and the problematic teaching in the subject The world where we live during the first, second, third and fourth degrees to achieve the learning of features related to sexuality in this stage of life. RESULTS: in drawing technique home activities were linked to sexist and entertainment between parents and children was not an element to be highlighted among the activities programmed by the family; in games ones there was a good involvement of students, and in the teaching ones stood out the discipline, cooperation and the interest to learn and to solve the teaching problems originated by the contradiction. CONCLUSIONS: intervention was assessed of useful and functional with a medium-term favorable impact since students learned during its involvement in sexuality features at that stage, and added new concepts with significant modifications related to subject...

Two Requirements for Obtaining Valid Common Patterns under Different Assumptions in Vicariance Biogeography.

In vicariance biogeography, widespread or sympatric taxa can be dealt with under assumptions 0, 1, and 2. Data from cladogenetic relationships among taxa of a monophyletic group and their distribution over areas are assumed, in the order 0 → 1 → 2, to represent decreasing information about vicariance events. A less strict assumption carries a larger solution set, i.e., the number of possible area cladograms increases with the decrease in strictness of the assumption applied. We formulate two requirements for obtaining valid general area cladograms from data of several monophyletic groups of taxa. First, the assumptions, and with them the sets of area cladograms derived under these assumptions, should be inclusive. Second, sets of single group area cladograms should be compared for different monophyletic groups under a single assumption. When these two requirements are met, area cladograms become consistent with respect to the processes (vicariance, extinction, and dispersal) that are a priori assumed. The explanatory power increases for any particular monophyletic group of taxa when the set of valid general area cladograms contains a subset of area cladograms derived under a more strict assumption. We discuss examples from literature of how violation of these two requirements affects the results.