Escuchando a los abuelos: transdisciplina, aves y gente para cultivar la memoria biocultural / Listening to elders: transdisciplinarity, birds and people to cultivate biocultural memory / Ouvindo os avós: transdisciplina, pássaros e pessoas para cultivar a memória biocultural

Resumen (analítico) Presentamos una iniciativa y proponemos una metodología transdisciplinaria para cultivar la memoria biocultural, basada en los procesos de participación y materialización en comunidades de práctica (educativas). Presentamos el proyecto «Escuchando a los abuelos¼, que buscó facilitar diálogos intergeneracionales en tres escuelas mapuche (~ 90 niños y niñas) en Wallmapu, Chile. «Escuchando a los abuelos¼ utilizó a las aves como protagonistas de narrativas locales sobre el territorio. Cocreamos un ciclo de cinco pasos para promover la participación y la materialización. Los niños y niñas desarrollaron un ejercicio de abstracción para dar significado a las narrativas que ellos mismos recopilaron para crear memes positivos sobre las aves. Estos memes fueron comunicados dentro y más allá de sus comunidades. Concluimos que la experiencia de los abuelos debe ser honrada para contrarrestar la actual extinción de la experiencia biocultural.

Abstract (analytical) This article presents an initiative and proposes a transdisciplinary methodology to cultivate biocultural memory based on the processes of participation and materialization in (educational) communities-of-practice. We implemented the project "Listening to elders" that sought to facilitate intergenerational dialogues in three mapuche schools (with approximately 90 children) in Wallmapu, Chile. Listening to elders used birds as the basis of constructing local narratives about the territory. We co-created a 5-Step cycle to promote participation and materialization. The children participated in an abstraction exercise to give meaning to the narratives they constructed themselves to create positive memes involving birds. These memes were communicated within and beyond their communities. The authors conclude that the experiences of elders must be honored in communities to counter the current dynamic involving the extinction of biocultural experience.

Resumo (analítico) Apresentamos uma iniciativa e propomos uma metodologia transdisciplinar para o cultivo da memória biocultural, baseada nos processos de participação e materialização, em comunidades de prática (educacionais). Apresentamos o projeto «Escutando os avós¼ que buscou facilitar o diálogo intergeracional em três escolas mapuche (~ 90 crianças) em Wallmapu, Chile. «Ouvir os avós¼ usou os pássaros como base para as narrativas locais sobre o território. Co-criamos um ciclo de cinco passos para promover a participação e materialização. As crianças desenvolveram um exercício de abstração para dar sentido às narrativas que elas próprias coletaram para criar memes positivos sobre pássaros. Esses memes foram comunicados dentro e fora de suas comunidades. Concluímos que a experiência dos avós deve ser honrada para conter a atual extinção da experiência biocultural.

Do isolamento à colaboração: desenvolvimento de uma comunidade de professores de educação física em tempos de pandemia / Del aislamiento a la colaboración: desarrollo de una comunidad de profesores de educación física en tiempos de pandemia / From isolation to collaboration: development of a community of physical education teachers in pandemic times

O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar o desenvolvimento de um grupo de professores de Educação Física (EF), que enfrentaram dificuldades com o ensino remoto, em uma comunidade de prática (CdP) durante a pandemia da COVID-19. O estudo teve como enfoque os fatores que apoiaram o processo de cultivo da CdP em formato on-line. Empregando a metodologia de pesquisa-ação, o estudo envolveu 15 professores de EF (uma professora atuou como professora-facilitadora) e uma amiga crítica. Os dados foram gerados por meio de encontros da CdP, entrevistas, conversas com amiga crítica e diário reflexivo. A análise temática resultou em quatro temas abrangentes: a) a pandemia como catalisadora da colaboração; b) auto-organização dos professores para viabilizar a comunidade; c) desenvolvimento de pesquisa colaborativa; e d) diálogo para um novo ciclo de colaboração. Notavelmente, a auto-organização dos professores foi fundamental para guiar a CdP ao longo de estágios de desenvolvimento. São discutidos outros aspectos que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da CdP em um cenário de pandemia.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido explorar el desarrollo de un grupo de profesores de Educación Física (EF) que enfrentaron dificultades con la enseñanza remota, en una comunidad de práctica (CdP) durante la pandemia de COVID-19. El estudio se centró en los factores que apoyaron el proceso de cultivo de la CdP en un formato online. Utilizando la metodología de investigación-acción, el estudio involucró a 15 profesores brasileños de EF, una profesora que actuó como profesora-facilitadora y una amiga crítica. Los datos se generaron a través de encuentros de la CdP, entrevistas, conversaciones con la amiga crítica y diario reflexivo. El análisis temático resultó en cuatro temas generales: a) la pandemia como catalizadora de la colaboración; b) autoorganización de los profesores para hacer posible la comunidad; c) desarrollo de investigación colaborativa; y d) diálogo para un nuevo ciclo de colaboración. De manera notable, la autoorganización de los profesores fue fundamental para guiar a la CdP a lo largo de las etapas de desarrollo. Se discuten otros aspectos que contribuyeron al desarrollo de la CdP en un escenario de pandemia.(AU)

The purpose of this study was to explore the development of a group of Brazilian Physical Education (PE) teachers, who struggled with remote teaching, into a community of practice (CoP) during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study focused on factors that supported the CoP cultivation process in an online format. Employing action research methodology, the study involved 15 PE teachers, with one of them acting as a teacher-facilitator, and one critical friend. Data were generated through CoP's meetings, interviews, critical friend conversations, and reflexive journaling. Thematic analysis resulted in four overarching themes: a) the pandemic as a catalyst for collaboration; b) teachers' self-organization to enact the community; c) development of collaborative research; and d) dialogue towards a new cycle of collaboration. Noteworthy was that teachers' self-organization was critical for guiding the CoP throughout stages of development. Further aspects that contributed to CoP's development in a pandemic scenario are discussed.(AU)

Extending impact beyond the community: Protocol for a scoping review of evidence of the impact of communities of practice on teaching and learning in higher education.

The disruption in higher education caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has led to renewed interest in implementing communities of practice (CoPs) as a feasible mechanism for delivering faculty development. The construct of community of practice is cited in the literature among the most important strategies for professional development. However, empirical evidence of the impact of CoPs on teaching and learning is scarce and we still know little about the extent to which faculty participation in CoPs affect their teaching practices and students' learning and achievement. This scoping review aims to collect, synthesize, and map existing evidence about the impact of CoPs in higher education. The review is guided by a conceptual framework, which incorporates six elements underlying the purpose and expected outcomes of CoPs: resources and the capacity to mobilize them, knowledge management activities and the expansion of knowledge, changes in policy and practice, and impact on higher education outcomes.

Auditoría del conocimiento orientada a los procesos y al desarrollo profesional en la Editorial Ciencias Médicas / Knowledge audit of processes and professional development at the Medical Sciences Publishing House

Esta auditoría pretendió identificar el conocimiento presente en los procesos principales de la Editorial Ciencias Médicas y el comportamiento de un conjunto de indicadores acerca del desarrollo profesional, que permiten valorar la proyección actual y futura del conocimiento, así como conocer algunos aspectos en que se deben potenciar para contribuir a asegurar la actuación futura de la institución. Se empleó una metodología desarrollada por Ponjuán para valorar el conocimiento presente en los procesos actuales e identificar el comportamiento de sus trabajadores en relación con el desarrollo profesional. Se identificó el conocimiento que se aplica en todos los procesos principales de la organización, así como el comportamiento de la composición profesional del personal, su experiencia laboral y en la institución, el tiempo que dedican a su actualización, su visibilidad en eventos y redes sociales, entre otros. Los puntos fuertes y débiles de la institución, así como la identificación del conocimiento que se necesita en cada proceso, permitieron sugerir a la institución determinados aspectos relativos al conocimiento, su retención, los procesos organizacionales y los componentes humanos y tecnológicos necesarios. Estos resultados permiten conocer mejor a la organización y facilitan la introducción de un programa de gestión del conocimiento al conocer, con mayor profundidad y desde diferentes miradas, las debilidades y las fortalezas existentes relacionadas con el conocimiento necesario y su aplicación en los procesos internos, así como algunas características del desarrollo profesional(AU)

The audit intended to identify the knowledge underlying the main processes performed at the Medical Sciences Publishing House and the behavior of a number of indicators related to professional development which make it possible to assess the current status and future projection of knowledge, as well as become acquainted with areas to be strengthened to contribute to ensure the future performance of the institution. The study was based on a methodology developed by Ponjuán, to assess the knowledge base supporting current processes and identify the behavior of workers in relation to professional development. Identification was made of the knowledge applied in all the main processes of the organization, as well as the behavior of the professional composition of the personnel, their work experience in general and at the institution, the time they devote to their updating, and their visibility in conferences and the social networks, among other factors. The strengths and weaknesses of the institution, as well as identification of the knowledge needed in each process, allowed to suggest a number of aspects related to knowledge, its retention, the organizational processes, and the human and technological components required. These results make it possible to know the organization better and facilitate the introduction of a Knowledge Management program based on a more profound understanding from various perspectives of the current weaknesses and strengths in terms of the knowledge required and its application in internal processes, as well as some characteristics of professional development(AU)

Disentangling residents' engagement with communities of clinical practice in the workplace.

Maximising the potential of the workplace as a learning environment entails understanding the complexity of its members' interactions. Although some articles have explored how residents engage with supervisors, nurses and pharmacists individually, there is little research on how residents enter into and engage with the broader community of clinical practice (CoCP). To this end, we designed a constructivist grounded theory study that took place at Universidad Javeriana in Bogotá, Colombia. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 13 residents from different training levels and disciplines during the first weeks of their new rotations. During the interviews, we used the Pictor technique as a visual aid to collect data. Using iterative data collection and analysis, constant comparison methods and theoretical sampling, we constructed the final results. When entering a CoCP, residents experienced recurring and intertwined processes including: exploring how their goals and interest are aligned with those of the CoCP; identifying the relevant CoCP members in the workplace environment; and understanding how these members could assist their successful engagement with the community's practices. Residents entered a CoCP with the intention of either having a central or a peripheral trajectory in it. The final resident participation and role resulted from negotiations between the resident and the CoCP members. Optimising workplace learning includes being mindful as to how each member of the healthcare team influence residents' engagement on practice, and on understanding the nuances of residents' participatory trajectories while interacting with them. Understanding such nuances could be key to align CoCPs' learning affordances and residents' goals and intentions.

Diseño de una auditoría del conocimiento organizacional orientada hacia los procesos principales y el desarrollo profesional / Design of an organizational knowledge audit oriented towards principal processes and professional development

Objetivos: reflejar los principales elementos de una auditoría de conocimiento que combine los procesos principales con los indicadores de desarrollo profesional que podrían identificar aquellos componentes del capital humano que deberían ser favorecidos. Métodos: se analizaron los principales elementos sobre una auditoría de conocimiento que combina los procesos principales con los indicadores de desarrollo profesional. Se propone un enfoque que permite la identificación de los componentes del capital humano que deben ser potenciados. No se ha identificado ninguna otra metodología con esta orientación. Resultados: la imagen de las fortalezas y debilidades de las organizaciones, así como el conocimiento necesario en cada proceso, proporcionan la base para la regulación de los procesos organizacionales y los componentes humanos y tecnológicos necesarios. Contribuye a la identificación de vacíos de conocimiento así como de los elementos culturales que deben ser tratados. Es una orientación sólida para programar acciones de desarrollo profesional que podrían solidificar el diseño futuro de estos procesos y contribuir a las competencias profesionales de los miembros de estas comunidades de práctica. Conclusiones: esta es una guía sólida para la práctica de desarrollo profesional, orientada hacia el desarrollo futuro de procesos organizacionales y contribuye al crecimiento de las competencias profesionales de estas comunidades de práctica. La plataforma estratégica de la organización se ha enriquecido con la identificación de las fortalezas y debilidades de sus procesos desde diferentes puntos de vista. Este enfoque metodológico se aplicará en diferentes casos a posibles ajustes analizados en su diseño(AU)

Objectives: to reflect the principal elements of a knowledge audit that combines principal processes with professional development indicators that could identify those human capital components that should be favored. Methods: the main elements about a knowledge audit that combines principal processes with professional development indicators were analyzed. This approach allows the identification of those components of human capital that should be raised. No other methodology with this orientation has been identified. Results: the image of strengths and weaknesses of the organizations, as well as knowledge needed in each process gives the base for the regulation of organizational processes and necessary human and technological components. It contributes to the identification of knowledge gaps as well as cultural elements that should be treated. This is a solid orientation for programming professional development actions that could solidify the future design of these processes and contribute to professional competences of the members of these communities of practice. Conclusions: this is a solid guidance for executing professional development practice, oriented towards the future development of organizational processes and contribute to the growth of professional competences of these communities of practice. The strategic platform of the organization has been enriched with the identification of strengths and weaknesses of its processes from different views. This methodological approach will be applied in different cases to analyze possible adjustments in its design(AU)

Diseño de una auditoría del conocimiento organizacional orientada hacia los procesos principales y el desarrollo profesional / Design of an organizational knowledge audit oriented towards principal processes and professional development

Objetivos: reflejar los principales elementos de una auditoría de conocimiento que combine los procesos principales con los indicadores de desarrollo profesional que podrían identificar aquellos componentes del capital humano que deberían ser favorecidos. Métodos: se analizaron los principales elementos sobre una auditoría de conocimiento que combina los procesos principales con los indicadores de desarrollo profesional. Se propone un enfoque que permite la identificación de los componentes del capital humano que deben ser potenciados. No se ha identificado ninguna otra metodología con esta orientación. Resultados: la imagen de las fortalezas y debilidades de las organizaciones, así como el conocimiento necesario en cada proceso, proporcionan la base para la regulación de los procesos organizacionales y los componentes humanos y tecnológicos necesarios. Contribuye a la identificación de vacíos de conocimiento así como de los elementos culturales que deben ser tratados. Es una orientación sólida para programar acciones de desarrollo profesional que podrían solidificar el diseño futuro de estos procesos y contribuir a las competencias profesionales de los miembros de estas comunidades de práctica. Conclusiones: esta es una guía sólida para la práctica de desarrollo profesional, orientada hacia el desarrollo futuro de procesos organizacionales y contribuye al crecimiento de las competencias profesionales de estas comunidades de práctica. La plataforma estratégica de la organización se ha enriquecido con la identificación de las fortalezas y debilidades de sus procesos desde diferentes puntos de vista. Este enfoque metodológico se aplicará en diferentes casos a posibles ajustes analizados en su diseño(AU)

Objectives: to reflect the principal elements of a knowledge audit that combines principal processes with professional development indicators that could identify those human capital components that should be favored. Methods: the main elements about a knowledge audit that combines principal processes with professional development indicators were analyzed. This approach allows the identification of those components of human capital that should be raised. No other methodology with this orientation has been identified. Results: the image of strengths and weaknesses of the organizations, as well as knowledge needed in each process gives the base for the regulation of organizational processes and necessary human and technological components. It contributes to the identification of knowledge gaps as well as cultural elements that should be treated. This is a solid orientation for programming professional development actions that could solidify the future design of these processes and contribute to professional competences of the members of these communities of practice. Conclusions: this is a solid guidance for executing professional development practice, oriented towards the future development of organizational processes and contribute to the growth of professional competences of these communities of practice. The strategic platform of the organization has been enriched with the identification of strengths and weaknesses of its processes from different views. This methodological approach will be applied in different cases to analyze possible adjustments in its design(AU)

A conceptual framework for understanding the perspectives on the causes of the science-practice gap in ecology and conservation.

Applying scientific knowledge to confront societal challenges is a difficult task, an issue known as the science-practice gap. In Ecology and Conservation, scientific evidence has been seldom used directly to support decision-making, despite calls for an increasing role of ecological science in developing solutions for a sustainable future. To date, multiple causes of the science-practice gap and diverse approaches to link science and practice in Ecology and Conservation have been proposed. To foster a transparent debate and broaden our understanding of the difficulties of using scientific knowledge, we reviewed the perceived causes of the science-practice gap, aiming to: (i) identify the perspectives of ecologists and conservation scientists on this problem, (ii) evaluate the predominance of these perspectives over time and across journals, and (iii) assess them in light of disciplines studying the role of science in decision-making. We based our review on 1563 sentences describing causes of the science-practice gap extracted from 122 articles and on discussions with eight scientists on how to classify these sentences. The resulting process-based framework describes three distinct perspectives on the relevant processes, knowledge and actors in the science-practice interface. The most common perspective assumes only scientific knowledge should support practice, perceiving a one-way knowledge flow from science to practice and recognizing flaws in knowledge generation, communication, and/or use. The second assumes that both scientists and decision-makers should contribute to support practice, perceiving a two-way knowledge flow between science and practice through joint knowledge-production/integration processes, which, for several reasons, are perceived to occur infrequently. The last perspective was very rare, and assumes scientists should put their results into practice, but they rarely do. Some causes (e.g. cultural differences between scientists and decision-makers) are shared with other disciplines, while others seem specific to Ecology and Conservation (e.g. inadequate research scales). All identified causes require one of three general types of solutions, depending on whether the causal factor can (e.g. inadequate research questions) or cannot (e.g. scientific uncertainty) be changed, or if misconceptions (e.g. undervaluing abstract knowledge) should be solved. The unchanged predominance of the one-way perspective over time may be associated with the prestige of evidence-based conservation and suggests that debates in Ecology and Conservation lag behind trends in other disciplines towards bidirectional views ascribing larger roles to decision-makers. In turn, the two-way perspective seems primarily restricted to research traditions historically isolated from mainstream conservation biology. All perspectives represented superficial views of decision-making by not accounting for limits to human rationality, complexity of decision-making contexts, fuzzy science-practice boundaries, ambiguity brought about by science, and different types of knowledge use. However, joint knowledge-production processes from the two-way perspective can potentially allow for democratic decision-making processes, explicit discussions of values and multiple types of science use. To broaden our understanding of the interface and foster productive science-practice linkages, we argue for dialogue among different research traditions within Ecology and Conservation, joint knowledge-production processes between scientists and decision-makers and interdisciplinarity across Ecology, Conservation and Political Science in both research and education.

Dinâmicas de Gênero e Sexualidade no Sexo Tarifado entre Homens: Uma Análise por Meio da Noção de Comunidades de Prática / Dinámica de Género y Sexualidad en Sexo Tarifado entre Hombres: Um Análises a través del Concepto Comunidades de Práctica / Gender and Sexuality Dynamics in Tariffed Sex among Men: Analysis of the Notion of Communities of Practice

Este estudo analisa a constituição de comunidades de prática no contexto do sexo tarifado exercido por homens, com foco nos exercícios de sexualidade e identificações de gênero. Utilizou-se de uma abordagem inspirada na Teoria Fundamentada, por meio da qual se realizaram diários de campo das incursões em ambientes de sexo tarifado, entrevistas narrativas com seis homens que se dedicam a atividade e dois gerentes de duas casas especializadas no mercado de sexo porto-alegrense, durante o ano de 2015. O corpus foi analisado discursivamente e identificaram-se dinâmicas associadas à formação de comunidades de prática pela via de estratégias de vigilância e correção, de modo que aspectos como o investimento corporal e outras dimensões performativas atualizavam relações de consumo circunscritas em algumas esferas de controle. Exercício de poder se mostram pela via da "dessexualização" do cliente, ou da feminilização do garoto de programa, indicando que a noção de comunidade não se dissociava de aspectos discursivos heteronormativos.

Este estudio analiza la formación de comunidades de práctica en el contexto del sexo tarifado ejercido por los hombres, centrándose en los ejercicios de la sexualidad y las identificaciones de género. Se utilizó un enfoque inspirado en la teoría fundamentada, a través de la cual se llevó a cabo incursiones de campo en entornos sexuales tarifados, entrevistas narrativas con seis hombres que se dedican a la actividad y dos gerentes de dos casas especializadas en el mercado del sexo durante el año 2015, en Porto Alegre (BR). El corpus ha sido analizado discursivamente e se han identificado dinámicas asociadas a la formación de comunidades de práctica por la vía de estrategias de vigilancia y corrección, de manera que aspectos como la inversión corporal y performativa actualizaban relaciones de consumo circunscriptas en dimensiones de control. Formas de relación de poder se muestran por la vía de la "desexualización" de los clientes, o la feminización del prostituto, de modo que el sentido de comunidad no se disociaba de aspectos heteronormativos.

The present study analyzes the establishment of communities of practice in the context of tariffed sex exercised by men, focusing on sexuality performances and gender identifications. Was used an approach inspired by the Grounded Theory, through which were held field diaries in tariffed sex settings, narrative interviews with six men who engage in the activity and two managers, respectively, of two specialized places in the Porto Alegre's sexual market, during the year 2015. The corpus was analyzed from a discursive theoretical perspective and was identified dynamics associated with the formation of communities of practice by means of surveillance and correction strategies, in a way that aspects such as corporeal and performative investment updated consumer relations circumscribed in some control dynamics. Power relations are shown in a way of "desexualization" of the client, or the feminization of the male prostitute, so the notion of community does not dissociate from discursive heteronormative aspects.

Dinâmicas de gênero e sexualidade no sexo tarifado entre homens: uma análise por meio da noção de comunidades de prática / Gender and sexuality dynamics in tariffed sex among men: analysis of the notion of communities of practice / Dinámica de género y sexualidad en sexo tarifado entre hombres: um análises a través del concepto comunidades de práctica

Este estudo analisa a constituição de comunidades de prática no contexto do sexo tarifado exercido por homens, com foco nos exercícios de sexualidade e identificações de gênero. Utilizou-se de uma abordagem inspirada na Teoria Fundamentada, por meio da qual se realizaram diários de campo das incursões em ambientes de sexo tarifado, entrevistas narrativas com seis homens que se dedicam a atividade e dois gerentes de duas casas especializadas no mercado de sexo porto-alegrense, durante o ano de 2015. O corpus foi analisado discursivamente e identificaram-se dinâmicas associadas à formação de comunidades de prática pela via de estratégias de vigilância e correção, de modo que aspectos como o investimento corporal e outras dimensões performativas atualizavam relações de consumo circunscritas em algumas esferas de controle. Exercício de poder se mostram pela via da "dessexualização" do cliente, ou da feminilização do garoto de programa, indicando que a noção de comunidade não se dissociava de aspectos discursivos heteronormativos.

The present study analyzes the establishment of communities of practice in the context of tariffed sex exercised by men, focusing on sexuality performances and gender identifications. Was used an approach inspired by the Grounded Theory, through which were held field diaries in tariffed sex settings, narrative interviews with six men who engage in the activity and two managers, respectively, of two specialized places in the Porto Alegre's sexual market, during the year 2015. The corpus was analyzed from a discursive theoretical perspective and was identified dynamics associated with the formation of communities of practice by means of surveillance and correction strategies, in a way that aspects such as corporeal and performative investment updated consumer relations circumscribed in some control dynamics. Power relations are shown in a way of "desexualization" of the client, or the feminization of the male prostitute, so the notion of community does not dissociate from discursive heteronormative aspects.

Este estudio analiza la formación de comunidades de práctica en el contexto del sexo tarifado ejercido por los hombres, centrándose en los ejercicios de la sexualidad y las identificaciones de género. Se utilizó un enfoque inspirado en la teoría fundamentada, a través de la cual se llevó a cabo incursiones de campo en entornos sexuales tarifados, entrevistas narrativas con seis hombres que se dedican a la actividad y dos gerentes de dos casas especializadas en el mercado del sexo durante el año 2015, en Porto Alegre (BR). El corpus ha sido analizado discursivamente e se han identificado dinámicas asociadas a la formación de comunidades de práctica por la vía de estrategias de vigilancia y corrección, de manera que aspectos como la inversión corporal y performativa actualizaban relaciones de consumo circunscriptas en dimensiones de control. Formas de relación de poder se muestran por la vía de la "desexualización" de los clientes, o la feminización del prostituto, de modo que el sentido de comunidad no se disociaba de aspectos heteronormativos.

Using systematized tacit knowledge to prioritize implementation challenges in existing maternal health programs: implications for the post MDG era.

Strategic priority setting and implementation of strategies to reduce maternal mortality are key to the post Millennium Development Goal (MDG) 2015 agenda. This article highlights the feasibility and the advantages of using a systematized tacit knowledge approach, using data from maternal health program personnel, to identify local challenges to implementing policies and programs to inform the post MDG era. Communities of practice, conceived as groups of people sharing professional interests, experiences and knowledge, were formed with diverse health personnel implementing maternal health programs in Mexico and Nicaragua. Participants attended several workshops and developed different online activities aiming to strengthen their capacities to acquire, analyze, adapt and apply research results and to systematize their experience and knowledge of the actual implementation of these programs. Concept mapping, a general method designed to organize and depict the ideas of a group on a particular topic, was used to manage, discuss and systematize their tacit knowledge about implementation problems of the programs they work in. Using a special online concept mapping platform, participants prioritized implementation problems by sorting them in conceptual clusters and rating their importance and feasibility of solution. Two hundred and thirty-one participants from three communities of practice in each country registered on the online concept mapping platform and 200 people satisfactorily completed the sorting and rating activities. Participants further discussed these results to prioritize the implementation problems of maternal health programs. Our main finding was a great similarity between the Mexican and the Nicaraguan general results highlighting the importance and the feasibility of solution of implementation problems related to the quality of healthcare. The use of rigorously organized tacit knowledge of health personnel proved to be a feasible and useful tool for prioritization to inform implementation priorities in the post MDG agenda.

Analisando (in)formalidades numa comunidade de prática de consultores organizacionais à luz da antropologia lingüística: implicações metodológicas para a pesquisa / Analyzing (in)formalities in an organizational consultants' community of practice in the linguistic anthropology perspective: methodological implications for the research

Este artigo discute algumas questões sobre formalidade-informalidade a partir da abordagem da antropóloga-lingüista Judith Irvine. O artigo analisa uma comunidade de prática (CdP) de consultores organizacionais, estudada empiricamente por meio da observação participante. O objetivo principal é tratar das dificuldades encontradas na observação, entendidas no texto a partir do que denominamos, com base em Irvine, de implicações metodológicas das "(in)formalidades" à pesquisa. O artigo conclui que os aspectos em que se desdobram tais "(in)formalidades" marcam profundamente o discurso em análise e devem ser notados, não para que se possa esterilizar o discurso desses elementos (como se isso fosse possível e como se tais elementos fossem indesejáveis e/ou extrínsecos), mas para que essas dimensões de análise estendam o foco do código à situação, e desta àquele, enriquecendo o trato social do fenômeno lingüístico e a competência de observação do pesquisador.

This article discusses a few issues on formality-informality based on linguistic anthropologist Judith Irvine's approach. It uses participant observation to analyze an organizational consultants' community of practice (CoP). The main objective is to deal with the difficulties found during the observation, which, based on Irvine, are called the (in)formalities methodological implications for the research. It concludes that the different aspects of such (in)formalities have a deep effect on the discourse under analysis and must be noticed not so much as to sterilize these elements' discourse (as if this was possible and as though those elements were undesirable and/or extrinsic), but so that these analytical dimensions extend the focus of the code to the situation - and vice-versa - enriching the social approach of the linguistic phenomenon and the researcher's observational capabilities.