Perspectivas de estudantes de Medicina sobre a própria formação e competências para trabalhar com populações indígenas / Perspectives of Medical students on their training and skills to work with indigenous populations

Resumo: Introdução: A formação médica brasileira tem sido repensada a partir das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais que mostram a necessidade de inserir nos currículos abordagens que considerem a formação de médicos generalistas, voltados à assistência de populações vulneráveis. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivos descrever o perfil de estudantes de Medicina das universidades de Santa Catarina e analisar quais competências eles consideram necessárias para atender a população indígena. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa com abordagens quantitativa do tipo transversal e qualitativa de natureza exploratória. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de questionário on-line com estudantes de Medicina do estado de Santa Catarina. Realizou-se a análise quantitativa dos dados por meio de estatística descritiva, e, no caso dos dados qualitativos, adotou-se a análise de conteúdo. Resultado: No perfil foi identificado predomínio de mulheres (66,95%), com idade média de 24,47 anos (± 5,35). Dos estudantes, 83,26% se autodeclararam de raça/cor branca, 76,99% nasceram na Região Sul do Brasil, 41,43% cursavam o ciclo básico do curso, e 45,61% não ingressaram por cota. Em relação à renda, 52,3% possuíam renda familiar de até cinco salários mínimos. As categorias que emergiram da análise foram habilidades comunicativas (capacidade de construir uma boa relação médico-paciente e de se comunicar), empatia (vontade de olhar o indivíduo pelas experiências dele e utilizar isso para auxiliar o tratamento), aspectos culturais (conhecimento antropológico e cultural da comunidade à qual for prestar assistência) e determinantes sociais (compreensão das vulnerabilidades específicas dessa população). Conclusão: O presente artigo permitiu refletir sobre o estudo da pluralidade acerca dos processos de saúde e doença no que diz respeito à saúde indígena, e analisou quem são os estudantes e de que forma a saúde indígena e as competências médicas para atender essa população estão sendo abordadas ao longo da formação no estado de Santa Catarina.

Abstract: Introduction: Brazilian medical training has been rethought from the National Curriculum Guidelines, which show the need to include approaches in the curricula that consider the training of general practitioners, aimed at assisting vulnerable populations. Objective: The objective was to describe the profile of medical students at universities in Santa Catarina and to analyse which skills they describe as necessary to medical care for the indigenous population. Method: This was a cross-sectional quantitative and exploratory qualitative study. Data was collected using an online questionnaire with medical students from the state of Santa Catarina. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics and content analysis was used for qualitative data. Results: The profile reflected a predominance of women (66.95%), a mean age of 24.47 years (± 5.35), and 83.26% self-declared as being of white race/colour. In addition, 76.99% of the students were born in the southern region of Brazil; 41.43% are taking the basic cycle of the course; 45.61% did not enroll due to ethnic quota; in relation to income, 52.3% of the students have a household income of up to five minimum wages. The categories that emerged from the analysis were communication skills (the ability to build a good doctor-patient relationship and to communicate), empathy (willingness to look at the individual through their experiences and use this to aid treatment), cultural aspects (anthropological and cultural knowledge of the community to which assistance is provided), social determinants (understanding of the specific vulnerabilities of this population). Final considerations: This article as allowed us to reflect on the study of plurality about health and disease processes relating to indigenous health and has analysed who the students are and how indigenous health and medical competencies to assist this population are being addressed during training in the state of Santa Catarina.

O que a pesquisa sobre raciocínio clínico tem a dizer a preceptores e professores de áreas clínicas? / What does research on clinical reasoning have to say to clinical teachers?

O raciocínio clínico é um fator determinante da performance do médico, crucial para chegar a um diagnóstico correto e possibilitar decisões terapêuticas adequadas. Ajudar seus estudantes a desenvolver o raciocínio clínico é um desafio diário de muitos professores e, para selecionar estratégias de ensino adequadas, pode ser útil conhecer um pouco dos resultados da pesquisa sobre raciocínio clínico que vem se desenvolvendo já há algumas décadas. Este artigo traz uma síntese de achados desta pesquisa que ajudam a compreender os processos cognitivos envolvidos no raciocínio clínico, a trajetória que leva o estudante de uma condição de "iniciante" `a de "expert" e abordagens instrucionais que têm se mostrado úteis para facilitar esta trajetória. O foco do artigo é o processo diagnóstico, porque é ele que tem sido o objeto central de pesquisa. Esta pesquisa indica que não há estratégias de raciocínio específicas, próprias do médico expert, que possam ser ensinadas ao estudante. É a existência de uma larga base de conhecimentos organizados na memória em scripts de doenças de diversos formatos que explica o melhor desempenho do expert. Quanto mais numerosos, mais ricos e melhor organizados são os scripts que um médico tem na memória, mais apto ele está para fazer diagnósticos acurados. Estes scripts são formados gradualmente ao longo dos anos de formação e para desenvolvê-los o estudante deve ser exposto a uma grande diversidade de problemas clínicos, com os quais ele deve interagir de forma ativa. Abordagens instrucionais que requerem que o estudante reflita de forma sistemática sobre os problemas, analisando diferenças e similaridades entre eles, explicando mecanismos subjacentes, comparando e contrastando diagnósticos alternativos têm se mostrado úteis para ajudar a refinar scripts de doenças e são ferramentas valiosas para os professores interessados no desenvolvimento do raciocínio clínico de seus estudantes.

Clinical reasoning is a crucial determinant of physicians' performance. It is key to arrive at a correct diagnosis, which substantially increases the chance of appropriate therapeutic decisions. Clinical teachers face the daily challenge of helping their students to develop clinical reasoning. To select appropriate teaching strategies, it may be useful to become acquainted with the results of the research on clinical reasoning that has been conducted over the last decades. This article synthesizes the findings of this research that help in particular to understand the cognitive processes involved in clinical reasoning, the trajectory that leads the student from novice to expert, and instructional approaches that have been shown to be useful to facilitating this trajectory. The focus of the article is the diagnostic process, because it is about it that most research has been conducted. This research indicates that there is not a particular reasoning strategy that is specific to expert physicians and could be taught to students. It is the availability of a large knowledge base organized in memory in illness scripts of different formats that explains the expert's better performance. The more, the richer, and the more well-structured are the illness scripts a physician has stored in memory, the more he/she would be able to make accurate diagnoses. These scripts are formed gradually over the years of education. To help develop them, students should be exposed to a wide variety of clinical problems, with which they must interact actively. Instructional approaches that require students to systematically reflect on problems, analyzing differences and similarities between them, explaining underlying mechanisms, comparing and contrasting alternative diagnoses, have proved useful to help refine disease scripts. These approaches are valuable tools for teachers concerned with the development of their students clinical reasoning.

Desarrollo de la competencia médica para el ejercicio profesional en centros ambulatorios / Development of competence for the professional practice in ambulatory centres

El desarrollo de competencias, es una característica profesional que trasciende las aulas, y cuyo progreso se describe como un proceso continuo. En un grupo de médicos se planeó analizar el grado de identificación con aspectos de la competencia presentados "Modelo de tres circulos" y la opinión de los mismos sobre el contexto laboral donde se inician como profesionales, siguiendo un diseño cuantitativo-cualitativo. Participaron 296 médicos egresados de 8 universidades venezolanas (promedio de egreso: 9 meses desviación estándar: 5,41 meses). Laborando en abulatorios rurales. Se utilizó un modelo descriptivo de la competencia que agrupa las actitudes, habilidades y conocimientos en 12 dominios, para elaborar dos cuestionarios validados llamados "dominios clínicos" de 95 ítems, y "dominios no clínicos" de 75 ítems, con un escalamiento tipo Likert de cinco puntos, con una confiabilidad aceptable (Alfa>0,75). Con el objeto de explorar las posibles variaciones entre diferentes subgrupos de la muestra de médicos, se consideraron las variables procedencia y universidad de origen. Para este fin se compararon los promedios de cada subgrupo en los puntajes totales de cada cuestionario mediante análisis de varianza o Kruskal Wallis, usando el programa SPSS versión 12.0 y Excel 2003. Los datos cualitativos relativos a opiniones sobre su experiencia laboral, se recogieron en 146 médicos mediante un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas, y un diario de campo, triangulando con tres informantes claves. Esta información fue procesada usando el programa Atlas/ti versión 4.2. Se encontró que los médicos se identifican con los aspectos de la competencia explorados en un 79% y se observaron diferencias significativas en los puntajes promedio de los instrumentos según la universidad de origen. La exploración cualitativa mostró una opinión desfavorable, en los médicos participantes en el estudio, hacia el ejercicio en centros ambulatorios, relacionada con factores económicos...

The development of competition is a profesional characteristic which go beyond the lecture room and its progress is described as a continual process. In a medical group it was decided to analyze the identification level with competition included in the model of the three circles and their opinions on the labour context where they begin as professionals, following a qualitative-qualitative design. In the study participate 296 medical doctors from 8 venezuelan universities (avaerage time of graduation: 9 ± 5,4 months) and working in rural health clinics. A descriptive competition model was used which includes evaluation of attitudes, skills and knowledge on 12 scopes, in order to elaborate two validated questionnaires: clinical (95 items) and non clinical (75 items), in a Lickert scale of five points with acceptable confidence (Cronbach alpha > 0.75. In order to explore possible vartation among the different sub-group of the sample of medical doctors, origin and university were considered. Mean scores from each type of questionnaire were compared by analysis of variance or Kruskall Walls test using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, 12th version and Excel 2003. Opinions on labour experience were collected from 146 medical doctors by means of a set of open ended questions and a field work diary and triangulation with three key informants. This qualitative data was processed by means of the Atlas/ti program, version 4.2. According to the results the medical doctors identified themselves in a 79% with the competition explored aspects. The qualitative inquire show unfavourable opinions from the participants medical doctors on their practice in the raraul clinics in relation to economic factors, labour contest and few opportunities to professional bring up. to date

Exploración de un modelo de la competencia médica en alumnos de sexto año de la Escuela de Medicina Luis Razetti / Exploring a model of medical competence in sixth graders from the School of Medicine

Los paradigmas y modelos de la educación médica están siendo sometidos en la actualidad a un proceso de revisión y reorientación por parte de los organismos responsables a nivel mundial, con miras al logro del desarrollo integral de los conocimientos, habilidades y actitudes (competencia médica), que deben adquirir los futuros profesionales médicos. Se realizó un estudio de tipo exploratorio, no experimental, transversal y de carácter descriptivo, con el propósito de desarrollar y validar un instrumento de exploración de los aspectos de la Competencia Médica, tal y como son definidos en el "Modelo de Tres Círculos" (M3C). Una vez aplicado dicho instrumento, se analizó el grado de identificación, con lo definido en el M3C, de los estudiantes del sexto año de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Central de Venezuela para el período 2004 - 2005. Los resultados indican que los alumnos expresaron un nivel de "identificación" mayor de 70 por ciento con conductas, opiniones o sentimientos que reflejan el perfil de competencia médica, tanto en los aspectos clínicos y no clínicos. Si bien los resultados obtenidos no pueden ser considerados como una evaluación de la competencia, los mismos podrían servir de orientación en un proceso de revisión racional del modelo educativo y currículo de las Escuelas de Medicina.

The paradigms and models for Medical Education are being revised and refocus by wide-world responsible organisations, in order to achieve the integral development of the cognitions, skills and attitudes (Medical Competence), to be acquired by future physicians. An exploratory, non experimental, transversal and descriptive study was designed in order to evaluate and develop an instrument to explore the aspects of Medical Competence, as it was defined in the "Three Circle Model" (3CM). Once the instrument was applied, the grade of identification was analysed, as defined by the 3CM, in the students of the last year medical school Universidad Central de Venezuela (2004 - 2005). The results indicate that students expressed more than 70 percent "identification" level with conducts, opinions or feelings that reflect the profile of medical competence, in the clinical and non clinical aspects. Even though the results can not be consider as a competence evaluation, it could serve as a rational review process of the education model and curriculum in Medical School.