The effect of administration skills on Rorschach protocols.

Although the Rorschach is the most widely studied and used non self-report measure to assess personality, no empirical studies have been carried out to investigate what level of expertise is needed to properly collect valid Rorschach protocols. The aim of the current study was to explore, using a within-subject design, the effect of training on proficiency in administering the Rorschach, specifically a) what kind of errors are associated with different levels of training, and b) what level of expertise guarantees a sufficiently effective Rorschach administration. The second (T1), the fifth (T2) and the tenth (T3) Rorschach protocols collected by 50 licensed psychologists attending a Rorschach training course were examined to explore what kind of mistakes were made at the different stages of training. In the Response phase, examiners collected more simplistic protocols and made more errors at T1, while they showed satisfactory proficiency at T2. Regarding the Inquiry Phase, the most relevant finding was that at T1 examiners made both errors of omission and commission, while at T2 they no longer made errors of omission but they did make more errors of commission, likely as a temporary effect of the training. At T3 a sufficiently effective Rorschach administration was carried out. Findings suggest that a 100-h Rorschach training course and 10 administrations as practicum, each followed by individual feedback and group discussion, might be sufficient to guarantee sufficiently effective Rorschach administration skills.

The Validity of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique: New Indices.

Objective: The present study examines the validity of 11 new Holtzman Inkblot Technique indices. These were chosen from Exner's Comprehensive System (RCS) indices using two criteria: first, they had to be valid according to meta-analysis, and second, they must be computed using the HIT standard scoring system. Methods: Both techniques were administrated with a retest interval from 1 to 7days to a sample of 139 subjects (63 males and 76 females) from the general population. The validity of the new indices was studied through Pearson correlation (r) with the corresponding RCS indices. Results: Nine of the 11 new indices (R-HIT, F%-HIT, M-HIT, m-HIT, C'-HIT, Blends-HIT, PureH-HIT, DQ+HIT, and X-%-HIT) showed significant correlations with Rorschach scales, confirming our hypotheses. The correlation ranged from a minimum of 0.144 to a maximum of 0.414. Conclusions: The results provide support for the validity of the new HIT indices and have important implications for both clinical and research fields.

Evaluation of ICCMS versus CAMBRA Caries Risk Assessment Models Acquisition on Treatment Plan in Young Adult Population: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the difference between ICCMS and CAMBRA models on treatment plan of young adults. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: A total of 104 young adult patients were randomly divided into two groups, either ICCMS or CAMBRA. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients were examined according to the criteria of the ICDAS-II and caries risk was analyzed according to CAMBRA and divided into two equal groups according to treatment protocol. Caries incidence was assessed according to ICDAS-II criteria after 6 and 12 months. Statistical analysis used Chi-square test. A value of P ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Relative risk (RR) was used to determine the clinical significance. RESULTS: The current study has revealed no statistically significant difference between both caries risk assessment models tested at baseline (P = 0.317), 6 months (P = 0.164) and 1 year (P = 0.287). Intra-group assessment of CAMBRA group showed a statistically significant difference in ICDAS scores (P = 0.002) after 12 months in high- and moderate-risk groups while low-risk group did not show statistically significant difference in ICDAS scores between different follow-up periods (P = 0.593) and (P = 1.000), respectively. ICCMS groups did not show statistically significant differences in any group along follow-up periods. CONCLUSION: ICCMS and CAMBRA were equivalent in preventing new decay. The ICCMS treatment plan is a safe approach and its preventive products are available over the counter. However, it is more complicated than CAMBRA. While CAMBRA is simpler, it is less comprehensive, some of its products are not available over the counter worldwide (e.g. Duraphat 5000 ppm) and some of them may be accompanied by several side effects (e.g. chlorhexidine mouthwash), which may weaken its management protocol.

Variables del Sistema Comprehensivo de Rorschach predictivas del proceso de Toma de Decisiones / Comprehensive Rorschach System predictive variables of the decision-making process

RESUMEN Se realizó una investigación aplicada, con enfoque cuantitativo y de diseño no experimental tipo transversal/descriptivo. El estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las variables del Sistema Comprehensivo de Rorschach (SCR), predictivas del proceso de toma de decisiones. La muestra, seleccionada de manera intencional, no probabilística, quedó constituida por 50 adultos. Los métodos empíricos utilizados fueron la entrevista, el Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) o Tarea de apuestas y el Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach. Los estadígrafos utilizados fueron la prueba de bondad de ajuste de Shapiro-Wilks, el análisis de correlación de Spearman (rho) y la Regresión logística binaria. Se identificó el estilo de lambda como la principal variable predictora, responsable de las variaciones encontradas en la Tarea de apuestas.

ABSTRACT An applied research was carried out, with a quantitative approach, and a non-experimental cross-sectional / descriptive design. The study aims to identify the variables of the Comprehensive Rorschach System (SCR), predictive of the decision-making process. The sample, selected intentionally, not probabilistically, was made up of 50 adults. The empirical methods used were the interview, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) or Gambling Task and the Rorschach Psychodiagnosis. The statistics used were the Shapiro-Wilks goodness-of-fit test, Spearman's correlation analysis (rho), and binary logistic regression. LAMBDA was the most important predictive variable of the variations found in the Gambling Task.

Índice de depresión y de inhabilidad social del Rorschach en adultos con trastornos depresivos / Rorschach index of depression and social disability in adults with depressive disorders

RESUMEN El Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach es una prueba proyectiva que se aplica en la evaluación de la personalidad y trastornos psicopatológicos. Constituyó una investigación aplicada, descriptiva-transversal con un enfoque cuantitativo, entre 2015 y 2018. El presente texto tiene como objetivo analizar la frecuencia de las variables del Índice de depresión y del Índice de inhabilidad social en protocolos de adultos con trastornos depresivos residentes en la provincia de Camagüey. Los 210 protocolos pertenecientes a sujetos con trastornos depresivos que conformaron la muestra, fueron seleccionados de manera intencional pura, no probabilística. En la generalidad de los protocolos, el Índice de depresión no fue eficaz para diagnosticar la depresión de los sujetos y el Índice de inhabilidad social fue positivo. Las variables más frecuentes en el Índice de depresión y de inhabilidad social indican la presencia de una actividad cognitiva poco elaborada, escasa sensibilidad hacia el propio mundo personal y hacia el entorno, así como dificultades en la esfera de relaciones interpersonales. El estudio responde a la Cátedra Honorífica Hermann Rorschach de la Universidad de Camagüey.

ABSTRACT The Rorschach Psychodiagnosis is a projective test that is applied in the evaluation of personality and psychopathological disorders. It was an applied, descriptive-cross-sectional research with a quantitative approach, between 2015 and 2018. This text aims to analyze the frequency of the variables of the Depression Index and the Social Disability Index in protocols for adults with depressive disorders residing in the Camagüey province. The 210 protocols belonging to subjects with depressive disorders that made up the sample were intentionally selected in a pure, non-probabilistic manner. In most protocols, the Depression Index was not effective in diagnosing subjects' depression, and the Social Disability Index was positive. The most frequent variables in the Depression and Social Disability Index indicate the presence of poorly developed cognitive activity, low sensitivity to one's personal world and the environment, as well as difficulties in the sphere of interpersonal relationships. The study responds to the Hermann Rorschach Honorary Chair at the University of Camagüey.

Clarifying Deeper Psychological Characteristics of Hikikomori Using the Rorschach Comprehensive System: A Pilot Case-Control Study.

Hikikomori, a form of severe social withdrawal more than 6 months, has increasingly become a crucial issue especially among adolescents. Loneliness, avoidant personality, Japanese culture-related attachment style ("amae"), and difficulty in expressing emotions are suggested to be related to hikikomori. However, deeper psychological aspects have not been well clarified. The Rorschach test is one of the most popular psychological assessment tools to evaluate deeper personality traits. The Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) has been established as the most reliable scoring method. Until now, no CS research has been conducted focusing on hikikomori. Therefore, we herein conducted a pilot case-control study using CS in clinical cases with and without hikikomori condition. Participants were recruited from the Mood Disorder/Hikikomori Clinic at Kyushu University Hospital. Twenty-two patients with hikikomori (HK patients) and 18 patients without hikikomori (non-HK patients) participated in the present study. All the 40 participants conducted the self-report Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) personality questionnaire and CS. Regarding the SCID-II personality questionnaire, various personality traits including passive aggressive trait were significantly higher in HK patients. Among CS variables, HK patients showed higher scores on FC (Form Color) and SumT (total number of texture-related responses). In addition, frequency of SumT was higher in HK patients. The present results suggest that persons with hikikomori are more likely to express emotions indirectly and expect others to presume their feelings and thoughts. Persons with hikikomori may also have difficulty in becoming independent emotionally from primitive dependence and attachment on significant others. Further investigations with larger samples are warranted for validation.

Variables diferenciadoras del nivel de gravedad de la depresión mediante el Sistema Comprehensivo Rorschach / Differentiated variables of the seriousness level of the depression by means of the Rorschach Comprehensive System

RESUMEN Se desarrolló una investigación descriptiva transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo, en la que la muestra fue seleccionada de manera intencional pura, no probabilística, según criterios establecidos por los autores del estudio. Quedó constituida por las variables del Sistema Comprehensivo Rorschach pertenecientes a 120 protocolos de sujetos con trastornos depresivos, de ellos 82 presentaron depresión moderada, y 38 depresión severa. Se aplicaron los siguientes métodos empíricos: entrevista, observación, Autoescala de Zung y Conde, y el Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach. Los estadígrafos que se utilizaron fueron el Test de Kolmogorov- Smirnov, el Test de Comparación de Proporciones y la prueba de Mann-Whitney. Como principales resultados se obtuvo que las variables del Sistema Comprehensivo Rorschach, que establecieron diferencias estadísticas altamente significativas entre los grupos de sujetos fueron: Lambda alta, Proporción afectiva baja, total de respuestas, las respuestas globales, Suma Ponderada de respuestas con el determinante color cromático y la Experiencia accesible.

ABSTRACT A transverse descriptive investigation was developed, with a quantitative approach, in that the sample was selected in a pure intentional way, not probabilistic, according to criteria established by the authors of the study. It was constituted for the variables of the Rorschach Comprehensive System belonging to 120 protocols of individuals with depressive disorders, of them 82 presented moderate depression, and 38 severe depression. The following empirical methods were applied: interview, observation, Auto-scale of Zung and Conde, and Psycho-diagnosis of Rorschach. The statisticians used were the Test of Kolmogorov - Smirnov, the Test of Comparison of Proportions and the Mann-Whitney test. As main results, it was obtained that the variables of the Rorschach Comprehensive System, which established highly significant statistical differences between the groups of individuals were: tall Lambda, low affective proportion, whole of answers, the global answers, exaggerated sum of answers with the determinant chromatic color and the accessible experience.

Estudio Rorschach sobre control y tolerancia al estrés asociado a hiperhidrosis primaria en jóvenes hiperhidróticos / Rorschach study on stress control and tolerance associated to primary hyperhidrosis in young hyperhidrotic people

RESUMEN La hiperhidrosis primaria, enfermedad crónica por exceso de sudoración, aparece en etapas tempranas de la vida y ocasiona limitaciones que interfieren las relaciones sociales. Esta sintomatología hace que la capacidad de control y tolerancia al estrés sea limitada. Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y se aportan resultados cualitativos individuales de tres jóvenes con hiperhidrosis primaria. Por ello el objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar el control y tolerancia al estrés asociados a la hiperhidrosis primaria que presentan tres jóvenes hiperhidróticos (de modo individual). Fueron aplicados una entrevista semiestructurada, el Inventario de Ansiedad Rasgo-Estado y el Sistema Comprehensivo Rorschach. Los resultados son diferentes en los tres jóvenes. Se concluye que las diferencias entre las personas con hiperhidrosis primaria, en relación a su capacidad de control y tolerancia al estrés, están dadas por la combinación característica de elementos que definen la personalidad en estilos y estados en situaciones de demanda social mantenida.

ABSTRACT Primary hyperhidrosis, a chronic disease characterized by excessive sweating, appears at an early age and causes limitations that interfere with social relationships. This symptomatology limits the ability to control and tolerate stress. A descriptive research was carried out. It shows the individual qualitative results of three young primary hiperhidrotic people. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to characterize stress control and tolerance associated to primary hyperhidrosis in three young hyperhidrotic people (individually). A semistructured interview as well as the State-Feature Anxiety Inventory and the Rorschach Comprehensive System were used. Results are different in the three young people. It was concluded that differences between people with primary hyperhidrosis, with regard to their ability to control and tolerate stress, lie in the characteristic combination of elements that define the personality in styles and states in sustained social demand situations.

Rorschach Evaluation of Personality and Emotional Characteristics in Adolescents With Migraine Versus Epilepsy and Controls.

The literature examining primary headache, including migraine, in adolescents, has pointed out the key role played by a wide range of psychiatric disorders in reducing the patients' quality of life. Moreover, pioneering studies showed that preexisting personality characteristics, specific emotion regulation styles and psychological-psychiatric difficulties are likely to increase the risk of the onset, maintenance, and outcome of headache. Still personality issues in migraine have been poorly studied, in particular in children and adolescents. This study aims, therefore, to investigate the specific characteristics of personality, and in particular emotion regulation and coping strategies, in adolescent with migraine, comparing them with age-matched patients with idiopathic epilepsy and healthy adolescents. 52 adolescents (age: 11-17) were assessed using a multi-method test battery, which included a self-report questionnaire (the youth self-report), a proxy-report (child behavior checklist) along with a projective personality test, the Rorschach Test, administered and scored according to the Exner comprehensive system. The results showed specific personality characteristics in adolescents with migraine, revealing a marked difficulty in modulating and regulating affections through thoughts and reflections, resorting instead to impulsive acts and maladaptive coping strategies, thus revealing a vague and immature perception of reality. Differently from adolescents belonging to the general population, but similarly to patients with epilepsy, adolescents with migraine perceive a high situational stress, probably related to the condition of suffering from chronic disease. They have, therefore, a lower self-consideration and self-esteem along with a poorer insight regarding themselves as well as the relations with others. In line with previous findings, these preliminary results suggest the need for further research on ample samples, using also standardized projective test in order to better understand the pathogenesis of psychological difficulties in patients with migraine. As a clinical implication, the results seem to indicate that providing a psychological integrated approach can play a pivotal role in the assessment and treatment of adolescent with migraine, in order to improve the outcome and the quality of life of the young patients.

The Comparison of Iranian Normative Reference Data with Five Countries Across Variables in Eight Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) Clusters.

Objective: This study aimed to provide a normative study documenting how 114 five-seven year-old non- patient Iranian children respond to the Rorschach test. We compared this especial sample to international normative reference values for the Comprehensive System (CS). Method: One hundred fourteen 5- 7- year-old non-patient Iranian children were recruited from public schools. Using five child and adolescent samples from five countries, we compared Iranian Normative Reference Data- based on reference means and standard deviations for each sample. Results: Findings revealed that how the scores in each sample were distributed and how the samples were compared across variables in eight Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS) clusters. We reported all descriptive statistics such as reference mean and standard deviation for all variables. Conclusion: Iranian clinicians could rely on country specific or "local norms" when assessing children. We discourage Iranian clinicians to use many CS scores to make nomothetic, score-based inferences about psychopathology in children and adolescents. .

Modelo de atención del cáncer en la infancia y adolescencia / Model of cancer care for children and adolescents

La atención integral de niños y adolescentes con cáncer es uno de los grandes desafíos para el sistema de salud pública de nuestros países donde el cáncer infantil representa un problema de salud pública y un problema social. El cáncer pediátrico en Paraguay, un país de escasos recursos, es un problema social y de salud pública por las consecuencias que se infringen a los pacientes, sus familias, las comunidades y los sistemas de salud. Un modelo descentralizado con clínicas más cercanas y dedicadas a cuidados primarios y referencias de niños con diagnóstico potencial de cáncer mejoraron el acceso a cuidados especializados y seguimiento del cáncer. Estas clínicas, implementadas dentro de los hospitales regionales de los sistemas nacionales de salud, ofrecen soluciones sostenibles y efectivas para un mejor acceso y seguimiento del cuidado de los niños con cáncer. El análisis de los desafíos, el éxito y la rentabilidad de estas clínicas regionales de cáncer pediátrico para referencias y seguimiento, permite sugerir un modelo óptimo para tales clínicas en entornos de bajos ingresos. Este modelo podría ser replicado para el cuidado de otras enfermedades y en otros grupos de edad. Presentamos aquí el resultado de la evaluación de los resultados de los pacientes de las cuatro clínicas regionales desde su implementación inicial.

Comprehensive care for children and adolescents with cancer is one of the major challenges for the public health system in our countries where childhood cancer represents a public health problem and a social problem. Pediatric cancer in Paraguay, a country with limited resources, is a social and public health problem because of the consequences that are inflicted on patients, their families, communities and health systems. A decentralized care model with closer-to-home clinics dedicated to primary care and referrals of children with a potential cancer diagnosis improved access to specialized care and cancer follow-up. These clinics, implemented within the regional hospitals of national health systems, offer sustainable and effective solutions for better access and follow-up care for children with cancer. An analysis of the challenges, success and cost-effectiveness of these regional pediatric cancer clinics for referral and follow-up allows us to suggest an optimal model for such clinics in low-income settings. This model could be replicated for the care of other diseases and in other age groups. We present here the results of the evaluation of the results of the patients of the four regional clinics since its initial implementation.

Estudio de la afectividad en mujeres con trastornos depresivos a través del psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach / Affectivity in Women with Depressive Disorders through Rorschach Test

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva con el objetivo de caracterizar la esfera afectiva de mujeres diagnosticadas con trastornos depresivos, en el período comprendido entre 2012 y 2015. La muestra estuvo conformada por 46 mujeres residentes en la provincia de Camagüey, seleccionadas de manera intencional, a partir de los criterios establecidos por los autores del estudio. Se aplicó el Psicodiagnóstico de Rorschach, según la codificación e interpretación del Sistema Comprehensivo de Exner. Como principales resultados se obtuvo que, en la mayoría de las mujeres, predominó la combinación del Índice de depresión negativo y el Índice de inhabilidad social positivo, el estilo vivencial coartado e introversivo, proporción afectiva baja y Lambda alta.

A descriptive study was conducted to characterize the affective sphere of women diagnosed with depressive disorders during a period between 2012 and 2015. The sample consisted of 46 women living in Camagüey, who were selected intentionally using criteria established by the investigation authors. A Rorschach Test was applied, with regard to the encoding and interpretation of Exner´s Comprehensive System. Results suggested that most women exhibited a combination of the negative depression index and the positive social disability index, constricted and introversive experiential style, low affective proportion and high Lambda.

Rorschach: Normas para Adolescentes em Diferentes Etapas da Vida / Rorschach Data for Adolescents: Results at Different Stages of Life

RESUMO Trata-se de estudo do método de Rorschach para construção de normas para adolescentes, com 118 participantes da cidade de São Paulo, com idades entre 13 e 17 anos. Foram realizados: estatística descritiva do Rorschach e estudos por meio de ANCOVA e ANOVA - com e sem a mediação da variável "complexidade" (R-PAS), para comparar adolescentes de 13-14 com 15-17 anos e a amostra de adolescentes com uma amostra de estudo normativo de adultos. Nos procedimentos com idades dicotomizadas, encontrou-se apenas uma diferença, em ANCOVA. Na comparação com os adultos foram encontradas muitas diferenças em ANOVA e ANCOVA. Adolescentes evidenciam melhores recursos cognitivos e sinais de sofrimento psíquico diversos dos apresentados por adultos. Conclui-se que é muito importante a utilização de tabelas específicas para adolescentes.

ABSTRACT This is a study to construct norms for the Rorschach method for adolescents based on 118 participants from São Paulo, with ages ranging from 13 to 17. Descriptive statistics of Rorschach are presented and the results of studies performed, with and without the mediating variable "complexity " (R-PAS) - by means of ANCOVA and ANOVA. The adolescents of 13-14 years are compared to 15-17 years and then the sample of the adolescents is further compared to adults. In studies with dichotomized ages, there was only a difference within ANCOVA. In comparison with the adults, many differences were found using ANOVA and ANCOVA. The adolescents showed better cognitive resourses and sings of psychological distress differently from the adults. The results indicate that the use of specific tables for adolescents is important.

[Self-esteem and giftedness: a Rorschach Comprehensive System study]. / Estime de soi et haut potentiel : une étude Rorschach Système Intégré

BACKGROUND: According to empirical literature, low self-esteem is highly correlated to behavioural and emotional problems in gifted children and adolescents. Since self-esteem is an indicator of social and emotional adjustment, it would be interesting to better understand the meaning of this construct, as it is evaluated explicitly with the use of self-report questionnaires. In order to explore the psychological processes underlying the explicit self-esteem, we studied the relation of a self-report questionnaire and an indirect measure of self and interpersonal perception using the Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS). METHOD: The participants were 93 children, aged between 9 and 15 years old, with an IQ≥130. They were attending regular classes (no curriculum difference). Self-esteem was evaluated using the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI). We used the Rorschach CS measures of self and interpersonal perception. RESULTS: The results showed no significant correlation between self-esteem and high IQ. A negative correlation between self-esteem evaluated on the SEI and the Rorschach Vista responses was found, which reflected self-critical introspection and painful self-appraisal. Then a positive correlation was observed between self-esteem and reflection answers on the Rorschach (Fr+rF>0), which are related to narcissistic-like features of personality. We also found a positive correlation between self-esteem and the Rorschach egocentricity index (EGO), which provides an estimate of self-concern. Finally, the strongest correlation was found between self-esteem and the dominance of good over poor human representations (GHR>PHR), which reveals effective interpersonal behaviour. DISCUSSION: The psychological processes which seem to be related to low self-esteem in gifted children and adolescents are maladaptive interpersonal behaviours, painful experience of introspection focusing on perceived negative aspects of the self, absence of narcissistic-like features of the personality and low self-concern. These findings may suggest that intervention planning with gifted children and adolescents with low self-esteem should emphasize the accurate interpretation of interpersonal data, develop social skills and restructure negative self-thoughts.

Estudo normativo para o Sistema Compreensivo do Rorschach / Normative study of Rorschach Comprehensive System / Estudio normativo para el Sistema Comprehensivo del Rorschach

Este artigo mostra resultados de uma pesquisa para realizar a estatística descritiva das variáveis que compõem o sistema de codificação do Sistema Compreensivo, de indivíduos adultos não-pacientes, de cidades do interior e do litoral do Estado de São Paulo. Apresenta também um estudo comparativo de algumas variáveis com os resultados da capital do estado. A amostra é composta por 209 protocolos de Rorschach, de participantes adultos, com características variadas. Foi realizado um estudo do índice de concordância entre os diferentes codificadores que indicaram resultados muito favoráveis. A estatística descritiva e os testes de comparação entre as médias de algumas variáveis mostraram semelhanças e diferenças com os da capital. Essas semelhanças e diferenças nem sempre aconteceram no sentido que esperávamos. Como exemplo, podemos citar o nível de estresse que é tão alto nas cidades do interior quanto os resultados encontrados na capital do estado.

This article presents the results of research with nonpatient adults used to perform descriptive statistics of the variables that compose the coding system of the Comprehensive System of countryside and coastal cities of the State of São Paulo, in Brazil. It also presents a comparative study of some variables with the results of the capital of State. The sample is comprised of 209 adults Rorschach protocols with varied characteristics. A study of integrated reliability among examiners was performed and indicated very favorable results. The descriptive statistics and comparison tests between some variables showed similarities and differences with those from the capital although they did not always occur in the manner in which we had expected. As an illustration, we can mention the level of stress that is as high in the cities of the interior (coastal and countryside) as the results founded in the capital of the state.

Este artículo presenta resultados de una investigación para realizar estadísticas descriptivas de variables que componen el sistema de codificación del sistema integral de personas adultas no pacientes, en ciudades en el interior y de la costa del Estado de São Paulo, en Brasil. También presenta un estudio comparativo de algunas variables con los resultados de la capital del Estado. La muestra está compuesta por protocolos de Rorschach, 209 de adultos participantes con características variadas. Fue realizado un estudio de índice de correlación entre diferentes codificadores que indican resultados muy favorables. Los resultados de estadísticas descriptivas y análisis comparativos entre algunas variables mostraron similitudes y diferencias con los de la capital. Esas similitudes y diferencias no ocurrieran siempre en el sentido de que se esperaba. Como ejemplo, podemos mencionar que el nivel de estrés es tan alto en las ciudades del interior como los resultados encontrados en la capital del estado.

Desempenho médio de crianças e adolescentes no Método de Rorschach Sistema Compreensivo / Average performance of children and adolescents in the Rorschach Comprehensive System / Desempeño promedio de niños y adolescentes en el Método Rorschach Sistema Comprehensivo

Este estudo apresenta o desempenho de 201 crianças e adolescentes não pacientes, com idades variando de 5 a 14 anos, separados em 3 grupos etários, submetidos ao Método Rorschach Sistema Compreensivo (SC). Os participantes foram selecionados aleatoriamente a partir de escolas públicas e particulares das 9 regiões de Goiânia-GO. No total foram 8 examinadores, com no mínimo 120 horas de treino de administração, codificação e interpretação do Rorschach SC, que contribuíram com a coleta de 21 a 31 protocolos cada um deles. A codificação dos protocolos foi realizada por dois juízes. A análise dos resultados compreende: a avaliação das diferenças entre os examinadores; a concordância entre juízes e levantamento dos dados sociodemográficos dos participantes; estatística descritiva das variáveis do Rorschach. A discussão dos resultados considerou as diferenças entre os três grupos etários e, ao final, foram feitas algumas considerações para futuros estudos normativos com crianças e adolescentes.

This study presents the performance of 201 children and adolescent non-patients, aged 5-14 years, divided into three age groups, submitted to the Rorschach Comprehensive System Method (SC). Participants were randomly selected from public and private schools of the nine regions of the city of Goiânia-GO. In total there were eight examiners, who had at least 120 hours of training in scoring, and interpretation of Rorschach CS, and each of them contributed to the administration of 21-31 protocols. The coding of the protocols was conducted by two judges. The analysis includes the following information: evaluation of the differences across the examiners and interpreter agreement, the collection of participants’ demographic data, descriptive statistics of the Rorschach variables. The discussion considered the differences among the three age groups, and, finally, some considerations were made for future normative studies with children and adolescents.

Este estudio presenta los resultados de 201 niños(as) y adolescentes no pacientes, con edades entre 5 a 14 años, divididos en 3 grupos etarios, sometidos el Rorschach Sistema Comprehensivo (SC). Los participantes fueron seleccionados al azar a partir de escuelas públicas y particulares de 9 regiones de Goiânia-GO. En total fueron 8 examinadores, con un mínimo de 120 horas de entrenamiento en codificación e interpretación del Rorschach SC, que contribuyeron con la aplicación de 21-31 protocolos cada uno. La codificación de los protocolos fue llevada a cabo por dos jueces. Los resultados incluyen: la evaluación de las diferencias entre los examinadores; el acuerdo entre los jueces y el levantamiento de los datos sociodemográficos de los participantes; estadística descriptiva de las variables del Rorschach. La discusión considera las diferencias entre los tres grupos de edad y, al final, algunas consideraciones fueron hechas para futuros estudios normativos con niños y adolescentes.

Versão coletiva do teste de Zulliger segundo o Sistema Compreensivo de Rorschach / Zulliger group test according to the Rorschach Comprehensive System / Versión colectiva del teste de Zulliger segundo el Sistema Comprehensivo de Rorschach

Este trabalho visa contribuir para a (re)estandardização do teste de Zulliger (teste Z) como uma metodologia projetiva passível de ser aplicável coletivamente e com objetividade na avaliação da personalidade. Nesse sentido, tomámos como referência os princípios metodológicos propostos por Exner para o Sistema Compreensivo (SC) do Rorschach e procurámos transpô-los para o teste Z. Para o efeito, analisámos as propostas referenciadas na literatura para a versão individual, adaptámos e testámos materiais, instruções e demais procedimentos de aplicação do teste. Posteriormente, o teste foi aplicado coletivamente, em contexto de seleção, a uma amostra de 156 militares do Exército Português. Após a análise de resultados, centrada na estatística descritiva das variáveis incorporadas no Sumário Estrutural do teste Z, discute-se a relevância de alguns procedimentos para diferentes contextos de aplicação da prova e a necessidade de prosseguir com estudos de índole normativa e de validação das medidas do teste.

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to (re)standardizing Zulliger (Z test) as a group administered projective method, capable of being used with objectivity in personality assessment. For that purpose, we took as main reference the set of methodological principles established by Exner in Rorschach Comprehensive System, in order to transpose it to Z test. After analyzing the referenced proposals available in literature, considering the individually administered Z test, materials, instructions and other procedures were adapted and tested. The test was group administered afterwards in a personnel selection context, to a sample of 156 Portuguese Army military. Considering mainly the descriptive statistics of the incorporated variables in Z test’s Structural Summary, one discusses the relevance of some procedures to the different Z test versions, as well as the need of further normative and validation studies.

El propósito de este trabajo es contribuir para la (re)estandarización del test de Zulliger como metodología proyectiva administrable colectivamente con exactitud y objetividad en la evaluación de la personalidad. Se tomaron como referencia los principios metodológicos propuestos por Exner para el Rorschach – Sistema Comprehensivo, buscando incorporarlos en el test de Zulliger. Después de analizadas las propuestas de la literatura para la administración individual, se han adaptado y testado materiales, instrucciones y otros procedimientos para la administración de la prueba. Después, el test fue administrado colectivamente en contexto de evaluación laboral, a una muestra de 156 militares del Ejército Portugués. Después del análisis de los resultados, centrada en la estadística descriptiva de las variables incorporadas en el Sumario Estructural del test de Zulliger, se discute la relevancia de algunos procedimientos para diferentes contextos de aplicación de la prueba y la necesidad de estudios de validación de las medidas del test.

Versão coletiva do teste de Zulliger segundo o Sistema Compreensivo de Rorschach / Zulliger group test according to the Rorschach Comprehensive System / Versión colectiva del teste de Zulliger segundo el Sistema Comprehensivo de Rorschach

Este trabalho visa contribuir para a (re)estandardização do teste de Zulliger (teste Z) como uma metodologia projetiva passível de ser aplicável coletivamente e com objetividade na avaliação da personalidade. Nesse sentido, tomámos como referência os princípios metodológicos propostos por Exner para o Sistema Compreensivo (SC) do Rorschach e procurámos transpô-los para o teste Z. Para o efeito, analisámos as propostas referenciadas na literatura para a versão individual, adaptámos e testámos materiais, instruções e demais procedimentos de aplicação do teste. Posteriormente, o teste foi aplicado coletivamente, em contexto de seleção, a uma amostra de 156 militares do Exército Português. Após a análise de resultados, centrada na estatística descritiva das variáveis incorporadas no Sumário Estrutural do teste Z, discute-se a relevância de alguns procedimentos para diferentes contextos de aplicação da prova e a necessidade de prosseguir com estudos de índole normativa e de validação das medidas do teste.(AU)

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to (re)standardizing Zulliger (Z test) as a group administered projective method, capable of being used with objectivity in personality assessment. For that purpose, we took as main reference the set of methodological principles established by Exner in Rorschach Comprehensive System, in order to transpose it to Z test. After analyzing the referenced proposals available in literature, considering the individually administered Z test, materials, instructions and other procedures were adapted and tested. The test was group administered afterwards in a personnel selection context, to a sample of 156 Portuguese Army military. Considering mainly the descriptive statistics of the incorporated variables in Z test’s Structural Summary, one discusses the relevance of some procedures to the different Z test versions, as well as the need of further normative and validation studies.(AU)

El propósito de este trabajo es contribuir para la (re)estandarización del test de Zulliger como metodología proyectiva administrable colectivamente con exactitud y objetividad en la evaluación de la personalidad. Se tomaron como referencia los principios metodológicos propuestos por Exner para el Rorschach – Sistema Comprehensivo, buscando incorporarlos en el test de Zulliger. Después de analizadas las propuestas de la literatura para la administración individual, se han adaptado y testado materiales, instrucciones y otros procedimientos para la administración de la prueba. Después, el test fue administrado colectivamente en contexto de evaluación laboral, a una muestra de 156 militares del Ejército Portugués. Después del análisis de los resultados, centrada en la estadística descriptiva de las variables incorporadas en el Sumario Estructural del test de Zulliger, se discute la relevancia de algunos procedimientos para diferentes contextos de aplicación de la prueba y la necesidad de estudios de validación de las medidas del test.(AU)

Desempenho médio de crianças e adolescentes no Método de Rorschach Sistema Compreensivo / Average performance of children and adolescents in the Rorschach Comprehensive System / Desempeño promedio de niños y adolescentes en el Método Rorschach Sistema Comprehensivo

Este estudo apresenta o desempenho de 201 crianças e adolescentes não pacientes, com idades variando de 5 a 14 anos, separados em 3 grupos etários, submetidos ao Método Rorschach Sistema Compreensivo (SC). Os participantes foram selecionados aleatoriamente a partir de escolas públicas e particulares das 9 regiões de Goiânia-GO. No total foram 8 examinadores, com no mínimo 120 horas de treino de administração, codificação e interpretação do Rorschach SC, que contribuíram com a coleta de 21 a 31 protocolos cada um deles. A codificação dos protocolos foi realizada por dois juízes. A análise dos resultados compreende: a avaliação das diferenças entre os examinadores; a concordância entre juízes e levantamento dos dados sociodemográficos dos participantes; estatística descritiva das variáveis do Rorschach. A discussão dos resultados considerou as diferenças entre os três grupos etários e, ao final, foram feitas algumas considerações para futuros estudos normativos com crianças e adolescentes.(AU)

This study presents the performance of 201 children and adolescent non-patients, aged 5-14 years, divided into three age groups, submitted to the Rorschach Comprehensive System Method (SC). Participants were randomly selected from public and private schools of the nine regions of the city of Goiânia-GO. In total there were eight examiners, who had at least 120 hours of training in scoring, and interpretation of Rorschach CS, and each of them contributed to the administration of 21-31 protocols. The coding of the protocols was conducted by two judges. The analysis includes the following information: evaluation of the differences across the examiners and interpreter agreement, the collection of participants’ demographic data, descriptive statistics of the Rorschach variables. The discussion considered the differences among the three age groups, and, finally, some considerations were made for future normative studies with children and adolescents.(AU)

Este estudio presenta los resultados de 201 niños(as) y adolescentes no pacientes, con edades entre 5 a 14 años, divididos en 3 grupos etarios, sometidos el Rorschach Sistema Comprehensivo (SC). Los participantes fueron seleccionados al azar a partir de escuelas públicas y particulares de 9 regiones de Goiânia-GO. En total fueron 8 examinadores, con un mínimo de 120 horas de entrenamiento en codificación e interpretación del Rorschach SC, que contribuyeron con la aplicación de 21-31 protocolos cada uno. La codificación de los protocolos fue llevada a cabo por dos jueces. Los resultados incluyen: la evaluación de las diferencias entre los examinadores; el acuerdo entre los jueces y el levantamiento de los datos sociodemográficos de los participantes; estadística descriptiva de las variables del Rorschach. La discusión considera las diferencias entre los tres grupos de edad y, al final, algunas consideraciones fueron hechas para futuros estudios normativos con niños y adolescentes.(AU)

Estudo normativo para o Sistema Compreensivo do Rorschach / Normative study of Rorschach Comprehensive System / Estudio normativo para el Sistema Comprehensivo del Rorschach

Este artigo mostra resultados de uma pesquisa para realizar a estatística descritiva das variáveis que compõem o sistema de codificação do Sistema Compreensivo, de indivíduos adultos não-pacientes, de cidades do interior e do litoral do Estado de São Paulo. Apresenta também um estudo comparativo de algumas variáveis com os resultados da capital do estado. A amostra é composta por 209 protocolos de Rorschach, de participantes adultos, com características variadas. Foi realizado um estudo do índice de concordância entre os diferentes codificadores que indicaram resultados muito favoráveis. A estatística descritiva e os testes de comparação entre as médias de algumas variáveis mostraram semelhanças e diferenças com os da capital. Essas semelhanças e diferenças nem sempre aconteceram no sentido que esperávamos. Como exemplo, podemos citar o nível de estresse que é tão alto nas cidades do interior quanto os resultados encontrados na capital do estado.(AU)

This article presents the results of research with nonpatient adults used to perform descriptive statistics of the variables that compose the coding system of the Comprehensive System of countryside and coastal cities of the State of São Paulo, in Brazil. It also presents a comparative study of some variables with the results of the capital of State. The sample is comprised of 209 adults Rorschach protocols with varied characteristics. A study of integrated reliability among examiners was performed and indicated very favorable results. The descriptive statistics and comparison tests between some variables showed similarities and differences with those from the capital although they did not always occur in the manner in which we had expected. As an illustration, we can mention the level of stress that is as high in the cities of the interior (coastal and countryside) as the results founded in the capital of the state.(AU)

Este artículo presenta resultados de una investigación para realizar estadísticas descriptivas de variables que componen el sistema de codificación del sistema integral de personas adultas no pacientes, en ciudades en el interior y de la costa del Estado de São Paulo, en Brasil. También presenta un estudio comparativo de algunas variables con los resultados de la capital del Estado. La muestra está compuesta por protocolos de Rorschach, 209 de adultos participantes con características variadas. Fue realizado un estudio de índice de correlación entre diferentes codificadores que indican resultados muy favorables. Los resultados de estadísticas descriptivas y análisis comparativos entre algunas variables mostraron similitudes y diferencias con los de la capital. Esas similitudes y diferencias no ocurrieran siempre en el sentido de que se esperaba. Como ejemplo, podemos mencionar que el nivel de estrés es tan alto en las ciudades del interior como los resultados encontrados en la capital del estado.(AU)