Impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on the O'Sullivan test and gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosis in pregnant Spanish women.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on serum glucose levels of pregnant women. DESIGN: A retrospective analysis of O'Sullivan test in pregnant women who underwent COVID-19 lockdown compared to controls. SITE: Poniente Primary Health Care center in Córdoba (Spain). PARTICIPANTS: 235 pregnant women from 23+0 to 25+0 weeks of gestation without diabetes mellitus. INTERVENTIONS: Gestational diabetes mellitus screening with O'Sullivan test and 3-h oral glucose tolerance test. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: Pregnant women who underwent gestational diabetes mellitus screening with O'Sullivan test before (control group) and during COVID-19 Lockdown (Lockdown group) in Córdoba (Spain) were investigated. Lockdown group was divided in early and late lockdown. An additional, control group from data of the same months of the Lockdown in the previous year were recorded to discarded seasonally (adjusted seasonally control) this group was also divided in early and late seasonally adjusted. A logistic regression model for O'Sullivan test has been performed to analyze potential cofounders. Kolgomorov-Smirnov and Kruskal-Wallis test comparing pregnant women who underwent COVID-19 lockdown with the two types of controls. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in serum glucose after O'Sullivan test between lockdown group and control group (123.51±26.02mg/dL and 112.86±31.28mg/dL; p=0.017). When early lockdown group and control group were compared no differences were found (119.64±26.18mg/dL vs. 112.86±31.28mg/dL; p>0.05) whereas differences were observed in late lockdown group and control group (127.22±25.59mg/dL vs. 112.86±31.28mg/dL; p=0.009). Statistical trends were also found between lockdown group and seasonally adjusted group and between lockdown and late seasonally adjusted group (p=0.089). A higher proportion of positive O'Suvillan pregnant women who were subsequently diagnosed with GDM were found in lockdown group compared to the seasonally adjusted control group (60% vs. 26.06% respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 lockdown was associated with an increase in serum glucose levels after the O'Sullivan test as well as a higher GDM diagnosis risk in pregnant women. The findings of our study emphasize the essential requirement for comprehensive maternal services and the accessibility to community's health assets during future lockdown scenarios to pregnant women.

Ansiedad en estudiantes de secundaria en tiempos de pandemia: revisión Sistemática / Anxiety in high school students in times of pandemic: systematic Review / Ansiedade em estudantes do ensino médio em tempos de Pandemia: Revisão sistemática

El aislamiento social y el confinamiento forzado debido a la pandemia tuvo graves efectos en la salud mental de los estudiantes, que se manifestó cómo ansiedad y estrés. Objetivo. La investigación tuvo como propósito analizar los niveles de ansiedad en estudiantes de secundaria. Metodología. La búsqueda de información se realizó en las bases de datos Scopus y Ebsco, utilizando las ecuaciones: "Anxiety AND High school students", "Trait Anxiety AND High school students", "State anxiety AND High school students"; la información recabada se almacenó en la bandeja de Mendeley; dicha información fue analizada por títulos, resumen, palabras clave, resultados y conclusiones. El análisis de la información encriptada en Mendeley contó con 35 artículos, de los cuales 30 fueron cuantitativos y 5 cualitativos; además, el análisis por países demostró que las investigaciones sobre este tópico se realizaron con mayor énfasis en Brasil (6), en España (4) y en EE.UU. (4). El análisis de los aportes evidenció que la carencia de aparatos tecnológicos y el cambio de una educación presencial a otra virtual tuvo consecuencias inusuales de estrés y ansiedad en estudiantes y docentes. Además, se observó incremento en la agresividad, problemas en la salud mental, insomnio, pérdida del apetito entre otros. Conclusión. El confinamiento social y los cambios abruptos en la educación generaron en los agentes educativos trastornos en la salud mental y emocional.

Social isolation and forced confinement due to the pandemic had serious effects on students' mental health, which manifested as anxiety and stress. Objective. The purpose of the research was to analyze the levels of anxiety in high school students. Methodology: The information search was carried out in the Scopus and Ebsco databases, using the equations: "Anxiety AND High School Students", "Trait Anxiety AND High School Students", "State Anxiety AND High School Students"; the information collected was stored in the Mendeley tray; Said information was analyzed by titles, abstract, keywords, results and conclusions. The analysis of the encrypted information in Mendeley included 35 articles, of which 30 were quantitative and 5 qualitative; In addition, the analysis by countries disappeared because the research on this topic was carried out with greater emphasis in Brazil (6), in Spain (4) and in the US (4). The analysis of the contributions shows that the lack of technological devices and the change from face-to-face education to a virtual one had unusual consequences of stress and anxiety in students and teachers. In addition, an increase in aggressiveness, mental health problems, insomnia, loss of appetite, among others, was demonstrated. Conclusion: Social confinement and abrupt changes in education generate mental and emotional health disorders in educational agents.

O isolamento social e o confinamento forçado devido à pandemia tiveram efeitos graves na saúde mental dos estudantes, que se manifestaram sob a forma de ansiedade e stress. Objetivo: O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar os níveis de ansiedade em estudantes do ensino médio. Metodologia. A busca de informações foi realizada nas bases de dados Scopus e Ebsco, utilizando as equações: "Ansiedade AND Estudantes do Ensino Médio", "Ansiedade Traço AND Estudantes do Ensino Médio", "Ansiedade Estado AND Estudantes do Ensino Médio"; as informações coletadas foram armazenadas na bandeja do Mendeley; Essas informações foram analisadas por títulos, resumo, palavras-chave, resultados e conclusões. A análise das informações criptografadas no Mendeley teve 35 artigos, sendo 30 quantitativos e 5 qualitativos; Além disso, a análise por país mostrou que as pesquisas sobre o tema foram realizadas com maior ênfase no Brasil (6), na Espanha (4) e nos Estados Unidos (4). A análise das contribuições mostrou que a falta de aparatos tecnológicos e a mudança do ensino presencial para o virtual tiveram consequências inusitadas de estresse e ansiedade em alunos e professores. Além disso, foi observado aumento da agressividade, problemas de saúde mental, insônia, perda de apetite, entre outros. Conclusão. O confinamento social e as mudanças bruscas na educação geraram transtornos de saúde mental e emocional nos agentes educacionais.

Effects of SARS-COVID-19 lockdown on menstrual patterns: A transversal large sample survey.

OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the presence, importance, and characteristics of menstrual changes related to stressful circumstances during the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. STUDY DESIGN: An online survey was administered in Spain to menstruating women aged 15-55 who had not contracted COVID-19. It collected information on activities during the lockdown, sexual activity, perceptions of emotional status, any changes in menstrual characteristics, and impact on quality of life. The analysis of menstrual changes was limited to responders who did not use hormonal contraception. RESULTS: A total of 6449 women answered the survey, and 4989 surveys were valid for the final analysis. 92.3% of women had at least one menstruation period during the lockdown, while 7.7% had amenorrhea. Quality of life (QoL) associated with menstruation worsened in 19% of women, did not change in 71.7%, and improved in 1.6%. For 50.1% of the women, global QoL worsened during the lockdown; 41.3% remained about the same and 8.7% reported improvement. Sexual activity during the lockdown decreased in 49.8% of the respondents, remained unchanged in 40.7%, and increased in 9.5%. As far the menstrual changes are concerned, there were no statistically significant differences in amenorrhea incidence, regularity of the menstrual cycle, or the amount or duration of menstrual bleeding in non-hormonal contraceptive users when evaluated by the length and characteristics of isolation, the perception of exposure to COVID-19 and the economic or employment situation. Conversely, we found statistically significant differences according to the intensity of changes in emotional status due to lockdown stressors and changes in regularity, duration, and heaviness of menstruation. CONCLUSION: Changes in emotional status, but not the length and intensity of the isolation or exposure to the disease, significantly influenced menstrual disturbances during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Bienestar emocional, percepciones y actitudes frente a la COVID-19 en adolescentes / Emotional well-being, perceptions and attitudes against COVID-19 on adolescents

Introducción: La pandemia mundial por SARS-CoV-2 ha ocasionado un gran impacto en la vida de los adolescentes afectando el bienestar infanto-juvenil, sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia del efecto que ha tenido a nivel emocional en esta población. Objetivo: Explorar los conocimientos, percepciones y actitudes de los jóvenes frente a la COVID-19 y el impacto provocado en el bienestar emocional. Material y método: Estudio observacional transversal y descriptivo, a partir de una encuesta realizada a alumnos de 16-20 años de cinco institutos del área metropolitana de Barcelona. Resultados: El estudio se efectuó sobre 291 encuestas. De los participantes, 56,7% fueron mujeres. La edad media fue de 16,8 años y la mediana de 17 años. Se detectó un mayor desconocimiento sobre la transmisión de la enfermedad. Las fuentes de información más utilizadas fueron las redes sociales. En cuanto al malestar emocional, destaca la preocupación por enfermar (64%), los problemas económicos familiares (46%), la ansiedad e irritabilidad (27%) y la apatía (26,5%). Se detectan diferencias entre géneros en cuanto a la preocupación (mujeres: 28,8%, hombres: 11,1%), tristeza (mujeres: 29,3%, hombres: 15,5%) y sensación de tener miedo (mujeres: 24,5%, hombres 11%). De los sujetos, 16,7% consultaron con un profesional de salud mental, siendo más frecuente en mujeres (23,8%, hombres: 7,4%). Conclusiones: La COVID-19 ha afectado el bienestar emocional de los adolescentes, sobre todo en la población femenina. Se detecta un mayor uso de las redes sociales para evitar el aislamiento social. Los resultados del estudio pueden ayudar a diseñar estrategias para evitar malestares futuros en el ámbito biopsicosocial.(AU)

Introduction: The worldwide pandemic of SARS-Cov2 has had a great impact on the lives of adolescents, affecting their health and well-being. There is little evidence of the emotional impact of the pandemic on adolescents. Objectiv: To explore the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of young people regarding COVID-19 and its impact on emotional well-being. Method: A cross-sectional observational and descriptive study based on a survey of students aged 16–20 from five high schools in Barcelona metropolitan area. Results: The study was carried out on 291 surveys. Females made up 56.7% of the population. The average age was 16.9 years. A greater lack of knowledge about the transmission of the disease was detected. The most frequently used sources of information were social networks. In terms of emotional distress, the most important aspects were worry about getting sick (64%), family financial problems (46%), anxiety and irritability (27%), and apathy (26.5%). Gender differences were detected in terms of worries (women: 28.8%; men: 11.1%), sadness (women: 29.3%, men: 15.5%), and feelings of fear (women: 24.5%; men: 11%). 16.7% of the participants consulted a mental health professional, with this being more common in women (women: 23.8%; men: 7.4%). Conclusions: COVID-19 has affected the emotional well-being of adolescents, especially the female population. It is necessary to implement emotional well-being strategies in early childhood to cope with possible stressful situations in daily life and avoid future mental health problems. There is a growing use of social media to combat social isolation. The results of the study hold the potential to strategies aimed at preempting forthcoming biopsychosocial distress.(AU)

Estrategias de afrontamiento y estrés. Estudio longitudinal con estudiantes de Medicina y Veterinaria de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Coping strategies and stress. A longitudinal study of medical and veterinary students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico

Introducción: Medicina y Veterinaria son licenciaturas con alta demanda académica que tiende a ocasionar niveles elevados de estrés entre sus estudiantes. Objetivo: El propósito de esta investigación fue indagar sobre el papel de las estrategias utilizadas por los alumnos para afrontar el estrés. Sujetos y métodos. Se aplicó una encuesta en línea a 244 estudiantes del primer año de ambas carreras en la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, al inicio del ciclo escolar y cuatro meses después. La encuesta incluyó la escala de estrés percibido de 10 ítems, el inventario de estilos de afrontamiento, y un apartado que indagó sobre aspectos sociodemográficos y académicos. Resultados: Se observó un incremento en el estrés de los alumnos de ambas licenciaturas, que fue estadísticamente significativo sólo en veterinaria (t(140)= –3,4; p < 0,001; d de Cohen = –0,29). El análisis estadístico mostró que mayores recursos económicos percibidos, mayor equilibrio entre la vida personal y académica, mayor resolución del problema y evitación del problema, así como menor expresión emocional, pensamiento desiderativo y autocrítica, notificados al inicio del ciclo académico, fueron los factores que se asociaron significativamente con un menor estrés percibido después de cuatromeses (F(15,228) = 14,16; p < 0,0001). Conclusión: Se destaca que las escuelas deberían incorporar actividades durante el proceso de formación de los futuros médicos y veterinarios, centradas en guiarlos y motivarlos para que desarrollen y utilicen estrategias que les permitan manejar adecuadamente situaciones desafiantes. De este modo, ellos pueden evitar el incremento de los niveles de estrés y el posible impacto negativo en su desempeño académico y salud mental.(AU)

Introduction: Medicine and Veterinary are careers with high academic demands that tend to cause high levels of stressamong students. Objective: This study investigated the role of strategies used by students to deal with stress.Subjects and methods. An online survey was administered to 244 medical and veterinary students at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, at the beginning of their first academic cycle and four months later. The survey included the perceived stress scale-10, the coping strategies inventory, as well as a section that inquired about sociodemographic and academic characteristics. Results: An increase in the stress of the students in both degrees was noted but this was only statistically significant (t(140) = –3.4, p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = –0.29) among students enrolled in veterinary. Perception of higher financial resources to cover tuition and fees, greater life and school balance, increased problem-solving and problem-avoidance, less emotional expression, wishful thinking, and self-criticism, mentioned at the beginning of the academic cycle were significantly associated with a lower perception of stress four months later (F(15,228) = 14.16, p < 0.0001).Conclusion: It is highlighted that schools should incorporate activities during the training process of future doctors and veterinarians, focused on guiding and motivating them to develop and use strategies that allow them to adequately handle challenging situations. In this way, they will be able to avoid increased stress levels and the possible negative impact on their academic performance and mental health.(AU)

Comportamiento alimentario e indicadores aterogénicos en pandemia por COVID-19 en trabajadores de campamento de hidrocarburos / Eating behavior and atherogenic indicators in the COVID-19 pandemic in hydrocarbon camp workers

Introducción: El confinamiento obligatorio o voluntario durante la pandemia por COVID-19, ha modificado la ingesta de alimentos e incrementó el estilo de vida sedentario; aumentando el riesgo aterogénico en la población. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el comportamiento alimentario y los indicadores aterogénicos durante el periodo pandémico por COVID-19 en trabajadores de un campamento de hidrocarburos. Materiales y métodos: Investigación de enfoque cuantitativo, diseño observacional, descriptivo de asociación cruzada, retrospectivo. La muestra final de estudio estuvo conformada por 85 trabajadores de la empresa de hidrocarburos Compañía Operadora de Gas del Amazonas (COGA), en Perú; durante el periodo enero a diciembre del 2021. Se incluyó en el estudio a trabajadores adultos de ambos sexos, con registro de información en los exámenes médicos ocupacionales. El comportamiento alimentario se recolectó a través de un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos (EFCA) semicuantitativo; el perfil bioquímico se obtuvo de los exámenes de salud ocupacional determinando el Índice de Castelli, índice TG/HDL, índice Kannel. Para evaluar la asociación entre las variables se utilizó la prueba Chi cuadrado. Resultados: El 63.5% de los trabajadores evaluados presentó riesgo cardiovascular; los indicadores de Castelli de 40,0% y Kannel 41,2%; se encuentran dentro de un rango de riesgo; siendo menor al 50% de los entrevistados; el indicador de TG/HDL fue 63.5% con riesgo cardiovascular. Asimismo, el 60% presentó un comportamiento alimentario no saludable. Al evaluar la asociación entre el comportamiento alimentario y los indicadores aterogénicos se obtuvo un valor p<0.05. Conclusión: El comportamiento alimentario tiene asociación con los indicadores aterogénicos en trabajadores de un campamento de hidrocarburos, aumentando el riesgo cardiovascular en trabajadores con un comportamiento no saludable.(AU)

Introduction: Mandatory or voluntary confinement duringthe COVID-19 pandemic has modified food intake and in-creased the sedentary lifestyle; increasing the atherogenicrisk in the population. Objective: Determine the association between eating be-havior and atherogenic indicators during the COVID-19 pan-demic period in workers at a hydrocarbon camp. Materials and methods: Research with a quantitative approach, observational design, descriptive cross-association retrospective. The final study sample was made up of 85workers from the hydrocarbon company Compañía Operadorade Gas del Amazonas (COGA), in Peru; during the periodJanuary to December 2021. Adult workers of both sexes wereincluded in the study, with information recorded in occupaional medical examinations. Eating behavior was collectedthrough a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire(EFCA). The biochemical profile was obtained from occupa-tional health examinations by determining the Castelli index,TG/HDL index, and Kannel index. To evaluate the associationbetween eating behavior and atherogenic indicators, the non-parametric Chi square statistical test was used.Results: 63.5% of the evaluated workers presented car-diovascular risk; the Castelli and Kannel indicators with 40.0%and 41.2%; respectively, they are within a risk range; beingless than 50% of those interviewed; The TG/HDL indicatorwas 63.5% with cardiovascular risk. Likewise, 60.0% pre-sented unhealthy eating behavior. When evaluating the asso-ciation between eating behavior and atherogenic indicators, ap value <0.05 was obtained. Conclusion: Eating behavior has an association withatherogenic indicators in workers at a hydrocarbon camp; in-creasing cardiovascular risk in those who exhibited unhealthybehavior.(AU)

Efecto del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la prevalencia de la enfermedad hepática esteatósica asociada a disfunción metabólica / Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

Introducción. La enfermedad hepática esteatósica asociada a disfunción metabólica (MASLD) es una condición clínica frecuente, relacionada con el sobrepeso, la dislipidemia y la diabetes. Como estos factores de riesgo están a su vez asociados al sedentarismo y la ganancia de peso, se esperaría un impacto como resultado del confinamiento por COVID-19 en la prevalencia de dicha condición. Metodología. Estudio longitudinal retrospectivo en un panel de datos de 132 pacientes de 2017 a 2022, en donde fueron incluidos pacientes con una ecografía hepática y una valoración médica y paraclínica 1,5 años antes y después del periodo de confinamiento (25 de marzo de 2020 a 28 de febrero de 2021). El desenlace primario fue un cambio significativo en la prevalencia de la MASLD, y se utilizó un modelo exploratorio de regresión logística de efectos fijos con panel de datos para hallar los predictores de cambio. Resultados. En un total de 132 pacientes analizados, la prevalencia global de la MASLD antes (31 %; IC95%: 23-39) y después (35,6 %; IC95%: 27,4-43,8) del confinamiento por COVID-19 no cambió significativamente, sin embargo, en las mujeres sí hubo un aumento significativo (RR: 4; IC95%: 1,0004-16). Se encontró una marcada diferencia de prevalencia entre sexos (17 % en mujeres y 46 % en hombres; p=0,001). El confinamiento se asoció a incrementos en la masa corporal (diferencia: +1 kg; IC95%: 0,1-1,9), el colesterol LDL (diferencia: +9,7 mg/dL; IC95%: 4,9-14,4) y al diagnóstico de prediabetes (RR: 2,1; IC95%: 1,4-3,1). La MASLD se asoció positivamente a la preferencia nutricional por la comida rápida (p=0,047). Solo el índice de masa corporal resultó predictor independiente de MASLD (RR: 1,49; IC95%: 1,07-1,93). Conclusión. La prevalencia global de la MASLD no varió después del confinamiento por COVID-19, pero sí se incrementó en mujeres, y algunos de sus factores de riesgo también aumentaron significativamente. Se encontró equivalencia numérica entre la MASLD y la definición previa de la enfermedad. Se requiere un estudio local más grande para desarrollar y validar un mejor modelo predictor del cambio de la MASLD a través del tiempo.

Introduction. Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a common clinical condition, related to overweight, dyslipidemia and diabetes. As these risk factors are in turn associated with sedentary lifestyle and weight gain, an impact as a result of the COVID-19 confinement on the prevalence of MASLD would be expected. Methodology. Retrospective longitudinal study in a data panel of 132 patients from 2017 to 2022. Patients with a liver ultrasound and a medical and paraclinical assessment 1.5 years before and after the confinement period (March 25, 2020 to February 28, 2021) were included. The primary outcome was a significant change in the prevalence of MASLD, and an exploratory fixed-effects logistic regression model with panel data was used to find predictors of change. Results. In a total of 132 patients analyzed, the overall prevalence of MASLD before (31%, 95%CI: 23-39) and after (35.6%, 95%CI: 27.4-43.8) confinement by COVID-19 did not change significantly, however, in women there was a significant increase (RR: 4, 95%CI: 1.0004-16). A marked difference in prevalence was found between sexes (17% in women and 46% in men; p=0.001). Confinement was associated with increases in body mass (difference: +1 kg, 95%CI: 0.1-1.9), LDL cholesterol (difference: +9.7 mg/dL, 95%CI: 4.9-14.4) and the diagnosis of prediabetes (RR: 2.1, 95%CI: 1.4-3.1). MASLD was positively associated with nutritional preference for fast food (p=0.047). Only body mass index was an independent predictor of MASLD (RR: 1.49, 95%CI: 1.07-1.93). Conclusion. The overall prevalence of MASLD did not change after the COVID-19 lockdown, but it did increase in women, and some of its risk factors also increased significantly. Numerical equivalence was found between MASLD and the previous definition of the disease. A larger local study is required to develop and validate a better predictor model of MASLD change over time.

[Emotional well-being, perceptions and attitudes against COVID-19 on adolescents]. / Bienestar emocional, percepciones y actitudes frente a la COVID-19 en adolescentes.

INTRODUCTION: The worldwide pandemic of SARS-Cov2 has had a great impact on the lives of adolescents, affecting their health and well-being. There is little evidence of the emotional impact of the pandemic on adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To explore the knowledge, perceptions, and attitudes of young people regarding COVID-19 and its impact on emotional well-being. METHOD: A cross-sectional observational and descriptive study based on a survey of students aged 16-20 from five high schools in Barcelona metropolitan area. RESULTS: The study was carried out on 291 surveys. Females made up 56.7% of the population. The average age was 16.9 years. A greater lack of knowledge about the transmission of the disease was detected. The most frequently used sources of information were social networks. In terms of emotional distress, the most important aspects were worry about getting sick (64%), family financial problems (46%), anxiety and irritability (27%), and apathy (26.5%). Gender differences were detected in terms of worries (women: 28.8%; men: 11.1%), sadness (women: 29.3%, men: 15.5%), and feelings of fear (women: 24.5%; men: 11%). 16.7% of the participants consulted a mental health professional, with this being more common in women (women: 23.8%; men: 7.4%). CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 has affected the emotional well-being of adolescents, especially the female population. It is necessary to implement emotional well-being strategies in early childhood to cope with possible stressful situations in daily life and avoid future mental health problems. There is a growing use of social media to combat social isolation. The results of the study hold the potential to strategies aimed at preempting forthcoming biopsychosocial distress.

Calidad de vida en colombianos con discapacidad intelectual: efectos del confinamiento ocasionado por COVID-19 / The Quality of Life in Colombians with Intellectual Disabilities: Effects of Confinement Caused by COVID-19

La pandemia llevó a que se incrementaran las medidas de bioseguridad y se adoptara el confinamiento para evitar la propagación del virus, lo que repercutió en la calidad de vida de todas las personas, incluyendo a aquellas con discapacidad intelectual. El propósito de este estudio fue establecer cómo era la calidad de vida de las personas con discapacidad intelectual durante el confinamiento por la COVID-19, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario en línea que fue completado por 78 familias de personas con discapacidad intelectual en Colombia. Los principales hallazgos dan cuenta de que al 91 % de las personas con discapacidad intelectual le explicaron sobre el confinamiento y el 79,5 % tuvo conocimiento acerca de las causas para dicho confinamiento; el 43.6 % presentó un nivel alto de participación en las actividades y rutinas familiares; el 80.8 % pudo elegir los espacios y tiempos para realizar sus actividades individuales; el 92.3 % tuvo acceso a los implementos y recursos necesarios para su vida diaria; el 71.8 % no experimentó cambios en los hábitos de alimentación; el 44.9 % reportó un estado regular de salud; el 64.1 % experimentó cambios en sus hábitos de sueño, y el 79.5 % no recibió apoyos gubernamentales. Las personas con discapacidad intelectual moderada tuvieron un mayor contacto con su familia extensa (52.50 %) y un 85.7 % de quienes presentaban discapacidad severa y profunda evidenciaron cambios en su estado de ánimo. En conclusión, las personas con discapacidad intelectual experimentaron una serie de adaptaciones en los entornos inmediatos, que tuvieron que llevar a cabo las familias y las instituciones, para minimizar el impacto del confinamiento en su calidad de vida. (AU)

The pandemic led to increased biosecurity measures and the adoption of confinement to prevent the spread of the virus, which impacted the quality of life of all people, including persons with intellectual disabilities. The purpose of this study was to establish what the quality of life of persons with intellectual disabilities was like during the confinement by COVID-19, through the application of an online questionnaire that was completed by 78 families of persons with intellectual disabilities in Colombia. The main findings show that 91 % of persons with intellectual disabilities explained about confinement and 79.5 % were aware of the causes for such confinement; 43.6 % presented a high level of participation in family activities and routines; 80.8 % were able to choose the spaces and times to carry out their individual activities; 92.3 % had access to the implements and resources necessary for their daily lives; 71.8 % experienced no changes in eating habits; 44.9 % reported a regular state of health; 64.1 % experienced changes in their sleep habits, and 79.5 % did not receive government support. Persons with moderate intellectual disability had greater contact with their extended family (52.50 %) and 85.7 % of those with severe and profound disability showed changes in their mood. In conclusion, persons with intellectual disabilities experienced several adaptations in the immediate environments, that families and institutions had to carry out, to minimize the impact of confinement on their quality of life. (AU)

Actividad física y estados emocionales en universitarios durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 / Atividade física e estados emocionais em universitários durante o confinamento por COVID-19 / Physical activity and emotional states in university students during COVID-19 confinement

El confinamiento social debido al brote por COVID-19 pudo alterar los estados emocionales de las personas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las diferencias en los estados emocionales (EE) positivos y negativos de acuerdo con diferentes formas de involucrarse en la actividad física (AF), con la cantidad de horas dedicadas a dicha actividad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 y con el sexo de los participantes. Se envió a los participantes, 360 universitarios (126 hombres y 234 mujeres), una versión en línea de la Escala de Afectos Positivos y Negativos (PANAS) y un cuestionario diseñado ex profeso para indagar cómo éstos se involucraban en la AF. Mediante un análisis de varianza no paramétrico se evaluaron las diferencias entre los EE positivos y negativos en función de la AF realizada, las horas de AF y el sexo de los participantes. En general, se encontró: mayor nivel de EE positivos en quienes realizaban AF antes y durante el confinamiento en comparación con quienes no realizaban AF, con un tamaño del efecto mediano (g=0.768); mayores EE positivos en quienes realizaban más de ocho horas por semana de AF en comparación con quienes realizaban de cuatro a seis horas, con un tamaño del efecto grande (g=0.926); y mayores EE positivos en los hombres, con un tamaño del efecto mediano (g=0.402). La práctica constante de AF parece benéfica en el afrontamiento de situaciones aversivas como el confinamiento social, de manera que sería relevante diseñar programas que permitan a la población realizar AF de manera regular. (AU)

Social confinement due to the COVID-19 outbreak could have altered people's emotional states. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences in positive and negative emotional states (ES) according to different ways of engaging in physical activity (PA), with the number of hours dedicated to such activity during confinement by COVID-19, and with the sex of the participants. The participants, 360 university students (126 men and 234 women), were sent an online version of the Scale of Positive and Negative Affects (PANAS) and a questionnaire specifically designed to find out how they get involved in PA. Using a non-parametric analysis of variance, the differences between the positive and negative ES were evaluated based on the PA performed, the hours of PA and the sex of the participants. In general, the following was found: a higher level of positive ES in those who performed PA before and during confinement compared to those who did not perform PA, with a medium effect size(g=0.768); greater positive ES in those who performed more than eight hours per week of PA compared to those who performed 4 to 6 hours, with a large effect size (g=0.926); and higher positive ES in men, with a medium effect size (g=0.402). The constantpractice of PA seems beneficial in coping with aversive situations such as social confinement, so it would be necessary to design relevant programs that allow the population to perform PA on a regular basis. (AU)

O confinamento social devido ao surto de COVID-19 pode ter alterado o estado emocional das pessoas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as diferenças nos estados emocionais (EE) positivos e negativos de acordocom diferentes formas de praticar atividade física (AF), com o número de horas dedicadas a tal atividade durante o confinamento por COVID-19 e com o sexo dos participantes. Os participantes, 360 estudantes universitários (126 homens e 234 mulheres), receberam uma versão online da Escala de Afetos Positivos e Negativos (PANAS) e um questionário especialmente elaborado para descobrir como eles estavam envolvidos na AF. Usando uma análise de variância não paramétrica, as diferenças entre os EE positivos enegativosforamavaliadas com base na AF realizada, nas horas de AF e no sexo dos participantes. De uma forma geral, verificou-se o seguinte: maior nível de EE positivo naqueles que realizaram AF antes e durante o confinamento face aos que não realizaram AF, com tamanho de efeito médio (g=0,768); maior EE positivo naqueles que praticavam AF por mais de oito horas semanais em comparação aos que realizavam AF de quatro a seis horas, com tamanho de efeito grande (g=0,926); e maior EE positivo em homens, com tamanho de efeitomédio (g=0,402). A prática constante de AF parece benéfica no enfrentamento de situações aversivas como o confinamento social, por isso seria relevante desenhar programas que permitam à população praticar AF de forma regular. (AU)

Estilo de vida, hábitos de higiene oral y autopercepción del estado anímico en estudiantes de Odontología de la Comunidad de Madrid durante la pandemia de la COVID-19: ¿pudo la pandemia tener algún efecto favorable? / Lifestyle, oral hygiene habits and self-perception of mood in Dental students of the Community of Madrid during the COVID-19 pandemic: could the pandemic have any favorable effect?

Fundamentos: La pandemia de la COVID-19 y sus medidas de control parecen haber alterado la dinámica vital de la población. Fue justificable, por tanto, tratar de precisar el impacto sobre el estilo de vida, la higiene bucodental y el estado anímico, en grupos específicos, como estudiantes universitarios de Odontología de Madrid, que nos eran accesibles.Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional transversal anónimo y voluntario en la primera quincena de diciembre de 2021, mediante cuestionario online ad hoc, en estudiantes de Odontología de universidades de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (CAM). Se realizó análisis descriptivo de las variables y se valoraron las asociaciones y significación con Chi-cuadrado y T-student. Resultados: Se recibieron setenta y dos encuestas. El 82% eran mujeres y el 18% varones, con 23±3 años de media. El 94% tenía buenos hábitos de higiene oral, que mejoraron con la pandemia. Su dieta habitual era variada y completa. Las mujeres consumían menos carne (p=0,014) y más fruta (p=0,066), hábitos que mantenían, y mejoraron los varones con incremento en frutas (p<0,002), verduras y legumbres (p<0,003) en la pandemia. El consumo de tabaco (23,4%) y alcohol (54%) disminuyó en confinamiento y subió en postconfinamiento. Un 36% aumentó, especialmente en postconfinamiento, su actividad física, antes baja. Conclusiones: Los estudiantes de la muestra tienen buenos hábitos de higiene oral y alimentación que mantienen e incluso mejoran con la pandemia, incluido un incremento del ejercicio físico en una fracción importante de la muestra. El confinamiento afecta al estado anímico y las relaciones sociales, llegando a alterar el sueño de las mujeres, con aumento de despertares nocturnos, sobre todo, en postconfinamiento.(AU)

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic and its control measures seem to have altered the vital dynamics of the population. It was justifiable, therefore, to try to specify the impact on lifestyle, oral hygiene and mood, in specific groups, such as dental university students in Madrid, who were accessible to us. Methods: An anonymous and voluntary cross-sectional observational study was carried out in the first fortnight of December 2021, through an ad hoc online questionnaire, in dentistry students from the Autonomous Community of Madrid. Descriptive analysis of the variables was performed and the associations and significance were assessed using Chi-square and T-student. Results: There were received seventy-two surveys. 82% were women and 18% men, with 23±3 years of mean age. 94% had good oral hygiene habits that improved with the pandemic. Their usual diet was varied and complete. Women consumed less meat (p=0.014) and more fruit (p=0.066), habits that they maintained, and men have improved with an increase in fruits (p<0.002), vegetables and legumes (p<0.003) in the pandemic. Tobacco (23,4%) and alcohol (54%) consumption decreased in confinement and increase in post-confinement. 36% increased their physical activity, initially low, especially in post-confinement. Conclusions: The students in the sample have good oral hygiene and eating habits, which they keep and even improve with the pandemic, including an increase in physical exercise in a significant fraction of the sample. The confinement affect the mood and social relationships, even altering the sleep of women, with an increase in night awakenings, especially in post-confinement.(AU)

The contribution of participation in meaningful activities on mental health during the COVID-19 lockdown in the Spanish population / Contribución de la participación en actividades significativas sobre la salud mental en población española durante el confinamiento por COVID-19

Introduction: During the lockdown caused by COVID-19 in Spain, citizens had to stop performing activities in the usual way, which could have had an impact on mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of participating in meaningful activitieson mental health in the Spanish population during the COVID-19 lockdown. Method:A cross-sectional online survey was developed and administered, where mental health (General Health Questionnaire), resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale), participation in meaningful activities (Engage-ment in Meaningful Activities Survey) and socio-demographic data were assessed. A hierarchical-linear-regression was used to identify key correla-tions. Results:The participants (N= 311) reported low mental health (M= 16.12/36) and a lower level of resilience (M = 25.48). The results of the re-gression revealed that 32.6% of the variance of the GHQ was significantly explained by the living space, including an outdoor space, resilience and participation in meaningful activities. The loss of meaningful activities was significantly related to mental health, with a significant contribution when controlling for the other variables (β = -.12). Conclusion:Although experi-mental studies are needed to determine causality, this study highlights the relationship between participation in meaningful activities and mental health during the lockdown.(AU)

Introduction: During the lockdown caused by COVID-19 in Spain, citizens had to stop performing activities in the usual way, which could have had an impact on mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of participating in meaningful activities on mental health in the Spanish population during the COVID-19 lockdown. Method: A cross-sectional online survey was developed and administered, where mental health (General Health Questionnaire), resilience (Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale), participation in meaningful activities (Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey) and socio-demographic data were assessed. A hierarchical-linear-regression was used to identify key correlations. Results: The participants (N = 311) reported low mental health (M = 16.12/36) and a lower level of resilience (M = 25.48). The results of the regression revealed that 32.6% of the variance of the GHQ was significantly explained by the living space, including an outdoor space, resilience and participation in meaningful activities. The loss of meaningful activities was significantly related to mental health, with a significant contribution when controlling for the other variables (β = -.12). Conclusion: Although experimental studies are needed to determine causality, this study highlights the relationship between participation in meaningful activities and mental health during the lockdown.(AU)

Impacto pronóstico de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes ingresados por síndrome coronario agudo / Prognostic impact of cardiovascular risk factors in patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome

Introducción y objetivos: Las medidas de prevención cardiovascular hacen hincapié en la importancia del control de factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Sin embargo, los estudios más recientes arrojan datos desalentadores cuyo impacto está por determinar. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la repercusión que los distintos FRCV y su grado de control tienen sobre el pronóstico de los pacientes tras un síndrome coronario agudo. Pacientes y métodos: Se recogieron datos epidemiológicos, farmacológicos y sobre el control de FRCV de 1.689 pacientes consecutivos que ingresaron durante 2018-2020 por síndrome coronario agudo en un hospital de tercer nivel. Finalmente, se calculó la tasa de eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores. Resultados: Los pacientes que ingresaron por síndrome coronario agudo fueron predominantemente hombres, con índice de masa corporal>25kg/m2, fumadores (o exfumadores) y con un deficiente control de FRCV (50% para hipertensión y diabetes, y 35% en dislipidemia), especialmente aquellos pacientes con antecedentes personales de cardiopatía isquémica. Se encontró una infrautilización de fármacos útiles para dicho control. Se observó una relación directamente proporcional entre el número de FRCV (o su mal control) con la incidencia de eventos adversos cardiovasculares mayores a 2 años, siendo la hipertensión el factor con mayor repercusión cardiovascular. El confinamiento por SARS-CoV-2 empeoró el grado de control de FRCV y el pronóstico cardiovascular. Conclusión: Hay un importante margen de mejora en el control de los FRCV, que se traduciría en un beneficio pronóstico de los pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica. Es preciso intensificar las medidas de prevención y promoción de salud cardiovascular. (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Cardiovascular prevention measures place the emphasis on controlling cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF). However, the most recent studies provide disappointing data, the impact of which remains to be determined. The objective of this study was to analyse the impact that the different CVRFs, and their degree of control, have on the prognosis of patients after acute coronary syndrome. Patients and methods: Epidemiological, pharmacological, and CVRF control data were collected from 1,689 consecutive patients admitted from 2018 to 2020 for acute coronary syndrome to a tertiary hospital. Finally, the rate of major adverse cardiovascular events was calculated. Results: The patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome were predominantly men, with body mass index>25Kg/m2, smokers (or former smokers) and with poor CVRF control (50% for hypertension and diabetes and 35% for dyslipidaemia), especially those patients with a personal history of ischaemic heart disease. An underutilisation of useful drugs for CVRF control was found. A directly proportional relationship was observed between the number of CVRFs (or their poor control) and the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events at 2 years, hypertension being the factor with the greatest cardiovascular impact. The SARS-CoV-2 lockdown worsened the degree of CVRF control and cardiovascular prognosis. Conclusion: There is still room for improvement in the control of CVRF, which would translate into a prognostic benefit for patients with ischaemic heart disease. The implementation of cardiovascular prevention campaigns seems essential. (AU)

Confinamiento involuntario durante la Pandemia COVID -19: Costos en la salud mental y psicosocial / Involuntary confinement during the COVID -19 Pandemic: Mental and psychosocial health costs

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar costos del confinamiento involuntario por la pandemia COVID -19 en la salud mental y psicosocial. Materiales y Métodos: Se realiza una revisión exploratoria documental del confinamiento involuntario y las afecciones o costes en el ser humano, se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos bibliográficos y a través de internet en revistas y organismos públicos de cuatro descriptores y sus combinaciones, salud mental, salud psicosocial, costos en la pandemia COVID -19, confinamiento involuntario, entre los años 2019 a 2021. Luego de la localización de 20 estudios se realizó una selección y análisis de la documentación, excluyendo 5 de ellos que no eran relevantes para el objetivo, para el análisis de datos se estructuró la información, en costos en la salud mental identificando afectaciones neurofisiológicas como la confusión en el sistema lucha-huida y la hiperactivación y/o hipoactivación del sistema nervioso y en costos psicosociales ante el confinamiento como la sensación de amenaza anticipada y continua, ansiedad, miedo, tristeza, dolor, depresión, sobre estrés, traumas, vulnerabilidad y cambios culturales. Resultados: La pandemia COVID-19 es inédita, histórica, multinacional y de impacto multidimensional, la falta de mitigación de esta y el tiempo excedido de resistirla ha expuesto al ser humano a continuos estresores que erosionan la seguridad y causan incertidumbre, aunado a ello, durante la pandemia el confinamiento ha traído consigo altos costos en la salud mental de tipo neurológicos y psicosociales tales como el sobre-estrés, síntomas ansioso-depresivos, vulnerabilidad en la integridad personal y social. Conclusiones: Se requiere generar estrategias de bienestar emocional para disminuir el impacto en la salud mental, psíquica y al entramado social a partir de propiciar la recuperación de redes de empatía, benevolencia, compasión, apoyo solidario, colectivizando el dolor y las perdidas, diluyendo el impacto de esta al recuperar la confianza y seguridad en uno mismo, en los otros.

Abstract Objective: To identify the costs of involuntary confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the mental and psychosocial health. Materials and methods: An exploratory documentary review of involuntary confinement and its costs in the human nature was carried out. Four descriptors and their combinations, mental health, health psychosocial, costs in the COVID -19 pandemic, and involuntary confinement were searched in bibliographic databases and online in journals and public organizations from 2019 to 2021. 20 studies were found. After selecting and analyzing the documentation five studies were excluded as they were not relevant. To analyze the data, the information was classified in mental health costs, identifying neurophysiological effects such as confusion in the fight-flight system and hyperactivation and/or hypoactivation of the nervous system, and in psychosocial costs in the face of confinement, such as the feeling of anticipated and continuous threat, anxiety, fear, sadness, pain, depression, over stress, trauma, vulnerability, and cultural changes. Results: The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented, historical, multinational and has a multidimensional impact. The lack of mitigation and the time exceeded resisting it has exposed the humans to continuous stressors that undermine confidence and cause uncertainty. In addition, during the pandemic, confinement brought with it high mental health costs of a neurological and psychosocial nature, such as overstress, anxious-depressive symptoms, vulnerability in personal and social integrity. Conclusions: It is necessary to generate emotional well-being strategies to reduce the impact on mental and psychic health and the social fabric by promoting the recovery of networks of empathy, benevolence, compassion, solidarity support, collectivizing pain and losses, thus recovering confidence and security in oneself and in others.

Experiencias de aprendizaje en la formación virtual de docentes durante el confinamiento por COVID-19 / Learning experiences in virtual teacher training during confinement by COVID-19. A qualitative approach

Resumen La formación universitaria de docentes durante el confinamiento provocado por la pandemia de COVID-19 ha estado influida por diferentes factores. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las experiencias de aprendizaje de un grupo de estudiantes de la carrera de licenciatura en Educación Básica de una universidad ecuatoriana. Se utilizó un enfoque cualitativo a través de un análisis del contenido temático de narrativas escritas a manera de reportes reflexivos. La investigación se organizó en el contexto del proyecto de perfeccionamiento de la formación docente atendiendo a las seis categorías que influyen directamente en la formación del estudiante y que delimitan el desafío didáctico y pedagógico de quienes se ocupan de formar docentes. Los resultados aluden a la brecha tecnológica que hace cada vez más visible la desigualdad social, pero a la vez la capacidad de reestructuración, adaptación al contexto virtual tanto de estudiantes en formación como de sus docentes. Todo ello, pese a que no hubo una preparación oportuna y suficiente en las estrategias de afrontamiento para el aprendizaje virtual de forma saludable en condiciones de confinamiento. Las experiencias contadas en voz de los y las estudiantes confirman las distintas percepciones sobre categorías que influyen en su formación y la necesidad de avanzar en una estrategia integradora entre los profesionales de la educación y la salud que incorpore las particularidades descritas para un enfoque más inclusivo de la formación docente.

Abstract Teachers' university training during the confinement caused by the COVID-19 pandemic has been influenced by various factors. This research's main objective was to analyse the learning experiences of undergraduate students in Basic Education at an Ecuadorian university. The current study involves a qualitative approach using a thematic content analysis of narratives written as reflective reports. The sample was composed by 5th semester students of the Basic Education career. They were between 19 and 38 years old, and their narratives were selected taking into account these selection parameters: the stories were set up in a reasonable and meaningful way, followed the structure: introduction, development, conclusion; and they were deep, but very clear in the reflections made that direct the future perspective of the subject in question. This study was organized as part of a project for the improvement of teachers' training, taking into account the six categories that have a direct influence on student education and that define a didactic and pedagogical challenge of those who are in charge of university processes. According to the previous argument, some of these categories are the use of electronic devices and access to learning technologies; the adaptation and use of teaching strategies in the virtual context; the development of students' creativity during virtual learning; learning environment and family coexistence at home; and physical and emotional well-being. The findings indicate: greater relevance of information and communication technologies (ICT) as a platform for teaching and receiving classes; improvement of the teaching-learning process; means of social interaction; resources for research on the internet. Moreover, the training of future teachers currently depends on the possession of devices to be able to access training activities; this technological gap makes social inequality increasingly visible. Another important result is that the pandemic tested the capacity of both, students and teachers to restructure and adapt to the virtual context. This is related to the status of most teachers as digital migrants and of students as digital natives. In the case of teachers, they have not yet managed to adapt to the use of teaching strategies in the virtual context, while students mastered ICTs. For those who found their applications and tools for the first time in the context of the pandemic, it was a welcomed learning opportunity. The development of students' creativity during virtual learning was marked by the role assumed by teachers, as a consequence of the intensive use of ICTs that has allowed young people to keep busy and learn while having fun. Teachers have focused more on their use in order to enhance their emotional intelligence to face new and stressful situations in their professional practice. Regarding the family environment, beyond the leading role that families have assumed as facilitators of the teaching-learning process, members may hinder attention, concentration, comprehension, and memorization of knowledge due to the different distractions generated at home. According to some of the teachers in training consulted for this research, student and teacher communication was flexible, and many students have been able to pass every subject. The teachers in training consulted recognized the practices that threaten their physical and emotional well-being and the need to rethink new styles of healthcare for themselves and their families. Finally, it is concluded that the experiences manifested were presented bearing in mind the fundamental categories of the study. Students confirmed the different perceptions on categories that influence their training and the need to advance in an integrative strategy between education and health professionals that incorporates the particularities described for a more inclusive approach to teacher training.

Efecto del confinamiento por COVID-19 sobre la incidencia y gravedad de las caídas en personas mayores institucionalizadas: estudio longitudinal / Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on the incidence and severity of falls in institutionalized older people: A longitudinal study

Antecedentes: En la pandemia de COVID-19 se declararon medidas en residencias geriátricas, como el confinamiento estricto. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto del confinamiento sobre la incidencia de caídas y sus factores asociados en personas mayores institucionalizadas durante el primer año de pandemia en comparación con el año previo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio multicéntrico, comparativo entre el año prepandemia (marzo 2019- febrero 2020) y el primer año (marzo 2020- febrero 2021) en cinco residencias de Cataluña, España. Se registró el número de caídas, fecha, lugar y consecuencias, así como información sociodemográfica y de salud. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo, bivariante y multivariado, calculando Odds Ratio (OR) con intervalos de confianza del 95% y significación estadística de p < 0,05. Resultados: La muestra fue de 80 individuos, con una edad media de 84,4 años, siendo 83,7% mujeres. El primer año de pandemia, aumentaron las caídas por persona 0,21% (en habitaciones 32,0%). En el análisis multivariado del periodo prepandemia, el riesgo de sarcopenia (OR = 4,02; IC 95% [1,09-14,82] p = 0,036) resultó un factor de riesgo de caídas independientemente de la edad y la hipertensión. En el primer año de pandemia no se encontraron factores asociados estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: En el primer año de pandemia por COVID-19, aumentaron 15,6% las caídas y 8,7% las personas que cayeron en comparación con el año anterior. Cambió el lugar de las zonas comunes a las habitaciones y la severidad, aumentando 10,1% las fracturas. La edad avanzada, el riesgo de sarcopenia y la hipertensión arterial se asociaron a las caídas en el periodo prepandemia. (AU)

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, virus contention measures such as strict confinement were declared in nursing homes. Objective: To assess the impact of confinement on the incidence of falls and their associated factors in institutionalized older persons during the first year of the pandemic compared to the previous year. Methods: A multicenter, comparative study was conducted between the pre-pandemic year (March 2019 to February 2020) and the first year (March 2020 to February 2021) in five nursing homes in Catalonia (Spain). The number of falls, date, placement and consequences were recorded, as well as sociodemographic and health information. A descriptive, bivariate and multivariate analysis was performed, calculating odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals and statistical significance of p<0.05. Results: The sample consisted of 80 individuals, with a mean age of 84.4 years, 83.7% being women. In the first year of the pandemic, the number of falls per person increased by 0.21% (32.0% in rooms). In multivariate analysis of the pre-pandemic period, the risk of sarcopenia (OR = 4.02; 95% CI [1.09–14.82], p = 0.036) was a risk factor for falls independently of age and hypertension. In the first year of pandemic no statistically significant associated factors were found. Conclusions: In the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a 15.6% increase in falls and an 8.7% increase in the number of people who fell compared to the previous year. The falls’ location changed from common areas to bedrooms and increased in severity, with a 10.1% increase in fractures. Older age, risk of sarcopenia and arterial hypertension were associated with falls during the pre-pandemic period. (AU)

Hospitalizaciones por infarto agudo de miocardio e ictus durante el periodo de estado de alarma por la pandemia COVID-19 / Hospitalizations for acute heart attack myocardium and stroke during the period of state of alarm for the COVID-19 pandemic

Fundamento: Valorar los cambios en las hospitalizaciones por ictus e infarto agudo de miocardio entre el período de alarma por la pandemia de COVID-19 y un período equivalente de los tres años previos en Navarra, España. Métodos. Estudio descriptivo con datos del Registro Poblacional de Infarto de Miocardio y del Conjunto Mínimo Básico de Datos (CMBD) de los hospitales. Resultados. Las hospitalizaciones por infarto de miocardio e ictus descendieron un 21% y 19%, respectivamente, durante el periodo de alarma. En los pacientes hospitalizados por infarto de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST se observó un aumento no estadísticamente significativo en la mediana (rango intercuartílico) de tiempo entre el inicio de los síntomas y la búsqueda de atención médica: 80 [30-300] minutos en 2017-2019 vs 98 [34-435] minutos durante el confinamiento. La proporción de pacientes con infarto con elevación del segmento ST en los que se realizó reperfusión primaria no mostró cambios estadísticamente significativos en el período de estado de alarma (79,7%) en comparación a los tres años previos (73,4%), ni tampoco el intervencionismo coronario percutáneo al alta (83,4 vs 80,1%). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad a los 30 días en los pacientes ingresados por ictus e infarto de miocardio respecto a los tres años previos.Conclusiones. Durante la primera onda COVID-19 en Navarra y las medidas que se siguieron para afrontar la emergencia sanitaria (declaración del estado de alarma) se observó un descenso importante en las hospitalizaciones por ictus e infarto de miocardio en comparación con los tres años previos. La mortalidad a los 30 días fue similar a la registrada previamente y tampoco se registraron cambios en la estrategia de reperfusión en el infarto de miocardio.(AU)

Urgencias psiquiátricas en la COVID-19: un estudio observacional durante 2019-2021 / Psychiatric emergencies in COVID-19: an observational study in 2019-2021

Introducción: En los primeros meses de la pandemia de la COVID-19 se reportó un descenso de las consultas en Urgencias Psiquiátricas (UP) en diferentes países. Este estudio describe la situación de las UP en un hospital público de Valencia (España) durante 2019-2021. Metodología: El diseño fue observacional y retrospectivo, e incluyó 1161 consultas en UP (M = 40.08 años; DT = 15.64; 51.7% mujeres). Se establecieron seis períodos temporales para la comparación: dos globales (no pandemia/pandemia) y cuatro intrapandémicos. Resultados: la media de consultas diarias fue similar entre el período anterior a la pandemia y el período pandémico; sin embargo, durante el confinamiento se dieron menos consultas/día que en el resto de los períodos intrapandemia. En la pandemia se recibieron más consultas relacionadas con el espectro psicótico y menos con los trastornos depresivos. El 30.74% de las consultas en UP de todos los períodos evaluados requirieron hospitalización psiquiátrica. Conclusiones: La situación de las UP parece estabilizarse durante el año posterior a la declaración del estado de alarma en España, aunque sigue siendo necesario examinar los factores que determinan la asistencia a UP en situaciones de emergencia. (AU)

Introduction: In the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, a decrease in consultations in Psychiatric Emergencies (PE) was reported in different countries. This study describes the situation of PE in a public hospital in Valencia (Spain) during 2019-2021. Methodology: The design was observational and retrospective. 1161 PE's consultations were included (M = 40.08 years; DT =15.64; 51.7% women). Six time periods were established for comparison: two global (non-pandemic/pandemic) and four intra-pandemic periods. Results: Mean daily consultations were similar before and during pandemic. However, there were less consultations in lockdown than in post-lockdown periods. In the pandemic, more consultations were related to the psychotic spectrum and fewer to depressive disorders. Up to 30.74% of PE consultations in the examined periods required psychiatric hospitalization. Conclusions: The situation of PE seems to stabilize during the year after the declaration of the alarm state in Spain, although the factors that determine attendance in emergency situations need further attention. (AU)

[Evolution of the diet and physical activity of university students after the COVID-19 pandemic]. / Evolución de la dieta y la actividad física de los estudiantes universitarios tras la pandemia de COVID-19.

Introduction: Objective: to assess the evolution of adherence to Mediterranean diet and level of physical activity of university students of Health Sciences in Castilla-La Mancha during the COVID-19 lockdown and one year afterwards. Methods: a cross-sectional observational study using questionnaires on adherence to the Mediterranean diet and level of physical activity. A total of 893 students enrolled in Health Sciences degrees at the University of Castilla la Mancha participated, 575 in the first survey (during the lockdown) and 318 in the second (one year later). By sex, 672 women and 221 men (in the first survey 77.7 % were women and 22.3 % men while in the second survey these were 70.8 % and 29.2 %, respectively). Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed with the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) questionnaire and the modified Prevention with Mediterranean Diet (PREDIMED) questionnaire. The level of physical activity was assessed with the Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Scale (RAPA). Results: one year after the COVID-19 confinement, consumption of olive oil has almost tripled. Daily fruit consumption has also doubled. Similarly, the consumption of wine and alcoholic beverages has doubled. Conversely, there was a reduction in the consumption of butter and margarine, as well as of carbonated drinks and sweetened beverages. Likewise, the percentage of university students with high adherence to the Mediterranean diet increased significantly (from 26 % to 34.3 %). Regarding physical activity level, there was a significant increase in the percentage of university students who engaged in light, moderate and even intense physical activity on an irregular basis. This increase was not found in the case of muscular strength and flexibility training activities. Conclusion: the results of the study indicate that, although the levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet and physical activity have improved after the COVID-19 confinement, adherence to Mediterranean diet and physical activity level among the university population analyzed is still low. It is necessary to implement strategies for the achievement or maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in this population.

Introducción: Objetivo: valorar la evolución de la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el nivel de actividad física de los estudiantes universitarios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla-La Mancha durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y un año después de la misma. Método: estudio observacional transversal mediante cuestionarios sobre la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el nivel de actividad física. Participaron 893 alumnos matriculados en grados de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 575 en la primera encuesta (durante la pandemia) y 318 en la segunda (un año después). Por sexos, 672 mujeres y 221 hombres (en la primera encuesta, el 77,7 % eran mujeres y el 22,3 % hombres, mientras que en la segunda lo eran el 70,8 % y 29,2 %, respectivamente). La adherencia a la dieta mediterránea se valoró con el cuestionario Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS) y el cuestionario de Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED), modificado. El nivel de actividad física se valoró con el cuestionario Rapid Assessment of Physical Activity Scale (RAPA). Resultados: tras un año desde el confinamiento por la COVID-19, el consumo de aceite de oliva casi se ha triplicado. Se ha duplicado también el consumo de frutas diario. De igual modo, se ha duplicado el consumo de vino y bebidas alcohólicas. Por el contrario, se encontró una reducción del consumo de mantequilla y margarina, al igual que de bebidas carbonatadas y azucaradas. Asimismo, aumentó significativamente el porcentaje de estudiantes universitarios con adherencia alta a la dieta mediterránea (del 26 % al 34,3 %). En cuanto al nivel de actividad física, ha aumentado significativamente el porcentaje de estudiantes universitarios que realizan actividad fisica ligera, moderada e incluso intensa de forma irregular. Este aumento no se ha encontrado en el caso de las actividades de fuerza muscular y flexibilidad. Conclusión: los resultados del estudio nos indican que, aunque los niveles de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y de actividad física han mejorado tras el confinamiento por la COVID-19, la adherencia a la dieta mediterránea y el nivel de actividad física de la población universitaria analizada siguen siendo bajos. Es necesario aplicar estrategias para la consecución o mantenimiento de un estilo de vida saludable en dicha población.

¿Ha influido el confinamiento social por COVID-19 en la mortalidad de la fractura de cadera? Análisis de la mortalidad al año / Has the COVID-19 lockdown influenced the mortality of hip fracture? Analysis of one-year mortality

Introducción y objetivos: El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la mortalidad al año en los pacientes con fractura intracapsular de cadera que ingresaron durante un severo confinamiento social en los primeros meses de la pandemia por COVID-19 y compararla con años previos. Material y método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se comparó una cohorte del 14 marzo al 21 de junio de 2020 (grupo pandemia, n = 62) con una cohorte control en las mismas fechas de los años 2017, 2018 y 2019 (grupo control, n = 172). Se midieron la mortalidad a los 30 días y al año, complicaciones ortopédicas, grado ASA, comorbilidades, diagnóstico y tratamiento, tiempo hasta cirugía y estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad a los 30 días (p = 0,156; 9,7% vs. 4,7%) ni en la mortalidad anual (p = 0,47) entre el grupo pandemia (21%) y el control (16,9%). Se objetivó un descenso de la demora quirúrgica y de la estancia media en el grupo pandemia, aunque sin significación estadística. Conclusión: El estado de alarma modificó la distribución del tipo de fractura de cadera con un predominio de la fractura intracapsular. Mantener el mismo manejo hospitalario que previo a la pandemia permitió no incrementar la mortalidad a los 30 días y al año en los pacientes con fractura intracapsular de cadera.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: The main objective of this study is to analyze the one-year mortality in patients with intracapsular hip fracture who were admitted during severe social confinement in the first months of the COVID-19 lockdown and compare it with previous years. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study in which a cohort from March 14 to June 21, 2020 (pandemic group, n = 62) was compared with a control cohort on the same dates in the years 2017, 2018 and 2019 (control group, n = 172). Thirty-day-mortality and one-year-mortality, orthopedic complications, ASA grade, comorbidities, diagnosis and treatment, time to surgery and mean stay were measured. Results: No significant differences were found in 30-day mortality (p = 0.156; 9.7% compared to 4.7%) or in one-year mortality (p = 0.47) between the pandemic group (21%) and the control one (16.9%). A decrease in surgical delay and mean stay was observed in the pandemic group, although without statistical significance. Conclusión: The State of Alarm modified the distribution of the type of hip fracture with a predominance of intracapsular fracture. Maintaining the same hospital management as prior to the pandemic period made it possible not to increase 30-day mortality and one-year mortality in patients with intracapsular hip fracture.(AU)