Incidence of contrast-associated acute kidney injury: a prospective cohort / Incidência de lesão renal aguda associada ao contraste: uma coorte prospectiva

ABSTRACT Introduction: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a deterioration of kidney function that occurs after the administration of a iodinated contrast medium (ICM). Most studies that defined this phenomenon used older ICMs that were more prone of causing CA-AKI. In the past decade, several articles questioned the true incidence of CA-AKI. However, there is still a paucity of a data about the safety of newer ICM. Objective: To assess the incidence of CA-AKI in hospitalized patients that were exposed to computed tomography (CT) with and without ICM. Methods: Prospective cohort study with 1003 patients who underwent CT in a tertiary hospital from December 2020 through March 2021. All inpatients aged > 18 years who had a CT scan during this period were screened for the study. CA-AKI was defined as a relative increase of serum creatinine of ≥ 50% from baseline or an absolute increase of ≥ 0.3 mg/dL within 18 to 48 hours after the CT. Chi-squared test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and linear regression model with restricted cubic splines were used for statistical analyses. Results: The incidence of CA-AKI was 10.1% in the ICM-exposed group and 12.4% in the control group when using the absolute increase criterion. The creatinine variation from baseline was not significantly different between groups. After adjusting for baseline factors, contrast use did not correlate with worse renal function. Conclusion: The rate of CA-AKI is very low, if present at all, with newer ICMs, and excessive caution regarding contrast use is probably unwarranted.

RESUMO Introdução: Lesão renal aguda associada ao contraste (LRA-AC) é uma deterioração da função renal que ocorre após a administração de meio de contraste iodado (MCI). A maioria dos estudos que definiram esse fenômeno utilizaram MCI mais antigos, mais propensos a causar LRA-AC. Na última década, diversos artigos questionaram a verdadeira incidência de LRA-AC. Entretanto, ainda há escassez de dados sobre a segurança dos MCI mais novos. Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de LRA-AC em pacientes hospitalizados expostos à tomografia computadorizada (TC) com e sem MCI. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 1.003 pacientes submetidos a TC em hospital terciário, de dezembro/2020 a março/2021. Todos os pacientes internados com idade ≥ 18 anos que realizaram TC nesse período foram selecionados. A LRA-AC foi definida como aumento relativo de creatinina sérica de ≥ 50% em relação ao valor basal ou aumento absoluto de ≥ 0,3 mg/dL dentro de 18 a 48 horas após a TC. Utilizamos o teste qui-quadrado, teste de Kruskal-Wallis e modelo de regressão linear com splines cúbicos restritos para análises estatísticas. Resultados: A incidência de LRA-AC foi 10,1% no grupo exposto ao MCI e 12,4% no grupo controle ao usar o critério de aumento absoluto. A variação da creatinina em relação ao valor basal não foi significativamente diferente entre os grupos. Após ajuste para fatores basais, o uso de contraste não se correlacionou com pior função renal. Conclusão: A taxa de LRA-AC é muito baixa, caso exista, com MCIs mais novos, e a cautela excessiva quanto ao uso de contraste provavelmente não se justifica.

Contrast-induced encephalopathy in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease: What the nephrologist needs to know.

Contrast-induced encephalopathy is a neurological complication related to contrast used in endovascular procedures or computed tomography (CT). The main risk factors are arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease (CKD), hyperosmolar contrasts, the amount of infused contrast and its direct infusion in the posterior cerebral territory, or pathologies with blood-brain barrier damage. Symptomatology is non-specific and may present as altered level of consciousness, neurological focality or seizures. Diagnosis is done by exclusion after ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke has been ruled out; CT or MRI are useful for differentiation. Generally, it appears shortly after exposure and the symptoms lasts 48-72h with complete recovery, although cases with persistence of symptoms or longer duration have been described. Treatment consists of monitoring, supportive measures and kidney replacement therapy (KRT) with hemodialysis (HD) in patients in chronic KRT program. It is important for the nephrologist to be aware of this entity given the susceptibility of the patient on HD as well as its potential therapeutic role in these patients.

Dysregulation of ferroptosis may participate in the mitigating effect of CoCl2 on contrast-induced nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Contrast agents can directly or indirectly induce renal tubular ischemia and hypoxic damage. Given that cobalt chloride (CoCl2) can protect renal tubules, the protective effect and potential mechanism of action of CoCl2 on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) warrant investigation. METHODS: A CIN mouse model was established to determine the protective effect of CoCl2 on renal injury in vivo. Then, TMT-based proteomics was performed to determine the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), following which, enrichment analyses of gene ontology and the KEGG pathway were performed. In vitro, a CIN model was constructed with renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) to determine the effect of CoCl2 on potential targets and the role of the key protein identified from the in vivo experiments. RESULTS: CoCl2 treatment decreased the levels of BUN and serum creatinine (sCr), while increasing the levels of urea and creatinine (Cr) in the urine of mice after CIN injury. Damage to the renal tubules in the CoCl2 treatment group was significantly less than in the CIN model group. We identified 79 DEPs after treating the in vivo model with CoCl2, and frequently observed ferroptosis-related GO and KEGG pathway terms. Of these, Hp (haptoglobin) was selected and found to have a strong renoprotective effect, even though its expression level in kidney tissue decreased after CoCl2 treatment. In HK-2 cells, overexpression of Hp reduced the ferroptosis caused by erastin, while knocking down Hp negated the attenuation effect of CoCl2 on HK-2 cell ferroptosis. CONCLUSION: CoCl2 attenuated kidney damage in the CIN model, and this effect was associated with the decrease in ferroptosis mediated by Hp.

Dysregulation of ferroptosis may participate in the mitigating effect of CoCl2 on contrast-induced nephropathy / La desregulación de ferroptosis puede participar en el efecto mitigador de CoCl2 en la nefropatía inducida por contraste

Background: Contrast agents can directly or indirectly induce renal tubular ischemia and hypoxic damage. Given that cobalt chloride (CoCl2) can protect renal tubules, the protective effect and potential mechanism of action of CoCl2 on contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) warrant investigation. Methods: A CIN mouse model was established to determine the protective effect of CoCl2 on renal injury in vivo. Then, TMT-based proteomics was performed to determine the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), following which, enrichment analyses of gene ontology and the KEGG pathway were performed. In vitro, a CIN model was constructed with renal tubular epithelial cells (HK-2) to determine the effect of CoCl2 on potential targets and the role of the key protein identified from the in vivo experiments. Results: CoCl2 treatment decreased the levels of BUN and serum creatinine (sCr), while increasing the levels of urea and creatinine (Cr) in the urine of mice after CIN injury. Damage to the renal tubules in the CoCl2 treatment group was significantly less than in the CIN model group. We identified 79 DEPs after treating the in vivo model with CoCl2, and frequently observed ferroptosis-related GO and KEGG pathway terms. Of these, Hp (haptoglobin) was selected and found to have a strong renoprotective effect, even though its expression level in kidney tissue decreased after CoCl2 treatment. In HK-2 cells, overexpression of Hp reduced the ferroptosis caused by erastin, while knocking down Hp negated the attenuation effect of CoCl2 on HK-2 cell ferroptosis. Conclusion: CoCl2 attenuated kidney damage in the CIN model, and this effect was associated with the decrease in ferroptosis mediated by Hp.(AU)

Antecedentes: Los agentes de contraste pueden inducir isquemia tubular renal y daño hipóxico de manera directa o indirecta. Dado que el cloruro de cobalto (CoCl2) puede proteger los túbulos renales, el efecto protector y el mecanismo de acción potencial de CoCl2 en la nefropatía inducida por contraste (NIC) merecen ser investigados. Métodos: Se estableció un modelo de NIC en ratones para determinar el efecto protector de CoCl2 en la nefropatía in vivo. Seguidamente, se realizó un análisis proteómico por TMT para determinar las proteínas diferencialmente expresadas (DEP) y, a continuación, un análisis de enriquecimiento de ontología genética y vía KEGG. In vitro, se construyó un modelo NIC en células epiteliales de túbulos renales (HK-2) para determinar el efecto de CoCl2 en los objetivos potenciales y el rol de la proteína clave identificada en los experimentos in vivo. Resultados: El tratamiento con CoCl2 redujo los niveles de BUN y de creatinina sérica e incrementó, a la vez, los de urea y creatinina en la orina de los ratones, tras la lesión NIC. El daño a los túbulos renales en el grupo de tratamiento con CoCl2 fue significativamente menor que en el grupo de modelo NIC. Identificamos 79 DEP tras el tratamiento en el modelo in vivo con CoCl2 y observamos con frecuencia ontología genética relacionada con ferroptosis y términos de vías KEGG. De ellos, se seleccionó la haptoglobina (Hp) y se encontró que tenía un fuerte efecto renoprotector, aun cuando su nivel de expresión en el tejido renal se redujo tras el tratamiento con CoCl2. En las células HK-2, la sobreexpresión de Hp redujo la ferroptosis causada por erastina, a pesar de que el descenso de Hp negó el efecto atenuador de CoCl2 en la ferroptosis de las células HK-2. Conclusión: El CoCl2 atenuó el daño renal en el modelo NIC y se asoció este efecto al descenso de ferroptosis mediada por Hp.(AU)

Mamografía con contraste: nuestra experiencia / Contrast-enhanced digital mammography: our experience

Resumen La mamografía contrastada (CEDM, contrast-enhanced digital mammography) es una herramienta nueva que ha ido implementándose de forma creciente. Aparece como alternativa a la resonancia magnética (RM), y al igual que esta, tiene como principio el uso de contraste endovenoso para explorar la angiogénesis tumoral. Combina la imagen de mamografía convencional (Mx) con la técnica de sustracción con energía dual poscontraste, lo que resulta en un incremento en la detección de cáncer de mama, en un tiempo corto de estudio y a un bajo costo. Es un método prometedor en casos seleccionados y de fácil lectura, siendo útil principalmente en pacientes con diagnóstico de cáncer de mama para detectar lesiones adicionales y determinar el tamaño tumoral, ayudando en la planificación quirúrgica, así como también en la evaluación de la respuesta a la neoadyuvancia. También en el seguimiento de pacientes operadas, para caracterizar lesiones dudosas en Mx y ecografía, o como alternativa ante contraindicación de la RM. El objetivo de este trabajo es valorar la utilidad de la mamografía contrastada en la práctica diaria y determinar sus principales indicaciones. Repasamos con casos propios las utilidades y características del método.

Abstract Contrast-enhanced digital mammography (CEDM) is an emerging tool that has been increasingly implemented. It appears as an alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), using intravenous contrast to explore tumor angiogenesis. It combines conventional mammography (Mx) with post-contrast dual energy subtraction technique, resulting in increased detection of breast cancer, in a short study time and at a low cost. It is a promising method in selected cases and easy to read, being useful mainly in patients with breast cancer to detect additional lesions and determine the tumor size, that helps surgical planning, as well as in the evaluation of post-neoadjuvant chemotherapy response in the follow-up of patients treated with surgery, to address inconclusive findings in screening mammogram, or as an alternative when MRI is contraindicated. The purpose of this article is to assess the usefulness of contrasted mammography in daily practice and to determine its main indications. We review with our own cases the applications and characteristics of this method.

Comparação entre ecografia vascular com Doppler e exames contrastados na doença arterial crônica periférica / Comparison between vascular Doppler ultrasound and contrast exams in chronic peripheral arterial disease

Resumo Contexto A ecografia vascular com Doppler (EVD) evoluiu nos últimos anos devido ao aprimoramento da tecnologia de aquisição e processamento da imagem. A disponibilidade do exame, o baixo custo e a ausência de efeitos deletérios de radiação e contraste tornam este método uma excelente opção no diagnóstico da doença arterial periférica. As quebras nas cadeias de suprimentos devido à pandemia de covid-19 levaram a uma escassez global de contraste iodado, reforçando a importância de validar abordagens alternativas. Objetivos Utilizar a EVD na decisão entre cirurgia aberta ou endovascular para doença arterial femoropoplítea e comparar os resultados com exames de contraste iodado. Métodos Comparamos EVD com exames contrastados (angiotomografia e arteriografia) em relação à localização de estenoses/oclusões e indicação do tratamento cirúrgico (by-pass vs. endovascular). Em uma primeira fase, os resultados foram apenas comparados entre EVD e angiotomografia. Numa segunda fase, os resultados da EVD foram usados na triagem entre by-pass vs. endovascular), sendo comparados com angiotomografia nos casos de cirurgia aberta e comparados com a arteriografia nos casos de tratamento endovascular. Resultados A sensibilidade da EVD em comparação com a angiotomografia na fase 1 foi de 100% para o território da artéria femoral superficial. Ao considerar apenas a indicação de by-pass versus endovascular, os resultados mostraram 100% de concordância para a Fase 1 e 94% para a Fase 2. Conclusões Com a ressalva do tamanho amostral, o estudo cumpriu seu objetivo de demonstrar a confiabilidade da EVD na indicação do tratamento cirúrgico entre aberto ou endovascular.

Abstract Background Vascular Doppler ultrasound (DUS) has evolved over recent years because of improvements in the technology involved in the acquisition and processing of sound and image data. The method is an excellent option for use in diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease considering its availability, low cost, and absence of harmful effects. The breakdown of logistics supply chains caused by the COVID-19 pandemic caused worldwide shortages of iodinated contrast, highlighting the need to validate alternative diagnostic methods. Objective To use DUS for decision-making when choosing between by-pass and endovascular surgery for femoropopliteal arterial disease and compare the results to those of iodinated contrast exams. Methods We compared DUS with examinations using contrast for identification of stenoses/occlusions and indication of surgical treatment (by-pass vs. endovascular). In the first phase of the study the results were merely compared, DUS vs. angiotomography. Then, in the second phase, the vascular ultrasound results were used for screening between by-pass and endovascular treatment, comparing DUS with angiotomography in cases scheduled for by-pass and with arteriography in endovascular patients. Results In phase 1, the sensitivity of DUS compared to CT angiography was 100% for the SFA territory. When considering solely the choice of bypass vs. endovascular treatment, the results showed 100% agreement for phase 1 and 94% for phase 2. Conclusion Notwithstanding the sample size, the study fulfilled its objective of demonstrating the reliability of DUS for indicating the treatment choice between by-pass and endovascular surgery.

Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado sobre el impacto del preacondicionamiento isquémico remoto sobre la nefropatía por contraste en pacientes intervenidos de reparación aórtica endovascular / Prospective randomized study on the impact of remote ischemic preconditioning on contrast induced nephropathy in endovascular aortic repair patients

Introducción: el mayor inconveniente del uso de contrastes yodados en la práctica clínica es la nefropatía por contraste, que aumenta la morbimortalidad y los costes hospitalarios. El preacondicionamiento isquémico remoto (PCIR) es una técnica de protección tisular no invasiva que ha demostrado ser capaz de disminuir la afectación renal tras la administración de contraste intravascular. Objetivo: el objetivo principal del estudio es valorar el impacto del PCIR en la incidencia de la nefropatía inducida por contraste en pacientes intervenidos de reparación aórtica endovascular (EVAR). Material y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes intervenidos de EVAR electivo asignados de manera secuencial en grupo control y de preacondicionamiento (C y P, respectivamente). Se analizaron parámetros bioquímicos pre- y posoperatorios (a las 24 y a las 72 horas y a los 30 días). Resultados: el 98,3 % de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio fueron varones, sobre una muestra total de 120 pacientes. La media de edad fue de 73 años (rango: 56-87). La diabetes y la insuficiencia renal crónica preoperatoria (entendida como filtrado glomerular < 60 ml/min) estuvieron presentes en el 29,16 % y en el 38,33 % de los pacientes, respectivamente. La mitad de la muestra recibió preacondicionamiento en el preoperatorio. Un total de 24,17 % pacientes desarrollaron nefropatía a pesar de sueroterapia con o sin preacondicionamiento. En el posoperatorio (24-72 h) el preacondicionamiento no modificó la incidencia de nefropatía, creatinina y urea sérica o tasa de filtrado glomerular (eFG). Sin embargo, a los 30 días el grupo preacondicionado mostró una mejoría significativa de las cifras de creatinina y de ureas séricas (1,46 ± 0,3 frente a 1,03 ± 0,5; p < 0,001; 61,06 ± 27,5 mg/dl frente a 43,78 ± 12,9 mg/dl; p = 0,003) y aumento de eFG (56,37 ± 23,4 ml/min /1,73 m2 frente a 72,85 ± 17,7ml/min/ 1,73 m2; p = 0,004)...(AU)

Introduction: the biggest drawback of using iodinated contrasts in clinical practice is contrast nephropathy, which increases morbidity and mortality and hospital costs. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) is a non-invasive tissue protection technique that has proven to be able to reduce renal involvement after intravascular contrast administration. Objective: the main goal of this study was to assess the impact of RIPC on the incidence of contrast-inducednephropathy in patients undergoing endovascular aortic repair (EVAR).Material and methods: patients who underwent elective EVAR were included, and then sequentially assigned to the control and preconditioning groups (groups C and p, respectively). Pre- and postoperative hematocrit (at 24, 72 hours, and 30 days) was analyzed. Results: total of 98.3 % of the patients included in the study were men out of a total sample of 120 patients. The mean age was 73 years (range, 56-87). Diabetes and preoperative chronic kidney disease (understood as glomerular filtration rates < 60 mL/min) were present in 29.16 % and 38.33 % of the patients, respectively. Half of the sample received preconditioning in the preoperative period. A total of 24.17 % of the patients developed nephropathy despite fluid therapy with or without preconditioning. At the postoperative period (24 h-72 h), preconditioning did not modify the incidence rate of nephropathy, serum creatinine and urea, or even the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). However, at the 30-day follow-up the preconditioned group showed a significant improvement in serum creatinine and urea levels (1.46 ± 0.3 vs 1.03 ± 0.5; p < 0.001; 61.06 ± 27.5 mg/dL vs 43 .78 ± 12.9 mg/dL; p = 0.003) and eGFR increase (56.37 ± 23.4 mL/min/1.73 m2 vs 72.85 ± 17.7mL/min/1.73 m2; p = 0.004).Conclusions: RIPC seems effective in alleviating the effects of iodinated contrast on the kidneys of patients...(AU)

Seguridad del paciente en Resonancia Magnética / Patient safety in magnetic resonance imaging

El uso de campos magnéticos estáticos, gradientes de campo y ondas de radiofrecuencia suponen un reto de seguridad diferente a otras modalidades de imagen. Cada vez más centros trabajan con equipos de 3,0T que presentan mayores riesgos para el paciente frente a los de 1,5T. Hay una necesidad de actualización para el personal de radiología que le permita entender los riesgos y disminuirlos, pues pueden producirse incidentes graves e incluso mortales. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión y actualización de los riesgos a los que se ven sometidos los pacientes durante la realización de un estudio de resonancia magnética.(AU)

Image acquisition involves the use of static magnetic fields, field gradients and radiofrequency waves. These elements make the MRI a different modality. More and more centers work with 3.0 T equipment that present higher risks for the patient, compared to those of 1.5 T. Therefore, there is a need for updating for radiology staff that allows them to understand the risks and reduce them, since serious and even fatal incidents can occur. The objective of this work is to present a review and update of the risks to which patients are subjected during the performance of a magnetic resonance imaging study.(AU)

Diuresis inducida frente a hidratación combinada en pacientes sometidos a procedimientos cardiovasculares percutáneos: metanálisis de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados / Diuresis-matched versus standard hydration in patients undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular procedures: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials

Introducción y objetivos: La nefropatía inducida por contraste (NIC) es una potencial complicación de los procedimientos que requieren la administración de medio de contraste yodado. El RenalGuard, que suministra una adecuada hidratación combinada con diuresis inducida por furosemida, es una alternativa a las estrategias convencionales de hidratación. Según la literatura disponible, la evidencia sobre el RenalGuard no es concluyente, por lo que hemos realizado un metanálisis utilizando una construcción bayesiana. Métodos Se realizaron búsquedas en Medline, Cochrane Library y Web of Science de ensayos aleatorizados de RenalGuard frente a estrategias estándar de hidratación periprocedimiento. El objetivo primario fue el desarrollo de NIC. Los objetivos secundarios fueron muerte por cualquier causa, shock cardiogénico, edema agudo de pulmón (EAP) e insuficiencia renal que requería terapia de reemplazo renal. Para cada resultado se calculó un riesgo relativo (RR) con el correspondiente intervalo de credibilidad del 95% (ICr95%). Registro número CRD42022378489 en PROSPERO database. Resultados Se incluyeron 6 estudios. El RenalGuard se asoció con una reducción relativa significativa de NIC (mediana de RR=0,54; ICr95%, 0,31-0,86) y EAP (mediana de RR=0,35; 95%ICr, 0,12-0,87). No se observaron diferencias significativas para los otros parámetros secundarios [muerte por cualquier causa (RR=0,49; ICr95%, 0,13-1,08), shock cardiogénico (RR=0,06; ICr95%, 0,00-1,91), terapia de reemplazo renal (RR=0,52; ICr95%, 0,18-1,18)]. El análisis Bayesiano también mostró que el RenalGuard obtuvo una alta probabilidad de posicionarse primero con respecto a todos los objetivos secundarios. Estos resultados fueron consistentes en múltiples análisis de sensibilidad. Conclusiones En los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos cardiovasculares percutáneos, el RenalGuard se asoció con un menor riesgo de NIC y EAP. (AU)

Introduction and objectives: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a potential complication of procedures requiring administration of iodinated contrast medium. RenalGuard, which provides real-time matching of intravenous hydration with furosemide-induced diuresis, is an alternative to standard periprocedural hydration strategies. The evidence on RenalGuard in patients undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular procedures is sparse. We used a Bayesian framework to perform a meta-analysis of RenalGuard as a CA-AKI preventive strategy. Methods We searched Medline, Cochrane Library and Web of Science for randomized trials of RenalGuard vs standard periprocedural hydration strategies. The primary outcome was CA-AKI. Secondary outcomes were all-cause death, cardiogenic shock, acute pulmonary edema, and renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. A Bayesian random-effect risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% credibility interval (95%CrI) was calculated for each outcome. PROSPERO database number CRD42022378489. Results Six studies were included. RenalGuard was associated with a significant relative reduction in CA-AKI (median RR, 0.54; 95%CrI, 0.31-0.86) and acute pulmonary edema (median RR, 0.35; 95%CrI, 0.12-0.87). No significant differences were observed for the other secondary endpoints [all-cause death (RR, 0.49; 95%CrI, 0.13-1.08), cardiogenic shock (RR, 0.06; 95%CrI, 0.00-1.91), and renal replacement therapy (RR, 0.52; 95%CrI, 0.18-1.18)]. The Bayesian analysis also showed that RenalGuard had a high probability of ranking first for all the secondary outcomes. These results were consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. Conclusions In patients undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular procedures, RenalGuard was associated with a reduced risk of CA-AKI and acute pulmonary edema compared with standard periprocedural hydration strategies. (AU)

Nefropatia induzida por contraste: Intervenções de enfermagem uma revisão de scoping / Contrast-induced nephropathy: Nursing interventions - a scoping review

O relatório que se segue emerge do curso Mestrado em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica, da Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Coimbra, cujo objetivo visa a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Enfermagem à Pessoa em Situação Critica. Este relatório de estágio encontra-se dividido em 2 partes, a primeira parte tem como objetivo, evidenciar, descrever e fazer uma análise reflexiva do trabalho desenvolvido no decorrer do ensino clínico, tendo em vista a aquisição e desenvolvimento das Competências Comuns e Especificas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem Médico Cirúrgica, bem como a atribuição do grau de mestre. O ensino clínico foi realizado no Serviço de Hemodinâmica, do Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra. Na especialização de Enfermagem é indispensável ao profissional de enfermagem uma atualização constante da melhor evidencia clínica com a finalidade de prestar os melhores cuidados aos doentes. Nesta linha orientadora, surge a segunda parte deste relatório de estágio, tal como está previsto nesta unidade curricular, tendo sido realizada uma Scoping Review, que visa responder à seguinte questão de investigação: Qual a intervenção do enfermeiro na prevenção da nefropatia induzida por contraste na pessoa submetida a intervenção coronária percutânea em contexto hospitalar? Esta questão tem como objetivo mapear a evidência disponível sobre as intervenções de enfermagem na prevenção da nefropatia induzida por contraste na pessoa submetida a intervenção coronária percutânea em contexto hospitalar. Os resultados demonstram que a enfermagem tem um papel importante e privilegiado na prevenção da nefropatia induzida por contraste, sendo que as suas intervenções devem passar por uma boa avaliação inicial, identificar pessoas de risco para desenvolver nefropatia induzida por contraste. Deve através de uma equipa multidisciplinar elaborar protocolos de hidratação, e um plano de enfermagem com intervenções individualizadas, de forma a prevenir esta complicação. Este trajeto formativo foi fundamental para compreender o contributo do enfermeiro especialista para a prestação de cuidados de saúde com qualidade e segurança, baseados em evidência científica atual.

Patient safety in magnetic resonance imaging.

Image acquisition involves the use of static magnetic fields, field gradients and radiofrequency waves. These elements make the MRI a different modality. More and more centers work with 3.0 T equipment that present higher risks for the patient, compared to those of 1.5 T. Therefore, there is a need for updating for radiology staff that allows them to understand the risks and reduce them, since serious and even fatal incidents can occur. The objective of this work is to present a review and update of the risks to which patients are subjected during the performance of a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study.

Correlación entre la sensibilidad al contraste y las características morfológicas obtenidas por OCT en pacientes con degeneración macular relacionada con la edad avanzada tratados con dosis de carga de inhibidores del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular / Correlation between contrast sensitivity and morphological features obtained by OCT in patients with age-related macular degeneration treated with a loading dose of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors

Objetivo Determinar la correlación entre la sensibilidad al contraste y las características morfológicas obtenidas por tomografía de coherencia óptica en pacientes con degeneración macular relacionada con la edad avanzada tratados con dosis de carga de inhibidores del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular (anti-VEGF). Diseño Se trata de un estudio ambispectivo (prospectivo+retrospectivo) observacional y analítico. Participantes Todos los pacientes de 55 años o más con degeneración macular relacionada con la edad que acudieron al departamento de Retina del servicio de Oftalmología y cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión entre marzo-mayo de 2022. Métodos Se recolectaron los datos por medio de la revisión de expedientes. Se analizaron los estudios de tomografía de coherencia óptica previa a la aplicación de inyecciones intravítreas de los pacientes que se encontraban en el mes posterior a la última dosis. Se incluyeron un total de 33 sujetos y un total de 30 continuaron seguimiento. Se realizaron pruebas de normalidad (Shapiro y Bartlett) entre los grupos de estudio, dando como resultado grupos no normales no homocedásticos. Los sujetos fueron sometidos a una nueva evaluación oftalmológica y nueva toma de mediciones retinianas. Resultados Se realizó un análisis de regresión lineal comparando los valores logarítmicos de la agudeza visual y la sensibilidad al contraste, obteniendo una relación significativa entre ambos valores posterior a la aplicación del tratamiento (p<0,0001). Asimismo, se demostró una correlación entre la disminución de los valores de la sensibilidad al contraste y todas las características evaluadas en el tomografía de coherencia óptica. Conclusiones Las estrategias de antiangiogénesis pueden conducir a mejores resultados en la función visual global, impactando positivamente en la sensibilidad al contraste (AU)

Objective To determine the correlation between contrast sensitivity and morphological characteristics obtained by optical coherence tomography in patients with age-related macular degeneration treated with a loading dose of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF). Design This is an ambispective (prospective+retrospective) observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study. Participants All patients over 55 years of age with age-related macular degeneration who attended the Retina service of the Ophthalmology department and met the inclusion criteria between March-May 2022. Methods Data collection was carried out by reviewing the records of patients.Optical coherence tomography studies prior to the application of intravitreal injections of patients who were currently in the first month after the last dose of anti-VEGF were analyzed. A total of 33 subjects were included, of which 30 continued follow-ups. Normality tests (Shapiro and Bartlett) were performed where a nonparametric data distribution was demonstrated. The subjects underwent a new ophthalmological evaluation and new retinal measurements of the affected eye. Results A linear regression analysis was performed comparing the logarithmic values of both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, obtaining a significant relationship between both values after the application of treatment (P<.0001). Likewise, correlation was demonstrated between the decrease in contrast sensitivity values and all the characteristics evaluated in the patients’ optical coherence tomography. Conclusions Antiangiogenesis strategies can lead to better results in global visual function, positively impacting contrast sensitivity (AU)

Assessment of image quality in digital radiology using the CDRAD contrast-detail phantom in pediatrics / Evaluación de la calidad de la imagen en radiología digital utilizando el fantoma de detalle de contraste CDRAD en pediatría

ABSTRACT The transition from analog to digital radiology has expanded the capabilities of radiological imaging but has also made it possible to increase the radiation dose received by patients. Image quality in radiology is determined by factors such as radiographic techniques (kVp and mAs), which directly impact the dose and image quality. This study focuses on pediatric radiological exams considering their greater radiosensitivity and longer life expectancy. The study aimed to investigate the correlation between image quality and applied radiographic techniques using the CDRAD contrast-detail phantom. The results showed a direct linear relationship between the increase in kVp and the corresponding increase in image quality. Nonetheless, there was a significant variation in image quality between current-time products ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mAs, in contrast to the nearly linear relationship observed within the 2.5 and 10 mAs range

RESUMEN La transición de la radiología analógica a la digital ha ampliado las capacidades de las imágenes radiológicas, pero ha también permitió aumentar la dosis de radiación que reciben los pacientes. La calidad de la imagen en radiología está determinada por factores como las técnicas radiográficas (kVp y mAs), que impactan directamente en la dosis y la calidad de la imagen. Este estudio se centra en exámenes radiológicos pediátricos considerando su mayor radiosensibilidad y mayor espe ranza de vida. El estudio está dirigido a investigar la correlación entre la calidad de la imagen y las técnicas radiográficas aplicadas utilizando el detalle de contraste CDRAD fantasma. Los resultados mostraron una relación lineal directa entre el aumento de kVp y el correspondiente aumento de calidad de la imagen. No obstante, hubo una variación significativa en la calidad de la imagen entre los productos actuales que van desde 0,5 a 2,5 mAs, en contraste con la relación casi lineal observada dentro del rango de 2,5 y 10 mAs.

Correlation between late gadolinium enhancement sequences in MRI and pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer / Correlación entre secuencias de realce tardío de gadolinio en RM y respuesta patológica tras quimioterapia neoadyuvante en cáncer de mama

Objectives: To study the correlation between radiologic response observed by late enhancement sequences in MRI and pathologic response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast cancer. Material and methods: Retrospective observational study of 132 patients with 136 tumors (4 with bilateral disease), treated consecutively with neoadjuvant chemotherapy at our institution between 2011 and 2017. In all cases, we performed 3 breast MRI's, using late enhancement gadolinium sequences: the first prior to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the second half way through treatment, and the third at the completion of therapy. Following treatment, contrast medium uptake in tumor bed was evaluated based on the Response Evaluation Criteria for Solid Tumors (RECIST). All patients underwent conservative or radical surgery. We compared the radiologic response estimated by MRI, with the pathologic response observed in the surgical specimen, according to Miller and Payne grading system. We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values of the test, and used the Spearman correlation coefficient to stablish correlations between the parameters analyzed. Results: Complete pathologic response (pCR) was observed in 58.1% (79/136). The percentage of global radio-pathologic correlation was 88.97%. MRI showed a sensitivity of 78.9%, a specificity of 79.7%, a positive-predictive value (PPV) of 73.8% and a negative-predictive value (NPV) of 84%. In patients with partial response, the Spearman correlation was positive (rho = 1, P < .001). According to surrogate subtypes of breast cancer, we observed moderate correlation for luminal tumors (rho = 0.63, P < .001) and poor correlation for non-luminal types (rho = 0,4, P < .01). (AU)

Objetivos: Estudiar la correlación entre la respuesta radiológica observada mediante secuencias de realce tardío en resonancia magnética y la respuesta patológica después de quimioterapia neoadyuvante en pacientes con cáncer de mama. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo de 132 pacientes con 136 tumores (cuatro con enfermedad bilateral), tratados consecutivamente con quimioterapia neoadyuvante en nuestra Institución entre 2011 y 2017. En todos los casos se realizaron tres resonancias magnéticas de mama, utilizando secuencias de realce tardío de gadolinio: la primera antes de la quimioterapia neoadyuvante, la segunda a mitad del tratamiento y la tercera al finalizar la terapia. Después del tratamiento, la captación media de contraste en el lecho tumoral se evaluó en función de los Criterios de Evaluación de la Respuesta para Tumores Sólidos (RECIST). Todas las pacientes se sometieron a cirugía conservadora o radical. Comparamos la respuesta radiológica estimada por resonancia magnética, con la respuesta patológica observada en la pieza quirúrgica, valorada según clasificación de Miller y Payne. Se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos y correlacion de Spearman para establecer correlaciones entre los parametros analizados. Resultados: Se observó respuesta patológica completa (pCR) en el 58,1% (79/136). El porcentaje de correlación radiopatológica global fue del 88,97%. La RM mostró una sensibilidad del 78,9%, una especificidad del 79,7%, un valor predictivo positivo (VPP) del 73,8% y un valor predictivo negativo (VAN) del 84%. En pacientes con respuesta parcial, la correlación de Spearman fue positiva (rho = 1, p < 0,001). De acuerdo con los tipos subrogados de cáncer de mama, observamos una correlación moderada para los tumores luminales (rho = 0,63, p < 0,001) y una correlación deficiente para los tipos no luminales (rho = 0,4, p < 0,01). (AU)

Efectividad del tratamiento con atropina versus oclusiones en pacientes con ambliopía refractiva moderada unilateral / Effectiveness of Atropine Treatment Versus Occlusions in Patients with Unilateral Moderate Refractive Amblyopia

Objetivo: Comparar la efectividad del tratamiento de atropina versus oclusión ocular en pacientes con ambliopía refractiva moderada unilateral. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo de una serie de casos que acudieron a la consulta de Oftalmología Pediátrica del Instituto Cubano de Oftalmología Ramón Pando Ferrer durante el período comprendido de septiembre del 2019 a septiembre de 2021. La muestra quedó conformada por 44 pacientes, los cuales se dividieron de forma aleatoria en dos grupos de estudio, 22 casos al grupo de oclusiones e igual número al grupo de atropina, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Se analizaron las variables edad, sexo, defecto refractivo, agudeza visual mejor corregida, sensibilidad al contraste y estereopsis. Resultados: Predominó el astigmatismo hipermetrópico en ambos grupos de estudio. La media de la agudeza visual mejor corregida inicial en ambos grupos fue de 0,4 LogMAR y mejoró a 0,1 LogMAR al finalizar el tratamiento. La media de la sensibilidad al contraste inicial fue de 1,48 (±19,75) para el grupo de oclusiones y de 1,47 (±20,5) para el grupo atropina, al finalizar alcanzaron 1,59 (±10,1) y 1,57 (±10,0) por orden de mención. La estereopsis inicial fue subnormal en ambos grupos, al finalizar el tratamiento fue normal en el 77,3 por ciento grupo oclusión y el 68,2 por ciento grupo atropina. Conclusiones: La efectividad del tratamiento en pacientes con ambliopía refractiva moderada unilateral con atropina es similar a la que se alcanza con la aplicación de la oclusión ocular(AU)

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of atropine treatment versus ocular occlusion in patients with unilateral moderate refractive amblyopia. Methods: A descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of a series of cases that attended the Pediatric Ophthalmology office of the Ramón Pando Ferrer Cuban Institute of Ophthalmology during the period from September 2019 to September 2021 was carried out. The sample consisted of 44 patients, who were randomly divided into two study groups, 22 cases to the occlusion group and the same number to the atropine group, who met the inclusion criteria. The variables age, gender, refractive defect, best corrected visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and stereopsis were analyzed. Results: Hypermetropic astigmatism predominated in both study groups. Average initial best-corrected visual acuity in both groups was 0.4 LogMAR and improved to 0.1 LogMAR at the end of treatment. Average initial contrast sensitivity was 1.48 (±19.75) for the occlusion group and 1.47 (±20.5) for the atropine group, at completion reaching 1.59 (±10.1) and 1.57 (±10.0) in order of mention. Initial stereopsis was subnormal in both groups, at the end of treatment it was normal in 77.3 percent occlusion group and 68.2 percent atropine group. Conclusions: The effectiveness of treatment in patients with unilateral moderate refractive amblyopia with atropine is similar to that achieved with the application of ocular occlusion(AU)

Correlation between contrast sensitivity and morphological features obtained by OCT in patients with age-related macular degeneration treated with a loading dose of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the correlation between contrast sensitivity and morphological characteristics obtained by Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration treated with a loading dose of vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors (anti-VEGF). DESIGN: This is an ambispective (prospective + retrospective) observational, cross-sectional, and analytical study. PARTICIPANTS: All patients over 55 years of age with Age-Related Macular Degeneration who attended the Retina service of the Ophthalmology department and met the inclusion criteria between March-May 2022. METHODS: Data collection was carried out by reviewing the records of patients diagnosed with Age-Related Macular Degeneration of the neovascular variety treated with the loading dose of anti-VEGF. OCT studies obtained by Optovue® iVue80 prior to the application of intravitreal injections of patients who met the inclusion criteria and were currently in the first month after the last dose of anti-VEGF were analyzed. A total of 33 subjects were included, of which 30 continued follow-ups. The subjects underwent a new ophthalmological evaluation and new retinal measurements of the affected eye. Normality tests (Shapiro‒Wilk) were performed where a nonparametric data distribution was demonstrated. RESULTS: A linear regression analysis was performed comparing the logarithmic values of both visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, obtaining a significant relationship between both values after the application of treatment (P = <.0001***). Likewise, correlation was demonstrated between the decrease in contrast sensitivity values and all the characteristics evaluated in the patients' OCT. CONCLUSIONS: Antiangiogenesis strategies can lead to better results in global visual function, positively impacting contrast sensitivity.

Precisión diagnóstica de la mamografía con contraste vs RM en la valoración de la respuesta del cáncer de mama tratado con quimioterapia neoadyuvante / Diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced mammography vs MRI in evaluating the response of breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Introducción: la resonancia magnética es el método diagnóstico más preciso en la evaluación de la enfermedad residual en el cáncer de mama tratado con quimioterapia neoadyuvante. La mamografía con contraste puede ser una alternativa eficaz a la resonancia en la evaluación de tumor residual. Esta técnica disminuiría los costes significativamente, mejoraría el flujo de pacientes y apenas tiene contraindicaciones. Métodos: hemos realizado un estudio observacional y prospectivo en 43 pacientes con cáncer de mama tratadas con quimioterapia neoadyuvante. El estudio prequirúrgico incluyó tanto la mamografía con inyección de contraste como la resonancia magnética. Se correlacionó el tamaño tumoral residual por imagen con el estudio anatomopatológico posquirúrgico. Resultados: la MC presenta un coeficiente de correlación interclase superior al de la RM (0,9 vs. 0,7). Los valores de sensibilidad y especificidad de la MC (83,9 y 83,3%) son altos y equiparables a los de la RM (74,2 y 91,6%). Además, el valor predictivo negativo de la MC es mayor que el de la RM (66,7 vs. 57,9%) y VPP es muy similar (92,9 vs. 95,8%). Conclusión: la mamografía con contraste es una prueba equiparable a la resonancia magnética para la evaluación de la respuesta tumoral posneoadyuvancia en las pacientes con cáncer de mama. También es una prueba válida para la visualización de lesiones adicionales en la misma mama o en la contralateral. (AU)

Introduction: Magnetic resonance imaging is the most accurate diagnostic method for evaluating residual disease in breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Contrast-enhanced mammography can be an effective alternative to MRI in the evaluation of residual tumor. This technique would significantly reduce costs, improve patient flow and hardly has any contraindications. Methods: We have carried out an observational and prospective study in 43 patients with breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The pre-surgical study included both mammography with contrast injection and magnetic resonance imaging. Residual tumor size by imaging was correlated with the postoperative pathology study. Results: The CM presents a higher interclass correlation coefficient than the RM (0.9 vs. 0.7). The sensitivity and specificity values of CM (83.9% and 83.3%) are high and comparable to those of MRI (74.2% and 91.6%). Furthermore, the negative predictive value of CM is greater than that of MRI (66.7% vs 57.9%) and PPV is very similar (92.9% vs 95.8%). Conclusion: Contrast-enhanced mammography is a test comparable to magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of post-neoadjuvant tumor response in patients with breast cancer. It is also a valid test in visualizing additional lesions in the same or contralateral breast. (AU)

Mamografía con Inyección de Contraste: Experiencia inicial y revisión de la literatura / Contrast Enhanced Mammography: Initial experience and review of the literature

Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente investigación es evaluar nuestra experiencia inicial en la implementación de la mamografía con inyección de contraste (MCIC) y realizar una revisión de la literatura actual respecto de sus indicaciones. Los estudios se realizaron utilizando mamógrafo con capacidad de realizar MCIC, inyección de contraste iodado endovenoso y posterior toma de las imágenes mamográficas habituales (baja y alta energía). Se incluyeron 20 pacientes, invitadas a participar entre quienes concurrieron a realizar biopsias por punción histológicas. Una paciente realizó un segundo estudio al finalizar la terapia neoadyuvante. Dos de 20 (10%) pacientes tuvieron solo lesiones benignas que no realzaron y 18/20 (90%) lesiones malignas que realzaron. Se biopsiaron 27 lesiones, 4 (15%) fueron benignas y 23 (85%) malignas. La extensión del realce coincidió con la lesión visible en imágenes de baja energía en 9/18 (50%) pacientes, en 1/18 (5%) parte del realce mayor a la imagen de baja energía correspondió a una lesión benigna (falso positivo) y en 8/18 (45%) el realce mayor a la imagen de baja energía se corroboró histológicamente. En 4 (22%) pacientes se modificó la estrategia quirúrgica. En el examen post neoadyuvancia se observó respuesta imagenológica completa, reportándose en la cirugía, lesión residual invasora de 2mm. No se presentaron reacciones alérgicas ni otras complicaciones. Se realizó revisión de indicaciones en la literatura. Conclusiones: Nuestra experiencia inicial y curva de aprendizaje muestran que la MCIC es segura y con buenos resultados(AU)

Objetive The purpose of the investigation is to evaluate our initial experience with the implementation of contrast enhanced mammography (CEM) and a review of the current publications regarding its indications. The study was performed with a mammographic unit with CEM capability and iodine-based contrast medium injection. Low and high energy images (recombined image) were obtained in standard incidences. Twenty patients were invited to participate among those that came to undergo breast core biopsies. One patient had two studies, the second after neoadjuvant therapy. Two of 20 (10%) patients had only benign lesions that did not enhanced and 18/20 (90%) had malignant lesions that enhanced. Twenty-seven lesions were biopsied, 4 (15%) were benign and 23 (85%) were malignant. Enhancement was coincident with low energy images size in 9/18 (50%) patients, in 1/8 (5%) part of the enhancement, larger than the lesion in low energy images was due to a benign lesion (false positive) and 8/18 (45%) the size of the lesion that enhanced was truly larger than low energy images (histology proved). Because of this, surgery strategy was modified in 4 (22%) patients. There was radiologic complete response after neoadjuvant therapy and the surgical path report described a 2mm residual invasive carcinoma. There were no allergic reactions or other complications. A review of the published indications of the method was performed. Conclusions: Our initial experience and learning curve shows that CEM is safe with good clinical outcome (AU)

Diuresis-matched versus standard hydration in patients undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular procedures: meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Contrast-associated acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) is a potential complication of procedures requiring administration of iodinated contrast medium. RenalGuard, which provides real-time matching of intravenous hydration with furosemide-induced diuresis, is an alternative to standard periprocedural hydration strategies. The evidence on RenalGuard in patients undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular procedures is sparse. We used a Bayesian framework to perform a meta-analysis of RenalGuard as a CA-AKI preventive strategy. METHODS: We searched Medline, Cochrane Library and Web of Science for randomized trials of RenalGuard vs standard periprocedural hydration strategies. The primary outcome was CA-AKI. Secondary outcomes were all-cause death, cardiogenic shock, acute pulmonary edema, and renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy. A Bayesian random-effect risk ratio (RR) with corresponding 95% credibility interval (95%CrI) was calculated for each outcome. PROSPERO database number CRD42022378489. RESULTS: Six studies were included. RenalGuard was associated with a significant relative reduction in CA-AKI (median RR, 0.54; 95%CrI, 0.31-0.86) and acute pulmonary edema (median RR, 0.35; 95%CrI, 0.12-0.87). No significant differences were observed for the other secondary endpoints [all-cause death (RR, 0.49; 95%CrI, 0.13-1.08), cardiogenic shock (RR, 0.06; 95%CrI, 0.00-1.91), and renal replacement therapy (RR, 0.52; 95%CrI, 0.18-1.18)]. The Bayesian analysis also showed that RenalGuard had a high probability of ranking first for all the secondary outcomes. These results were consistent in multiple sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing percutaneous cardiovascular procedures, RenalGuard was associated with a reduced risk of CA-AKI and acute pulmonary edema compared with standard periprocedural hydration strategies.

A Prospective Study of Costs Associated With the Evaluation of Allergic Reactions to Radiological Contrast Media

Background: The prevalence of hypersensitivity reactions to radiological contrast media (RCM) is increasing owing to the improved performance of diagnostic and therapeutic tests that require RCMs. Objective: We carried out a year-long real-life observational study to prospectively evaluate patients referred to the allergy department from primary care, the emergency department, and other specialties with suspected moderate-to-severe RCM hypersensitivity reactions. Methods: To study the costs of evaluating RCM hypersensitivity reactions, we systematically recorded direct and indirect costs. Results: Sixty-nine patients with previous reactions to RCM were evaluated in the allergy department from June 1, 2017, to May 31, 2018.Total direct health care costs were €10 715.84, with a mean (SD) cost per patient of €155.30 (77.08). Specifically, direct non–health care costs reached €1605.42 (mean, €23.27 [41.14]), and indirect costs were €6490.85 (mean, €94.07 [110.61]). In summary, the total cost was €18 812.11, that is, a mean cost of €272.64 (164.77). Conclusions: Our study shows that the costs of an elective evaluation of hypersensitivity reactions to RCM are low, thus confirming that correct and safe management of affected patients are cost-effective. Therefore, our efforts should be directed toward ensuring the necessary logistics (AU)

Antecedentes: La prevalencia de reacciones de hipersensibilidad a los medios de contraste radiológico (MCR) está aumentando debido al incremento en la realización de pruebas diagnósticas y terapéuticas que requieren MCR. Objetivo: Hemos realizado un estudio observacional de un año de duración para evaluar prospectivamente a los pacientes remitidos al Servicio de Alergología con sospecha de reacciones moderadas a graves por hipersensibilidad a MCR.Métodos: Para estudiar los costes de la evaluación de la hipersensibilidad a MCR, se registraron sistemáticamente los costes directos e indirectos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 69 pacientes con reacciones previas a MCR remitidos al Servicio de Alergología desde el 1 de junio de 2017 hasta el 31 de mayo de 2018. Los costes sanitarios directos totales fueron de 10.715,84 €, con un coste medio por paciente de 155,30 € ± 77,08. En concreto, los costes directos no sanitarios alcanzaron los 1.605,42 € (media 23,27 € ± 41,14 €) y los costes indirectos fueron de6.490,85 € (media 94,07 € ± 110,61 €). En resumen, el coste total fue de 18.812,11 €, lo que supone un coste medio de 272,64 ± 164,77 €. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio refleja que los costes de una evaluación electiva de hipersensibilidad a MCR son bajos. Este hecho reafirma que el manejo correcto y seguro de estos pacientes podría ser rentable, por lo que nuestros esfuerzos deben estar dirigidos a implementar la logística necesaria (AU)