Thermal mapping: Assessing the optimal sites for temperature measurement in the human body and emerging technologies.

Numerous body locations have been utilized to obtain an accurate body temperature. While some are commonly used, their accuracy, response time, invasiveness varies greatly, and determines their potential clinical and/or research use. This review discusses human body temperature locations, their accuracy, ease of use, advantages, and drawbacks. We explain the concept of core body temperature and which of the locations achieve the best correlation to this temperature. The body locations include axilla, oral cavity, rectum, digestive and urinary tracts, skin, tympanic, nasopharynx, esophagus, and pulmonary artery. The review also discusses the latest temperature technologies, heat-flux technology and telemetric ingestible temperature pills, and the body locations used to validate these devices. Rectal and esophageal measurements are the most frequently used.

Daily vaginal temperature in Girolando cows from three different genetic composition under natural heat stress.

The present trial evaluated the effect of crossbred composition and Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) on vaginal temperature (VT) of Girolando dairy cows maintained under tropical pasture during warm seasons. The VT was monitored along 41 to 96 h in 615 Girolando cows with different Holstein (H) × Gir genetic composition (1/2 H = 284, 3/4 H = 248, and 7/8 H = 83) from six Brazilian farms in the summer of 2016 and 2017. VT of each cow at each hour of the day and the respective THI were averaged per hour across all monitoring days to generate an averaged value for VT and THI during 24 h. A linear mixed model with repeated measures using restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method for (co)variance components estimation procedure was employed. The final model adjusted the VT for the effects of cow, time, THI, farm, year, pregnancy status, body condition score (BCS), milk yield, genetic composition, and genetic composition*time interaction. Fixed effects were evaluated by ANOVA and tested with Tukey test in R software version 3.6.1 (R Core Team, 2019). Overall mean of VT, air temperature (AT), and THI were 39.06 ± 0.52 °C, 25.63 ± 0.40 °C, and 75.06 ± 3.96, respectively. VT had moderate positive correlation with THI (r² = 0.45, P < 0.001) and AT (r² = 0.46, P < 0.001). The VT had estimated linear increase of 0.05 °C for each THI unit increase (P < 0.001). Least square mean of VT varied among the farms (P < 0.001), pregnancy status (P < 0.001), and BCS (P < 0.05) but not for Milk yield (P > 0.05). The daily average VT was affected by genetic composition (P < 0.001) with highest temperature for 3/4 H (39.08 ± 0.06 °C a) and 7/8 H (39.09 ± 0.06 °C a) and lowest temperature for 1/2 H (38.95 ± 0.06 °C b). The difference of VT among the three crossbred groups varied in function of the time of the day, from 12:00 to 20:00 h (P < 0.001), with 3/4 Holstein and 7/8 Holstein cows reaching similar VT, above to the upper limit 39.1 °C and higher than 1/2 Holstein cows during all this period. In conclusion, Girolando cows are sensitive to heat stress in tropical condition during warm seasons. Moreover, Girolando cows with genetic composition higher than 3/4 Holstein display reduced thermoregulatory efficiency. Therefore, Girolando cows in tropical dairy farms require strategies to mitigate heat stress according to their genetic composition.

Differential susceptibility of BALB/c, C57BL/6N, and CF1 mice to photoperiod changes

Objective:Circadian disturbances common to modern lifestyles have been associated with mood disorders. Animal models that mimic such rhythm disturbances are useful in translational research to explore factors contributing to depressive disorders. This study aimed to verify the susceptibility of BALB/c, C57BL/6N, and CF1 mice to photoperiod changes.Methods:Thermochron iButtons implanted in the mouse abdomen were used to characterize temperature rhythms. Mice were maintained under a 12:12 h light-dark (LD) cycle for 15 days, followed by a 10:10 h LD cycle for 10 days. Cosinor analysis, Rayleigh z test, periodograms, and Fourier analysis were used to analyze rhythm parameters. Paired Student's t test was used to compare temperature amplitude, period, and power of the first harmonic between normal and shortened cycles.Results:The shortened LD cycle significantly changed temperature acrophases and rhythm amplitude in all mouse strains, but only BALB/c showed altered period.Conclusion:These findings suggest that BALB/c, the preferred strain for stress-induced models of depression, should also be favored for exploring the relationship between circadian rhythms and mood. Temperature rhythm proved to be a useful parameter for characterizing rhythm disruption in mice. Although disruption of temperature rhythm has been successfully documented in untethered mice, an evaluation of desynchronization of other rhythms is warranted.

Variaciones de la temperatura corporal de la interleuquina 6 y de la proteina C reactiva luego de la odontectomia de terceros molares / Changes in body temperature of the interleukin 6 and C-reactive protein after third molar odontectomy

Determinar las variaciones de la temperatura corporal, proteína C reactiva (PCR) y los niveles de Interleuquina 6 (IL-6) luego de la odontectomía de los terceros molares. Se seleccionaron 20 pacientes del Postgrado de Cirugía Bucal de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Central de Venezuela, con indicación de extracción de los terceros molares retenidos y los cuales autorizaron por escrito su participación en el estudio. Los niveles de IL-6 fueron medidos por la prueba de ELISA, utilizando muestras de fluido crevicular gingival tomadas con puntas de papel estéril # 35, a las 0, 24, 48 horas y 7 días. Se realizó el registro de la temperatura corporal a las 0, 24, 48 horas y a los 7 días posteriores a la realización de la cirugía. Adicionalmente, se instruyó a los pacientes para la toma de la temperatura corporal cada 4 horas durante tres días consecutivos. Los niveles séricos de PCR se realizaron al tiempo 0 y a las 48 horas posteriores al acto quirúrgico. Se observó un aumento estadísticamente significativo en los niveles de IL-6, temperatura corporal y PCR luego de la odontectomía de los terceros molares. La elevación de la IL-6 se correlacionó en forma significativa con el incremento en la temperatura corporal y de la proteína C reactiva. La temperatura corporal, la IL-6 y la PCR aumentaron de manera directamente proporcional posterior al acto quirúrgico y en relación al trauma.

To determine variations in core body temperature, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukine-6 (IL-6) after surgical removal of third molars. Twenty patients who attended at the Oral Surgery Post grade in the Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Central de Venezuela, for the extraction of the third molars. Informed consent was obtained from each patient. Samples of gingival crevicular fluid were collected with paper point # 35 at 0; 24 and 48 hours and at seventh day following to surgery, in order to measure IL-6 levels using ELISA test. The core body temperature was recorded at 0; 24; 48 hours and at 7th day after surgery. Additionally, the patients were instructed to register their temperature every 4 hours during three consecutive days. The CRP values were measured at time 0 and 48 hours later. Increase in IL-6, CRP and core body temperature values were observed after surgical extraction of third molars. The elevation of IL-6 was significantly correlated with the increase in CRP and body temperature. The core body temperature, IL-6 and CRP levels increased after surgical removal of third molars and were associated with the tissue damage.