Changeable moving window-standard normal variable transformation for visible-NIR spectroscopic analyses.

Based on the assumption of point-by-point local linearity, the changeable moving window-standard normal variable (CMW-SNV) was proposed as a reasonable improvement of the classical SNV. The three examples of quantitative and qualitative visible-near-infrared (Vis-NIR) analysis, quantifications of soil organic matter and corn meal moisture, and discriminant of rice seeds identification, were used to validate the effects of the CMW-SNV, SNV and equal segmentation SNV (ES-SNV) methods. The ES-SNV is another improvement of the SNV, but its algorithm would cause artificial discontinuities of the corrected spectrum. The SNV, ES-SNV and CMW-SNV corrected spectra were used to establish partial least squares (PLS) or partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models respectively. For soil and corn meal datasets in modeling, the CMW-SNV-PLS models were both significantly better than the global SNV-PLS models; the root mean square errors of prediction in modeling (SEPM) values had the relative decrease of 26.4% and 6.6% respectively. For rice seeds dataset in modeling, the CMW-SNV-PLS-DA model was significantly better than the global SNV-PLS-DA model; the total recognition-accuracy rates in modeling (RARM) value increased by 2.1%. For all three datasets, the CMW-SNV models were better than (or close to) ones of the ES-SNV models. The equidistant combination (EC) and wavelength step-by-step phase-out (WSP) methods were used to perform wavelength selection on the CMW-SNV corrected spectra, determining the optimal EC-WSP-PLS or EC-WSP-PLS-DA models. In independent validation of three datasets, the high precision and high recognition accuracy rates validation results were all obtained. The CMW-SNV was a localized natural improvement of the classic global SNV method, and its correction maintained continuity of the spectra. The number of wavelengths m of the correction window represented the scale of localized SNV, and the algorithm platform of CMW-SNV also included the optimization of parameter m, making the localized CMW-SNV method more reasonable.

Medically important Candida spp. identification: an era beyond traditional methods.

BACKGROUND: Candida infections are gaining more attention for the last few decades so diagnostic tools are very important for early diagnosis. Conventional identification of yeasts is time-consuming, molecular methods are more complicated and relatively expensive gold-standard methods. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was put into the market due to its speed and high accuracy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of corn meal tween-80 agar (CMTA), CHROMagar Candida medium, and MALDI-TOF MS and to compare the obtained results with DNA sequencing. METHODS: The CHROMagar Candida medium, CMTA, and MALDI-TOF MS Biotyper System were used to test 416 isolates. The isolates with discrepant results by at least one of the three methods were subjected to sequence analysis. RESULTS: The identification results of the 351 (%84.4) were compatible with all three methods. When compared to the sequencing results, the most accurate results were obtained by the MALDI-TOF MS, especially for rare Candida species. DISCUSSION: MALDI-TOF MS is found to be the most accurate identification tool for clinically important Candida strains. CMTA alone should not be used for the final identification of Candida species and the chromogenic medium should always be considered presumptive.

Application of extrusion-cooking technology in hatchery waste management.

The purpose of the present study was to examine the extrusion-cooking process of cereal blends with addition of hatchery waste (HW). The effect of HW addition on the physical properties and chemical composition of the extrudates was examined. The share of the HW in blends with corn meal was variable in the range of 5-30%. The study was conducted using a counter-rotating twin-screw extruder (L:D ratio 12:1, screw speed 75 rpm, die diameters 3 mm × 6 mm, profile of barrel temperature 120/140/180/180/130°C, and material moisture 28%). Increase in the content of the HW from 5 to 30% reduced the expansion ratio, pellet durability index, water absorption index, and water solubility index of the extrudates. The microstructure of the extrudates with HW addition is non-homogeneous; the areas with densely packed and adherent granules, interwoven with fibrous structures, can be observed. Increase in the share of HW leads to a lowering of the levels of crude fiber and total dietary fiber in the extrudates. Moreover, a significant increase in the content of protein, crude fat, and mineral elements such as calcium, sodium, magnesium, and iron was observed.

Transgenic versus conventional corn: fate of fumonisins during industrial dry milling.

The aim of this study was to compare the fate of fumonisins in transgenic and non-transgenic corn during industrial dry milling. For this purpose, whole corn samples and their fractions (germ, pericarp, endosperm, corn meal, and grits) were collected from one of the major Brazilian milling plants, totaling 480 samples. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between mean fumonisin (FB1 + FB2) levels in transgenic (1130 µg/kg) and non-transgenic (920 µg/kg) whole corn. However, in non-transgenic germ, endosperm and corn meal fraction fumonisin levels were higher (2940 µg/kg, 250 µg/kg and 190 µg/kg, respectively) than in transgenic fractions (2180 µg/kg, 130 µg/kg and 85.0 µg/kg, respectively). Furthermore, the highest percentages of fumonisins were distributed in the germ, corresponding to about 87 and 76% of the total fumonisins present in the whole corn from non-transgenic and transgenic hybrids, respectively. Concerning the endosperm from non-transgenic and transgenic corn, approximately, 23% and 13% of the total fumonisins were retained after the dry milling. Further processing in corn meal (300 to 420 µm particle size) and grits (590 to 1190 µm) decreased the percentages of remaining fumonisins to 4% and 2% (transgenic) and 10% and 3% (non-transgenic corn), respectively. These results suggested that fumonisin concentration was higher in outer and inner non-transgenic fractions when compared to transgenic ones and that the fate of fumonisins during the industrial dry milling could be affected by the transgenic status. However, it was not possible to conclude that the difference was exclusively due to this variable.

Performance and ingestive behavior of steers on integrated system using legume and/or energy supplementation.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a mixture of temperate and legume grasses with or without energy supplementation on the performance and feeding behavior of finishing beef steers. Eighteen Nellore-Zebu steers, average 23 months old and body weight (BW) of 380 kg, were used in a continuous grazing system, in a randomized block experimental design. Treatments were ORS: oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) + annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) + supplementation with corn bran; ORVS: oat + ryegrass + vetch (Vicia sativa L.) + supplementation with corn bran; and ORV: oat + ryegrass + vetch. Evaluations were conducted on pasture (forage mass, sward height, herbage accumulation, botanical composition, and chemical composition) and animal (performance and ingestive behavior). Stocking rate and forage mass were greater in treatments with energy supplementation (ORVS and ORS), thus presenting greater sward heights compared to the treatment without supplementation. There was greater participation of oats and ryegrass when vetch was absent (ORS). The presence of supplement (ORS and ORVS) increased the presence of oat stem. The presence of the supplement caused the contribution of the vetch to be lower, likely because of the higher animal load of these treatments. The higher presence of vetch increased crude protein content in the ORV treatment. The ORS exhibited greater gain per area compared to the ORV. Supplemented animals had lower grazing and greater idle time. The ORS treatment animals spent more time in other activities and consumed supplementation and less time grazing than the other treatments. The absence of supplement (ORV) caused the animals to spend more time grazing. Animals not supplemented showed a higher duration of daily chewing, number of chews per minute, number of daily chews, daily number of bites, and station numbers.

Efecto de los procesos de congelación y descongelación sobre los almidones en un alimento a base de maíz / Effect of the freezing and thawing processes on starches in a corn-based food

RESUMEN Se decidió estudiar el efecto que la cocción y el congelamiento sucesivos tiene sobre contenido de almidones y el índice glicémico (IG) de un alimento a base de harina de maíz (bollo). Se elaboró el alimento y se sometió congelamiento y cocción un par de veces. El contenido de almidones se comparó con el de la harina de maíz pre-cocida y se encontraron diferencias significativas (F = 5,84; p = 0,005), con un incremento importante del contenido de almidón resistente debido a los tratamientos térmicos. Se elaboraron curvas de glicemia a una muestra de individuos sanos, a los que se dio a consumir el alimento sometido a los diferentes tratamientos y pan integral. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (F= 4,21; p= 0,034) y un IG de 67,9 para el bollo sometido a tres procesos de cocción y dos congelamientos. Indicativo de que los procesos térmicos provocaron la aparición de una proporción de almidón retrogradado equivalente a fibra dietética que puede ser beneficioso para el organismo.

ABSTRACT We studied the effect that subsequent cooking and freezing has on the starch content and the glycemic index (GI) of a corn flour-based food (bun). The food was made and exposed to cooking and freezing a couple of times. The starch content was compared with that of precooked corn flour and significant differences were found (F = 5.84; p = 0.005), with an important increase in the retrograded starch content due to thermic treatments. Glycemic response curves were conducted for a sample of healthy individuals, who consumed the food submitted to the treatments and wholegrain bread. Significant differences were found (F = 4.21; p= 0.034) and a GI of 67.9 for the bun submitted to three cooking and two freezing processes. Results suggest that the thermic treatments induced the appearance of a retrograded starch proportion equivalent to dietary fiber which could be beneficial for the body.

Engineering of Yersinia Phytases to Improve Pepsin and Trypsin Resistance and Thermostability and Application Potential in the Food and Feed Industry.

Susceptibility to proteases usually limits the application of phytase. We sought to improve the pepsin and trypsin resistance of YeAPPA from Yersinia enterocolitica and YkAPPA from Y. kristensenii by optimizing amino acid polarity and charge. The predicted pepsin/trypsin cleavage sites F89/K226 in pepsin/trypsin-sensitive YeAPPA and the corresponding sites (F89/E226) in pepsin-sensitive but trypsin-resistant YkAPPA were substituted with S and H, respectively. Six variants were produced in Pichia pastoris for catalytic and biochemical characterization. F89S, E226H, and F89S/E226H elevated pepsin resistance and thermostability and K226H and F89S/K226H improved pepsin and trypsin resistance and stability at 60 °C and low pH. All the variants increased the ability of the proteins to hydrolyze phytate in corn meal by 2.6-14.9-fold in the presence of pepsin at 37 °C and low pH. This study developed a genetic manipulation strategy specific for pepsin/trypsin-sensitive phytases that can improve enzyme tolerance against proteases and heat and benefit the food and feed industry in a cost-effective way.

An in vitro study of antifungal drug susceptibility of Candida species isolated from human immunodeficiency virus seropositive and human immunodeficiency virus seronegative individuals in Lucknow population Uttar Pradesh.

BACKGROUND: Candidiasis is the most common opportunistic infection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive patients, starting from asymptomatic colonization to pathogenic forms and gradual colonization of non-albicans in patients with advanced immunosuppression leads to resistance for azole group of antifungal drugs with high rate of morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVES: To isolate the Candida species and determine of antifungal drug susceptibility against fluconazole, itraconazole, nystatin, amphotericin B, and clotrimazolein HIV seropositive and control individuals, with or without clinical oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Includes samples from faucial region of 70 subjects with and without clinical candidiasis in HIV seropositive and controls were aseptically inoculated onto Sabaraud's Dextrose Agar media and yeasts were identified for the specific species by Corn Meal Agar, sugar fermentation and heat tolerance tests. Antifungal drug susceptibility of the isolated species was done against above-mentioned drugs by E-test and disc diffusion method. RESULTS: The commonly isolated species in HIV seropositive and controls were Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis Candida guilliermondii and Candida dubliniensis isolated only in HIV seropositive patients. Susceptibility against selected antifungal drugs was observed more in HIV-negative individuals whereas susceptible dose-dependent and resistance were predominant in HIV-positive patients. CONCLUSION: Resistance is the major problem in the therapy of OPC, especially in HIV seropositive patients due to aggressive and prolonged use of antifungal agents, therefore, our study emphasizes the need for antifungal drug susceptibility testing whenever antifungal treatment is desired, especially in HIV-infected subjects.

Desempenho de vacas mestiças em função de suplementação energética e proteica em dietas à base de silagem de milho / Performance of crossbred cows as a result of energetic and protein supplementation in corn silage based diets

Objetivou-se avaliar níveis de concentrados energéticos e proteicos sobre o desempenho de vacas leiteiras Holandês x Zebu, com peso corporal de 452±77kg, de terceira e quarta lactação, 80 dias pós-parto e produção de 12,8kg de leite/dia. Nove vacas foram distribuídas em três quadrados latinos 3x3, em períodos experimentais de 10 dias, distribuídas segundo número de lactações, sendo os tratamentos níveis de farelo de soja (FS) em substituição ao fubá de milho (FM) (0,8; 1,6 e 2,4kg/vaca dia, completando para 3,2kg/vaca dia com FM), níveis de FS ou de FM (0,8; 1,6 e 3,2kg/vaca/dia) e silagem de milho como volumoso. Somente o consumo de proteína bruta se elevou com o aumento nos níveis de FS em dietas contendo FM+FS, ao passo que os consumos diários de matéria seca (MS) e das frações nutricionais aumentaram com a elevação do FS ou FM. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da MS e dos nutrientes não diferiram em dietas contendo FM+FS. A digestibilidade da proteína bruta (PB) aumentou ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FS. Houve diminuição da digestibilidade da MS, MO e CNF ao passar de 0,8 para 3,2kg/dia de FM e diminuição do NDT ao passar de 1,6 para 3,2kg/dia de FM. As exigências de NDT e PB só foram satisfeitas plenamente com 0,8+2,4kg (FM+FS) e 3,2kg de FS. As dietas contendo FM não atenderam sequer às exigências de NDT. A produção de leite e a sua composição bem como o peso corporal e a eficiência alimentar relacionada ao CMS não foram influenciados pelos tratamentos. A eficiência alimentar em relação ao fornecimento de concentrado decresceu quando se adicionaram níveis crescentes de FS ou FM. Tendo como volumoso a silagem de milho, o fornecimento de fubá de milho ou farelo de soja, nas quantidades analisadas neste experimento, não promove aumento da produção de leite ou de seus constituintes, sendo que a eficiência do uso do concentrado diminui ao se elevar o nível de suplementação.

The aim was to evaluate levels of energy and protein concentrates on performance of crossbred Holstein x Zebu dairy cows, with body weight of 452 ± 77kg, third and fourth lactation, 80 days post-partum and with a production of 12.8kg of milk per day. Nine cows were distributed in three 3 x 3 Latin squares, with experimental periods of 10 days, distributed according to the number of lactations, with treatment levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing corn meal (CM) (0.8; 1.6 and 2.4kg/cow/day completing 3.2kg/cow/day with CM); CM or SBM levels (0.8; 1.6 and 3.2kg/cow/day) and corn silage as forage. Only crude protein consumption rose with the increase in levels of SBM in diets containing CM + SBM, while the daily consumption of dry mass (DM) and the nutrient fractions increased with the elevation of CM or SBM. The coefficients of digestibility of DM and nutrients did not differ in diets containing CM + SBM. The crude protein (CP) digestibility increased when changing from 1.6 to 3.2kg/day of SBM. There was reduction of digestibility of DM, OM, and NFC when passing from 0.8 to 3.2kg/day of CM and decrease of TDN when changing from 1.6 to 3.2kg/day of CM. The requirements for TDN and CP were only fully satisfied fully in diets containing 0.8+2.4kg (CM+SBM) and 3.2kg of SBM. Diets containing CM did not attend even the demands of TDN. Milk production and composition, as well as the body weight and food efficiency related to the DMI were not influenced by the treatments. Feed efficiency in relation to the supply of concentrate decreased when increasing levels of CM or SBM were added. Having corn silage as forage, the supply of corn meal or soybean meal in quantities analyzed in this experiment does not promote increase in production of milk or their constituents, and the efficiency of the use of concentrate decreases when raising the level of supplementation.

A mutation of Aspergillus niger for hyper-production of citric acid from corn meal hydrolysate in a bioreactor.

The properties of the screened mutants for hyper-production of citric acid induced by carbon ((12)C(6+)) ion beams and X-ray irradiation were investigated in our current study. Among these mutants, mutant H4002 screened from (12)C(6+) ion irradiation had a higher yield of citric acid production than the parental strain in a 250-ml shaking flash. These expanded submerged experiments in a bioreactor were also carried out for mutant H4002. The results showed that (177.7-196.0) g/L citric acid was accumulated by H4002 through exploiting corn meal hydrolysate (containing initial 200.0-235.7 g/L sugar) with the productivity of (2.96-3.27) g/(L∙h). This was especially true when the initial sugar concentration was 210 g/L, and the best economical citric acid production reached (187.5±0.7) g/L with a productivity of 3.13 g/(L∙h). It was observed that mutant H4002 can utilize low-cost corn meal as a feedstock to efficiently produce citric acid. These results imply that the H4002 strain has the industrial production potentiality for citric acid and offers strong competition for the citric acid industry.

An alternative feedstock of corn meal for industrial fuel ethanol production: delignified corncob residue.

Delignified corncob residue is an industrial solid waste from xylose production using corncob as feedstock. In this study, delignified corncob residue was used as the feedstock of ethanol production by simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) and the optimal fermentation performance was investigated under various operation conditions. The ethanol titer and yield reached 75.07 g/L and 89.38%, respectively, using a regular industrial yeast strain at moderate cellulase dosage and high solids loading. A uniform SSF temperature of 37°C at both prehydrolysis and SSF stages was tested. The fermentation performance and cost of delignified corncob residue and corn meal was compared as feedstock of ethanol fermentation. The result shows that the delignified corncob residue is competitive to corn meal as ethanol production feedstock. The study gives a typical case to demonstrate the potential of intensively processed lignocellulose as the alternative feedstock of corn meal for industrial fuel ethanol production.

Equity in access to fortified maize flour and corn meal.

Mass fortification of maize flour and corn meal with a single or multiple micronutrients is a public health intervention that aims to improve vitamin and mineral intake, micronutrient nutritional status, health, and development of the general population. Micronutrient malnutrition is unevenly distributed among population groups and is importantly determined by social factors, such as living conditions, socioeconomic position, gender, cultural norms, health systems, and the socioeconomic and political context in which people access food. Efforts trying to make fortified foods accessible to the population groups that most need them require acknowledgment of the role of these determinants. Using a perspective of social determinants of health, this article presents a conceptual framework to approach equity in access to fortified maize flour and corn meal, and provides nonexhaustive examples that illustrate the different levels included in the framework. Key monitoring areas and issues to consider in order to expand and guarantee a more equitable access to maize flour and corn meal are described.

[Impact of the provision of fortified cornmeal on anemia in preschoolers in the indigenous areas of Mexico]. / Impacto del suministro de harina de maíz fortificada en la anemia de preescolares de zonas indígenas de México.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate changes in anemia status in preschool age children at 9 months after the provision of soy- and iron-fortified cornflour. METHODS: A non-experimental pre-post evaluation study was performed in a sample of 98 boys and 96 boys aged between 6 and 24 months. We analyzed demographic, anthropometric, and biochemical variables. RESULTS: During the 9-month period, the hemoglobin level increased from 11.0 to 11.9 mg/dL (p<0,001). The prevalence of anemia (hemoglobin <11.0mg/dL) decreased from 52.6% to 25.3% (p<0,001). The indicators of height for age and body mass index changed from -2.1 (-5.5 to 2.8) to -2.3 (-6.5 to 1.3) (p<0,001) and from 0,4 (-3.1 to 2.9) to 0,7 (-2.2 to 3.9) (p<0,001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The decreased prevalence of anemia suggests that the provision of soy- (3%) and iron-fortified flour is a viable alternative for combating childhood anemia.

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente de alguns componentes nutritivos da silagem de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) com ou sem aditivos, em ovinos / Intake and digestibility of some nutritional components of sorghum silage (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) with or without additives in sheep

Este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o consumo médio diário da silagem de sorgo, da silagem de sorgo aditivada com fubá e da silagem de sorgo aditivada com Lacto Silo., bem como estimar a digestibilidade aparente in vivo e pelo uso da lignina em detergente ácido (LDA) como indicador, e correlacionar os valores das digestibilidades aparentes de alguns componentes nutritivos destas três silagens. Foram utilizados nove ovinos machos, castrados, sem raça definida, com peso médio inicial de 30,7 Kg, distribuídos em três tratamentos e dois períodos, alojados em gaiolas metabólicas. A silagem de sorgo sem aditivos proporcionou maiores níveis de consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), carboidratos totais (CT) e hemicelulose (HEM). Os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente dos componentes nutritivos das três silagens foram semelhantes quando avaliados pela coleta total de fezes. Já utilizando a LDA como indicador houve diferença significativa apenas para a FDA, onde a silagem de sorgo sem aditivos foi superior a silagem de sorgo aditivada com Lacto Silo. A silagem de sorgo com fubá foi semelhante às duas. Houve correlação significativa apenas para CT e HEM entre as duas metodologias usadas para estimar as digestibilidades.

This trial was conducted to evaluate the average daily intake of sorghum silage, sorghum silage withcorn meal as additive and sorghum silage with Lacto Silo as additive. It was also evaluated the apparent digestibility in vivo and using the acid detergent lignin (ADL) as marker. Values of apparent digestibility of some nutritive components of these tree silages were correlated. Nine castrated lambs, without definedrace, with initial average body weight of 30.7 Kg were used, distributed in tree treatments and two periods. The animals were placed in metabolic cages and the sorghum silage without additive provided higher intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber(NDF), total carbohydrates (TC) and hemicellulose (HEM). The apparent digestibility coefficient of the nutritive components did not differ when evaluated by the total feces collection. However, when using the LDA as marker there was significant difference to ADF, where the sorghum silage without additive was higher then sorghum silage with Lacto Silo. The sorghum silage with corn meal was similar to other two silages. There was significant correlation only to TC and HEM, between the two methodologies used to estimate.digestibility.

Morphological Variations in Conidia of Arthrobotrys oligospora on Different Media.

Most commonly occurring predacious fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora showed great variation in size and shape of conidia on some media. The formation of larger conidia was recorded on beef extract and nutrient agar media. The length of conidia in Richard's YPSS, Sabouraud's, PDA and corn meal agar media was of medium size while smaller conidia were produced on Czapek's, Jensen's, Martin's medium. Maximum width of conidia was recorded on YPSS medium followed by Sabouraud's medium. The average size of spores on nematode infested corn meal agar medium was slightly increased than those on corn meal agar medium.

Substituição do fubá de milho (Zea Mays, L.) por farinha de pupunha (Bactris Gasipaes, H. B. K.) em rações para Alevinos de Tambaqui (Colossoma Macropomum, Cuvier 1818)1

Son presentados los resultados de la substitución de la harina de maíz (Zea mays) por la harina del pijuayo (Bactris gasipaes) evaluados a través del crecimicnto y la composición corporal de alevinos de gamitana (Colossoma macropomum), alimentados durante 112días con cuatro raciones, constituídas de una ración padrón y tres niveles de susbtitución gradual de la harina de maíz. Los resultados demuestran que la harina del pijuayo puede substituir completamente al maíz en las dietas para éstos peces, sin afectar su ganancia de peso y su composición corporal.

The influence of the diet substitution of corn meal (Zea mays) for pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) meal on the growth and body composition of tambaqui fingerlings, (Colossoma macropomum) are presented. Tambaqui were fed for 112days with four diets, consiting of a control ration and three diets with differing levels of corn meal and pupunha meal. Results demonstrate that pupunha meal can substitute corn meal completely in diets for Tambaqui fingerlings, without affecting its growth and body composition.

São apresentados os resultados da substituição do fubá de milho por farinha de pupunha, através do desempenho em crescimento e composição corporal de alevinos de tambaqui, alimentados durante 112dias com quatro dietas, constituídas de uma ração padrão e três níveis de substituição do fubá de milho. Osresultados demonstram que a farinha de pupunha pode substituir completamente o fubá de milho nas dietas para estes alevinos, sem afetar seu desempenho e composição corporal.

Sujidades em farinhas de trigo, mandioca, milho, e em fubá de milho / Filths in wheat flour, cassava flour, corn flour and corn meal

Foram analisadas 1.045 amostras de farinhas dos tipos trigo, mandioca, milho e fubá de milho, de março de 1980 a outubro de 1985, com a finalidade de verificar, através da pesquisa de sujidades pelo método de digestão com pancreatina, as condições higiênicas desses alimentos. Concluiu-se que 43% das amostras de farinha de trigo, 20/0 das de farinha de mandioca, 90/0 das de farinha de milho e 80/0 das de fubá de milho estavam em condições higiênicas insatisfatórias e 4% das de farinha de trigo, 120/0 das de farinha de mandioca, 50/0 das de farinha de milho e 30/0 das de fubá de milho estavam impróprias para o consumo, de acordo com critérios preestabelecidos de limite de tolerância de defeitos. Foi sugerida modificação no Código Alimentar Brasileiro, substituindo a exigência de ausência de sujidades para uma tolerância de até 10, quando se tratar de fragmentos de insetos (AU).

THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF ACID-HYDROLYZED CORN MEAL WITH GROWING CADIDA TROPICALIS / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Corn meal was hydrolyzed in HCI ,and pH adjusted to 6.8 with (NH_4)OH. The substrate was inoculated with Cadida trapicalis ,then cultivated in a shaker at 30℃ and in 200r/min for 2 days. The Results indicated that the protein content in corn meal grew from 8.4 to 27.4%the lysine in the protein increased from 32.1 to 73.48/kg,the tryptophan from 6.8 to to 14.8g/kg. This shows that the nutritional value of corn meal can be improved with this method.

IMPROVEMENT OF NUTRITIONAL VALUE IN ENZYMATICALY HYDROLYZED CORN MEAL BY CANDIDA TROPICALIS / 营养学报

10g corn meal was mixed with 200ml Na2HPO4/KH2PO4 buffer (1/15M, pH6.81, containtng ammonium oxalate 0.6%, MgSO4 0.01%, FeSO4 0.002%) in a 500ml flask, then was inoculated with Candids tropicalis, and 1.5g ?-amylase was added at the same time. The substrate was cultivated in a shaker at 30℃, 200r/min for 3 days. The protein content increased from 8.4% to 23.4% (P