The role of coronary artery reimplantation for anomalous right coronary artery originating from the opposite sinus of Valsalva: preliminary outcomes and insights from a Latin American country.

Despite promising results, reimplantation appears to have fallen into oblivion among the multiple possible approaches for repairing anomalous coronary arteries. We describe the outcomes of 12 patients with an anomalous right coronary artery originating from the opposite sinus of Valsalva with an interarterial course who were surgically treated with this technique between 2018 and 2023 in 2 institutions in Bogota, Colombia. We provide preliminary evidence of the value reimplantation as a more than suitable technique, particularly in resource-constrained settings. It offers high rates of control of symptoms and functional class recovery while assessing all potential high-risk features, with a low risk of complications, even in middle-aged patients. We also advocate using noninvasive anatomical descriptions and patient symptoms over inducible ischaemia tests in decision making.

Ponytail Left Anterior Descending Artery: A Case Report.

Division of the anterior descending branch into many small arteries is a rare coronary anomaly. We report the case of a 64-year-old female with severe stenosis (>75%) in the proximal region of the anterior descending branch as indicated by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). In addition, coronary angiography showed that the anterior descending branch of the coronary artery split into numerous small arteries, an anomaly that can confound clinical examination.

Ponytail Left Anterior Descending Artery: A Case Report

ABSTRACT Division of the anterior descending branch into many small arteries is a rare coronary anomaly. We report the case of a 64-year-old female with severe stenosis (>75%) in the proximal region of the anterior descending branch as indicated by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). In addition, coronary angiography showed that the anterior descending branch of the coronary artery split into numerous small arteries, an anomaly that can confound clinical examination.

Descripción angiográfica de los aspectos anatómicos y clínicos de la arteria interventricular anterior en un grupo de personas colombianas / Angiographic description of the anatomy and clinical aspects of the anterior interventricular artery in a group of Colombians individuals

Introducción. La arteria interventricular anterior se origina en la coronaria izquierda, irriga la cara anterior de los ventrículos, el ápex y el tabique interventricular; es la segunda arteria más relevante del corazón. Objetivo. Describir las características anatómicas y clínicas de la arteria interventricular anterior mediante angiografía. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 200 reportes angiográficos de personas colombianas; se valoraron el origen, el trayecto y la permeabilidad de la arteria interventricular anterior, así como la dominancia coronaria. Se incluyeron datos relacionados con dolor precordial, infarto agudo de miocardio, dislipidemia y alteración electrocardiográfica. No fue posible hacer pruebas estadísticas, debido a la escasa prevalencia de variaciones anatómicas de dicha arteria. Resultados. Se encontró una arteria interventricular anterior con su origen en el seno aórtico izquierdo, sin puente miocárdico, sin alteración de la permeabilidad y con dominancia izquierda. La frecuencia de los puentes fue del 2 % y la dominancia más frecuente fue la derecha en el 86 %. Se presentaron alteraciones de permeabilidad en el 43 % de los casos, las cuales afectaron principalmente al S13. El 25 % de los pacientes presentó dolor precordial; el 40 %, alteraciones ecocardiográficas; el 5 %, cardiopatía isquémica, y el 59 %, alguna alteración electrocardiográfica. Conclusiones. Las variaciones en el origen de la arteria interventricular anterior son poco prevalentes, según reportes de Chile, Colombia y España. Los puentes miocárdicos de esta arteria fueron escasos respecto a otros estudios, lo cual sugiere mejor especificidad de los hallazgos de la angiotomografía o de la disección directa. La permeabilidad coronaria se valora con la escala TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction); puntajes de 0 y 1 indican una lesión oclusiva asociada con cardiopatía isquémica. La dominancia coronaria más frecuente, según diversas técnicas, es la derecha, seguida de la izquierda en hombres y de una circulación balanceada en mujeres.

Introduction. The anterior interventricular artery originates from the left coronary artery and irrigates the anterior surface of the ventricles, apex, and interventricular septum, making it the second most relevant artery of the heart. Objective. To describe the anatomical and clinical aspects of the anterior interventricular artery through angiography. Materials and methods. A descriptive study was conducted using 200 angiographic reports of Colombian individuals. The anterior interventricular artery's origin, course, patency, and coronary dominance were evaluated. Data related to chest pain, acute myocardial infarction, dyslipidemia, and electrocardiographic abnormalities were included. Statistical tests could not be performed due to this artery's low prevalence of anatomical variations. Results. One anterior interventricular artery was found to have originated from the left coronary sinus without a myocardial bridge, with no alteration in permeability, and with left dominance. The frequency of bridges was 2%, and the most frequent dominance was right in 86; permeability alterations occurred in 43% mainly affecting S13. Twenty-five per cent presented chest pain; 40%, echocardiographic alterations; 5%, ischemic heart disease, and 59%, electrocardiographic alterations. Conclusions. Variations of origin of the anterior interventricular artery have a low prevalence according to reports from Chile, Colombia, and Spain. anterior interventricular artery myocardial bridges were scarce compared to other studies, suggesting better specificity of computed tomography angiography or direct dissection for these findings. The assessment of coronary permeability is graded with the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction scale; values 0 and 1 indicate occlusive lesion associated with ischemic heart disease. According to various techniques, the most frequent coronary dominance the right, followed by the left in men and balanced circulation in women.

Angiographic description of the anatomy and clinical aspects of the anterior interventricular artery in a group of Colombians individuals / Descripción angiográfica de los aspectos anatómicos y clínicos de la arteria interventricular anterior en un grupo de personas colombianas

Introduction: The anterior interventricular artery originates from the left coronary artery and irrigates the anterior surface of the ventricles, apex, and interventricular septum, making it the second most relevant artery of the heart. Objective: To describe the anatomical and clinical aspects of the anterior interventricular artery through angiography. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was conducted using 200 angiographic reports of Colombian individuals. The anterior interventricular artery's origin, course, patency, and coronary dominance were evaluated. Data related to chest pain, acute myocardial infarction, dyslipidemia, and electrocardiographic abnormalities were included. Statistical tests could not be performed due to this artery's low prevalence of anatomical variations. Results: One anterior interventricular artery was found to have originated from the left coronary sinus without a myocardial bridge, with no alteration in permeability, and with left dominance. The frequency of bridges was 2%, and the most frequent dominance was right in 86%; permeability alterations occurred in 43% mainly affecting S13. Twentyfive per cent presented chest pain; 40%, echocardiographic alterations; 5%, ischemic heart disease, and 59%, electrocardiographic alterations. Conclusions: Variations of origin of the anterior interventricular artery have a low prevalence according to reports from Chile, Colombia, and Spain. anterior interventricular artery myocardial bridges were scarce compared to other studies, suggesting better specificity of computed tomography angiography or direct dissection for these findings. The assessment of coronary permeability is graded with the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction scale; values 0 and 1 indicate occlusive lesion associated with ischemic heart disease. According to various techniques, the most frequent coronary dominance the right, followed by the left in men and balanced circulation in women.

Introducción: La arteria interventricular anterior se origina en la coronaria izquierda, irriga la cara anterior de los ventrículos, el ápex y el tabique interventricular; es la segunda arteria más relevante del corazón. OBJETIVO: Describir las características anatómicas y clínicas de la arteria interventricular anterior mediante angiografía. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 200 reportes angiográficos de personas colombianas; se valoraron el origen, el trayecto y la permeabilidad de la arteria interventricular anterior, así como la dominancia coronaria. Se incluyeron datos relacionados con dolor precordial, infarto agudo de miocardio, dislipidemia y alteración electrocardiográfica. No fue posible hacer pruebas estadísticas, debido a la escasa prevalencia de variaciones anatómicas de dicha arteria. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una arteria interventricular anterior con su origen en el seno aórtico izquierdo, sin puente miocárdico, sin alteración de la permeabilidad y con dominancia izquierda. La frecuencia de los puentes fue del 2 % y la dominancia más frecuente fue la derecha en el 86 %. Se presentaron alteraciones de permeabilidad en el 43 % de los casos, las cuales afectaron principalmente al S13. El 25 % de los pacientes presentó dolor precordial; el 40 %, alteraciones ecocardiográficas; el 5 %, cardiopatía isquémica, y el 59 %, alguna alteración electrocardiográfica. CONCLUSIONES: Las variaciones en el origen de la arteria interventricular anterior son poco prevalentes, según reportes de Chile, Colombia y España. Los puentes miocárdicos de esta arteria fueron escasos respecto a otros estudios, lo cual sugiere mejor especificidad de los hallazgos de la angiotomografía o de la disección directa. La permeabilidad coronaria se valora con la escala TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction); puntajes de 0 y 1 indican una lesión oclusiva asociada con cardiopatía isquémica. La dominancia coronaria más frecuente, según diversas técnicas, es la derecha, seguida de la izquierda en hombres y de una circulación balanceada en mujeres.

[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy associated with abnormal birth of the coronary arteries]. / Miocardiopatía de Takotsubo asociada al nacimiento anómalo de las arterias coronarias.

Background: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TM) is a form of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. It is characterized by transient regional systolic dysfunction of the left ventricle that mimics acute myocardial infarction. The main objective of this article is to report the case of a patient with TM associated with abnormal birth of the left coronary trunk. Clinical case: A 76-year-old woman with typical angina at rest, with an electrocardiogram that showed dynamic changes in the T wave and elevation of biomarkers. Coronary angiography showed epicardial coronary arteries without significant lesions and abnormal birth of the left coronary trunk from the proximal segment of the right coronary artery. The patient progressed favorably, and the transthoracic echocardiogram showed no mobility disorders 3 months after the event. Conclusions: TM and abnormal birth of the coronary arteries are rare diseases whose simultaneous presentation is extraordinary. The diagnosis of both clinical entities is made by coronary angiography and echocardiogram, and their treatment is similar to that of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Abnormal birth of the left coronary trunk with retroaortic switch reaching the contralateral site has a good clinical prognosis and echocardiographic follow-up should be performed 4 weeks after the onset of the condition.

Introducción: la miocardiopatía de Takotsubo (MT) es una forma de miocardiopatía no isquémica. Se caracteriza por la disfunción sistólica regional transitoria del ventrículo izquierdo que imita al infarto agudo de miocardio. El objetivo principal de este artículo es reportar el caso de una paciente con MT asociada al nacimiento anómalo del tronco coronario izquierdo. Caso clínico: paciente mujer de 76 años que presentó angina típica en reposo, con un electrocardiograma que evidenció cambios dinámicos en la onda T y elevación de biomarcadores. La coronariografía evidenció a las arterias coronarias epicárdicas sin lesiones significativas y el nacimiento anómalo del tronco coronario izquierdo proveniente del segmento proximal de la arteria coronaria derecha. La paciente evolucionó de manera favorable y el ecocardiograma transtorácico no mostró trastornos en la movilidad a los tres meses del evento. Conclusiones: la MT y el nacimiento anómalo de las arterias coronarias son enfermedades raras cuya presentación simultánea es extraordinaria. El diagnóstico de ambas entidades clínicas se realiza mediante la coronariografía y el ecocardiograma, y su tratamiento es similar al de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo. El nacimiento anómalo del tronco coronario izquierdo con cruce retroaórtico que alcanza el sitio contralateral tiene un buen pronóstico y se debe realizar seguimiento clínico y ecocardiográfico a las cuatro semanas del inicio del padecimiento.

Circumflex Coronary Artery Fistula Draining into Coronary Sinus

ABSTRACT Coronary artery fistula draining into the coronary sinus is a rare vascular malformation, and its diagnosis and clinical manifestations usually occur late. We describe the case of a 72-year-old female patient with dyspnea on exertion (New York Heart Association Class III) associated with palpitations. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed significant tricuspid insufficiency. Cardiac catheterization showed aneurysm of the circumflex coronary artery and fistula of this artery draining into the coronary sinus. The patient underwent fistula ligation and tricuspid valve repair, with excellent surgical results.

Circumflex Coronary Artery Fistula Draining into Coronary Sinus.

Coronary artery fistula draining into the coronary sinus is a rare vascular malformation, and its diagnosis and clinical manifestations usually occur late. We describe the case of a 72-year-old female patient with dyspnea on exertion (New York Heart Association Class III) associated with palpitations. The transthoracic echocardiogram showed significant tricuspid insufficiency. Cardiac catheterization showed aneurysm of the circumflex coronary artery and fistula of this artery draining into the coronary sinus. The patient underwent fistula ligation and tricuspid valve repair, with excellent surgical results.

Fechamento transcateter de fístula de artéria coronária com dispositivo Amplatzer Piccolo™ / Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistula with Amplatzer Piccolo™ device

As fístulas das artérias coronárias são anomalias congênitas raras e caracterizam uma comunicação anormal entre as artérias coronárias e as câmaras cardíacas ou grandes vasos. Muitos dispositivos que incluem vários coils, plugues vasculares, oclusores e stents recobertos têm sido usados no fechamento transcateter de fístulas de artérias coronárias. Neste relato, realizamos com sucesso o fechamento de uma fístula de artéria coronária, entre a artéria descendente anterior e o ápice do ventrículo direito, usando o dispositivo Amplatzer PiccoloTM, anteriormente chamado de tamanho adicional do AmplatzerTM Duct Occluder. Em nossa opinião, o dispositivo Amplatzer PiccoloTM é adequado para oclusão transcateter de fístula da artéria coronária, podendo ser usado no lugar de plugues vasculares.

Coronary artery fistulas are rare congenital anomalies and characterize an abnormal communication between coronary arteries and cardiac chambers or major arteries. Many devices, including various coils, vascular plugs, occluders, and cover stent, have been used in transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. In this report we successfully closed coronary artery fistula, between left anterior descending artery and right ventricle apex, by using Amplatzer PiccoloTM device, formerly called as AmplatzerTM Duct Occluder additional size. In our opinion, Amplatzer PiccoloTM device is suitable for transcatheter occlusion of coronary artery fistula and can be used instead of vascular plugs.

Fístula da artéria descendente anterior para artéria pulmonar / Left anterior descending artery fistula to pulmonary artery

As anomalias congênitas e, dentre elas, as variações anatômicas das artérias coronarianas, embora pouco frequentes, são cada vez mais estudadas e diagnosticadas devido à estreita relação de sintomas, tais quais angina, dispneia, síncope ou arritmias em pessoas jovens sem comorbidades. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal apresentar o estudo de caso de um paciente com sintomas isquêmicos secundários à malformação de uma artéria coronariana. Descrevem-se o momento da admissão do paciente, o diagnóstico mediante exames complementares e a resolução terapêutica do caso. As fístulas coronarianas, apesar de terem uma baixa incidência entre as cardiopatias congênitas, tornaram-se cada vez mais frequentes, sendo melhor caraterizadas devido aos novos métodos diagnósticos.

Congenital anomalies and within them anatomical variations of coronary arteries, although uncommon, are being increasingly studied and diagnosed due to the close relationship of symptoms such as angina, dyspnea, syncope or arrhythmias in young people without comorbidities. This study aimed to present the case report of a patient with ischemic symptoms secondary to malformation of a coronary artery. We describe the moment of patient admission, diagnosis by complementary tests and therapeutic resolution of the case. Coronary fistulas, despite having a low incidence among congenital heart diseases, have become increasingly frequent, being better characteristic due to new diagnostic methods.

[Prevalence of coronary anomalies detected by computed tomography at the Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular- INCOR]. / Prevalencia de anomalías coronarias detectadas por tomografía computarizada en el Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular - INCOR.

Objective: : To determine the prevalence of coronary anomalies (CA) in patients evaluated by 64-detector computed tomography (CT) at the Instituto Nacional Cardiovascular in Peru between 2016 and 2020. Materials and methods: Retrospective observational study, coronary artery CT scans of 1486 patients were performed on a 64-detector row CT scanner and reviewed in search for coronary anomalies. Results: The prevalence of CA detected by CT was 4.71% (70 cases) of which 64.3% were male. Abnormalities of origin were the most frequent, of which the origin of a coronary artery from the opposite coronary sinus was the most common (48.6%), with the right coronary being the main anomalous artery (31%), and the main path was interarterial (31%). Anomalous origin of the left main coronary from the pulmonary artery was found in 5 patients. Among the anomalies of the intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy the most frequent was the double left anterior descending artery (10%). Coronary fistulas accounted for 11.4% of cases. Conclusions: The prevalence of CA detected by 64-detector CT in a Peruvian institute was 4.71%. The most frequent coronary anomaly was the origin of the right coronary artery from the left coronary sinus with interarterial trajectory.

Retroaortic Anomalous Coronary Artery Visualization on Transthoracic Echocardiogram.

Incidental findings are not uncommon in echocardiography. A transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) of an adult woman with arterial hypertension showed a tubular structure with hyperechoic walls in the atrial side of the atrioventricular groove in apical views. Coronary computed tomography angiography correlated this finding with a retroaortic course of the anomalous circumflex artery (retroaortic anomalous coronary artery [RAC], benign coronary artery variant). Recently described as the RAC sign on TTE, practitioners should be aware of this finding to avoid mistaken it as artifacts, catheters/leads, or calcified mitral annulus.

Anomalía coronaria sospechada por el signo "RAC" en resonancia magnética cardíaca / Anomalous coronary artery suspected by cardiac magnetic resonance "RAC" sign

Abstract A 63 year-old-male was admitted with a non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome. Due to poor acoustic windows ventricular function could not be evaluated by echocardiography. Magnetic resonance (CMR) revealed normal biventricular size and function without fibro- sis and portraying a rare finding consisting of a tubular structure originated in the aortic root following a retro aortic course between the aorta and left atrium, traversing through the atrioventricular groove. These characteristics raised the suspicion of an anomalous coronary artery origin. Coronary angiography confirmed the presence of two coronary arteries, the right coronary artery (RCA) and the left circumflex artery (LCx) originating from the right coronary sinus via two separate ostia. The LCx followed a retro aortic course proximally be- fore irrigating the left ventricular lateral wall. From the left coronary sinus, the left anterior descending artery followed its normal course with a thin diagonal vessel that presented an acute plaque. Due to these low-risk findings, medical management was chosen.

Left main-like bifurcation primary percutaneous coronary intervention case report: anomalous right coronary artery ostium from the left anterior descending.

BACKGROUND: A single coronary artery ostium (SCAO) is estimated to be present in 0.066% of the general population. The proximal coronary course and the relationship with surrounding structures are related to malignant vs. benign prognoses. We present a case of SCAO with the right coronary artery (RCA) arising from the mid-left anterior descending (LAD), complicated by anterior and inferior STEMI because of acute thrombotic occlusion at the bifurcation and its percutaneous management. CASE SUMMARY: A 56-year-old male was admitted with sudden onset of resting chest pain. His ECG showed an anterior, inferior, and right ventricular STEMI. Via trans-radial access, coronary angiography showed significant stenoses at the left main and the circumflex but also a thrombotic occlusion at the proximal segment of the LAD while no RCA was seen. After crossing the LAD occlusion, the dominant RCA appeared from the mid-LAD. A provisional stent technique was performed achieving good results. Coronary computed tomography angiography showed an SCAO congenital anomaly with a patent stent in the bifurcation accompanied by diffuse coronary artery disease causing mild stenosis of the left main, proximal, and distal circumflex. DISCUSSION: The RCA arising from the mid-LAD with pre-pulmonic course has been described in only 37 cases. One reported an LAD/RCA bifurcation treatment with two stents technique in a stable scenario. The present is the first case reported of an acute thrombotic occlusion of an LAD/RCA bifurcation clinically resulting in a left main equivalent STEMI treated successfully with primary percutaneous coronary intervention using a bifurcation technique.

Origen anómalo de arterias coronarias: "Reporte de casos Hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke" / Anomalous origin of coronary arteries: Dr. Gustavo Fricke ́s Hospital case report

Introducción: Las arterias coronarias se encargan de la irrigación miocárdica. Sus anomalías son infrecuentes y su diagnóstico corresponde prácticamente a un hallazgo de estudios imagenológicos, siendo el estándar la coronariografía. Las más frecuentes corresponden al origen de la arteria coronaria desde el seno aórtico opuesto. Nuestro objetivo es evidenciar tales anomalías y realizar una revisión bibliográfica al respecto. Casos: Pacientes de la unidad de hemodinamia del hospital Dr. Gustavo Fricke con síndrome coronario, en quienes, tras realizar coronariografía, se evidenció la existencia de origen anómalo de arterias coronarias. Discusión: El síndrome coronario conduce a la necesidad de realizar una coronariografía que puede revelar la presencia de anomalías coronarias, entidad cuyo diagnóstico es anecdótico debido a su baja prevalencia (<1%).

Introduction: Coronary arteries are in charge of myocardial irrigation. Its anomalies are infrequent and its diagnosis are practically findings in imaging studies, being the coronary angiography the gold-standard. The most frequent are the origin of the coronary artery from the opposite aortic sinus. Our objective is to show such anomalies and do a bibliographic review. Cases: Patients from the Dr. Gustavo Fricke hospital's hemodynamics unit with coronary syndrome, whom, after performing a coronary angiography, the existence of an anomalous origin of coronary arteries was evidenced. Discussion: Coronary syndrome leads to the need to perform a coronary angiography that can reveal the presence of coronary anomalies, whose diagnose is anecdotal due to its low prevalence (< 1%).

Arteria coronaria única y cardiopatía coronaria: origen anómalo de la arteria coronaria derecha desde la descendente anterior: casos clínicos / Anomalous origin of the right coronary artery in the middle third of the anterior descending artery: report of two cases

The anomalous origin of the coronary arteries is uncommon and the origin of the right coronary artery from the middle third of the anterior descending artery is a finding of extreme rarity. We report two patients with coronary atherosclerotic disease and with an acute coronary syndrome, in whom a single left coronary artery was found. The clinical and angiographic characteristics and the treatment of these patients are described.

Anomalous origin of coronary arteries with an interarterial course: pictorial essay.

Coronary arteries originating from the contralateral (noncoronary) sinus and having an interarterial course, in which they run from the ascending aorta to the pulmonary trunk, is a potentially fatal anomaly. Computed tomography (CT) angiography facilitates the recognition and therapeutic planning of such anomalies because of its ability to acquire high-resolution images of the entire course of the coronary artery, as well as of the accompanying atherosclerotic involvement. The right coronary artery originating from the left coronary sinus is the most prevalent anomaly of this type and usually implies a better prognosis, the interarterial course being classified as "high" or "low", depending on whether it is above or below the level of the pulmonary valve, with consequent stratification of the risk and the treatment. However, it is known that there is a high risk of sudden death among patients with a left coronary artery of anomalous origin from the right sinus. In such cases, surgical treatment is recommended, regardless of whether there are symptoms or evidence of ischemia. Given the importance of those aspects, which can be identified on CT of the chest or CT angiography of the aorta, this pictorial essay aims to illustrate such anomalies to facilitate their recognition and description by radiologists who are not specialists in cardiac imaging.

O trajeto interarterial das artérias coronárias com origem em seio contralateral/não coronariano é uma anomalia potencialmente fatal caracterizada pelo trajeto das coronárias entre a aorta ascendente e o tronco da artéria pulmonar. A angiotomografia auxilia no reconhecimento e planejamento terapêutico dessas alterações, em virtude da sua capacidade em adquirir imagens de alta resolução de todo o trajeto coronariano, assim como do envolvimento aterosclerótico associado. A artéria coronária direita originada no seio coronariano esquerdo costuma ser mais prevalente e relacionada a um melhor prognóstico, sendo classificada em curso interarterial "alto" ou "baixo" de acordo com a altura do seu trajeto em relação à valva pulmonar, com consequente estratificação de risco e tratamento distintos. Sabe-se, entretanto, que há um elevado risco de morte súbita entre pacientes com artéria coronária esquerda de origem anômala a partir do seio direito, sendo recomendado tratamento cirúrgico, independentemente de sintomas ou evidência de isquemia. Em razão da importância desses achados que podem ser encontrados em exames de tomografia de tórax e angiotomografias de aorta, o presente ensaio tem por objetivo ilustrar as anomalias de trajeto das artérias coronárias, para facilitar seu reconhecimento e sua descrição por médicos radiologistas não especialistas em imagem cardíaca.