Energetic characterization and evaluation of briquettes produced from naturally colored cotton waste.

Cotton crops generate millions of tons of lignocellulosic waste in Brazil that could be used in energy generation; however, the main destination of this raw material is soil incorporation. The aim of this work was to perform an energetic characterization and evaluation of briquettes produced from different agricultural waste of naturally colored cotton for power generation. The cultivars Brasil Sementes (BRS) Jade and Topazio were studied, with white cotton (BRS 286) as standard for comparison purposes. Two different parts of each species, stalk and cotton shell, were analyzed by bulk density, proximate analysis, higher heating value, cellulose, hemicellulose, protein, fat and lignin content, thermogravimetric analysis, and briquette mechanical strength. The results of the energetic characterization indicated a higher energetic potential of the colored species when compared with the white cotton, especially because of the volatile matter content, fixed carbon, and higher heating value. The briquette mechanical strength was higher in the samples formulated by a mixture of stalk and shell. Finally, it was concluded that the waste from colored cotton cultivars, Jade and Topazio, is capable to generate briquettes with good mechanical and physico-chemical characteristics, especially those formed by the mixture of stalk and shell.

Composición y fluctuación poblacional de la araneofauna en el algodonero de la Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Perú / Composition and population fluctuation of the spider community in a cotton field at Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, Peru

En el presente trabajo, se evaluó la araneofauna durante todo el periodo fenológico del cultivo de algodón, utilizando dos técnicas de muestreo (búsqueda directa y trampas de caída). Se registraron 2304 individuos, agrupados en 50 especies y 18 familias. Las arañas estuvieron presentes durante todo el periodo del cultivo, relacionándose positivamente a su desarrollo fenológico, y donde las prácticas agronómicas, la temperatura y humedad no fueron influyentes en su abundancia, excepto por la cosecha, actividad que sí influenció negativamente sus poblaciones.

In this work, the spider community was assessed during the whole phenological period of a cotton crop using two sampling techniques (direct search and pitfall traps). 2304 individuals were registered, grouped into 50 species and 18 families. The spiders were present during the whole crop’s period; positively related to its phenological development; agronomic practices, temperature and humidity were not influential in their abundance, except for harvest, which negatively influenced their population.

Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura algodoeira a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de Cycloneda sanguinea / Selectivity of insecticides used in the cotton crop to eggs and third-instar larvae of Cycloneda sanguinea

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade fisiológica de inseticidas utilizados em algodoeiro para ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Os produtos utilizados em g i.a. L-1 de água foram triflumurom 0,048 (Certero 480 SC), espinosade 0,24 (Tracer 480 SC), clorfenapir 1,2 (Pirate 240 SC), clotianidina 0,33 (Focus 500 PM) e imidaclopride 0,33 + ß-ciflutrina 0,042 (Connect 100 + 12,5 SC). Utilizou-se água destilada como tratamento testemunha. Tanto ovos quanto larvas foram distribuídos em placas de Petri e tratados com os inseticidas por meio de pulverização em torre de Potter. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições e seis tratamentos constituídos pelos cinco inseticidas e pela testemunha, sendo que cada parcela foi composta por dez ovos ou dez larvas de terceiro instar. Avaliaram-se o período embrionário e a viabilidade de ovos tratados; sobrevivência e duração de larvas de terceiro instar; sobrevivência e duração dos estágios de desenvolvimento larval e pupal, razão sexual e o total de ovos colocados pelas fêmeas provenientes de ovos e larvas de terceiro instar tratados. Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 25 ± 2º C, UR 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. O inseticida triflumurom 0,048 foi seletivo a ovos do predador e levemente nocivo a larvas de terceiro instar. Espinosade 0,24 foi levemente nocivo a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar, e clorfenapir 1,2; clotianidina 0,33 e imidaclopride 0,33 + ß-ciflutrina 0,042 foram prejudiciais a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de C. sanguinea. (AU)

SELECTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES USED IN THE COTTON CROP TO EGGS AND THIRD-INSTAR LARVAE OF CYCLONEDA SANGUINEA. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of synthetic insecticides used in the cotton crop on eggs and third-instar larvae of the ladybeetle Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The products used in g a.i. L-1 of water were triflumuron 0.048 (Certero 480 SC), spinosad 0.24 (Tracer 480 SC), chlorfenapyr 1.2 (Pirate 240 SC), chlothianidin 0.33 (Focus 500 WP) and imidacloprid 0.33 + ß-cyfluthrin 0.042 (Connect 100 + 12.5 SC). Distilled water was used as a control. Both eggs and larvae were distributed in Petri dishes and treated with the insecticides by spraying in a Potters tower. A fully randomized experimental design, with five replications and six treatments consisting of five pesticides and one control was used. Each plot consisted of ten eggs or third-instar larvae. The embryonic period and viability of the treated eggs; survival and duration of third-instar larvae; survival and duration of larval and pupal stages of development; sexual ratio, and the total number of eggs laid by the surviving mated females from treated eggs and third-instar larvae were evaluated. The tests were carried out at 25 ± 2º C, RH 60 ± 10% and 12h-photophase. Triflumuron 0.048 was innocuous to the predators eggs and slightly harmful to third-instar larvae. Spinosad 0.24 was slightly harmful to eggs and third-instar larvae, whereas chlofernapyr 1.2, chlothianidin 0.33 and imidacloprid 0.33 + ß-cyfluthrin 0.042 were harmful to eggs and third-instar larvae of C. sanguinea. (AU)

Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura algodoeira a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de Cycloneda sanguinea

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of synthetic insecticides used in the cotton crop on eggs and third-instar larvae of the ladybeetle Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The products used in g a.i. L-1 of water were triflumuron 0.048 (Certero 480 SC), spinosad 0.24 (Tracer 480 SC), chlorfenapyr 1.2 (Pirate 240 SC), chlothianidin 0.33 (Focus 500 WP) and imidacloprid 0.33 + -cyfluthrin 0.042 (Connect 100 + 12.5 SC). Distilled water was used as a control. Both eggs and larvae were distributed in Petri dishes and treated with the insecticides by spraying in a Potter's tower. A fully randomized experimental design, with five replications and six treatments consisting of five pesticides and one control was used. Each plot consisted of ten eggs or third-instar larvae. The embryonic period and viability of the treated eggs; survival and duration of third-instar larvae; survival and duration of larval and pupal stages of development; sexual ratio, and the total number of eggs laid by the surviving mated females from treated eggs and third-instar larvae were evaluated. The tests were carried out at 25 ± 2º C, RH 60 ± 10% and 12h-photophase. Triflumuron 0.048 was innocuous to the predator's eggs and slightly harmful to third-instar larvae. Spinosad 0.24 was slightly harmful to eggs and third-instar larvae, whereas chlofernapyr 1.2, chlothianidin 0.33 and imidacloprid 0.33 + -cyfluthrin 0.042 were harmful to eggs and third-instar larvae of C. sanguinea.

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade fisiológica de inseticidas utilizados em algodoeiro para ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Os produtos utilizados em g i.a. L-1 de água foram triflumurom 0,048 (Certero 480 SC), espinosade 0,24 (Tracer 480 SC), clorfenapir 1,2 (Pirate 240 SC), clotianidina 0,33 (Focus 500 PM) e imidaclopride 0,33 + -ciflutrina 0,042 (Connect 100 + 12,5 SC). Utilizou-se água destilada como tratamento testemunha. Tanto ovos quanto larvas foram distribuídos em placas de Petri e tratados com os inseticidas por meio de pulverização em torre de Potter. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições e seis tratamentos constituídos pelos cinco inseticidas e pela testemunha, sendo que cada parcela foi composta por dez ovos ou dez larvas de terceiro instar. Avaliaram-se o período embrionário e a viabilidade de ovos tratados; sobrevivência e duração de larvas de terceiro instar; sobrevivência e duração dos estágios de desenvolvimento larval e pupal, razão sexual e o total de ovos colocados pelas fêmeas provenientes de ovos e larvas de terceiro instar tratados. Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 25 ± 2º C, UR 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. O inseticida triflumurom 0,048 foi seletivo a ovos do predador e levemente nocivo a larvas de terceiro instar. Espinosade 0,24 foi levemente nocivo a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar, e clorfenapir 1,2; clotianidina 0,33 e imidaclopride 0,33 + -ciflutrina 0,042 foram prejudiciais a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de C. sanguinea.

Seletividade de inseticidas utilizados na cultura algodoeira a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de Cycloneda sanguinea / Selectivity of insecticides used in the cotton crop to eggs and third-instar larvae of Cycloneda sanguinea

Objetivou-se avaliar a seletividade fisiológica de inseticidas utilizados em algodoeiro para ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Os produtos utilizados em g i.a. L-1 de água foram triflumurom 0,048 (Certero 480 SC), espinosade 0,24 (Tracer 480 SC), clorfenapir 1,2 (Pirate 240 SC), clotianidina 0,33 (Focus 500 PM) e imidaclopride 0,33 + ß-ciflutrina 0,042 (Connect 100 + 12,5 SC). Utilizou-se água destilada como tratamento testemunha. Tanto ovos quanto larvas foram distribuídos em placas de Petri e tratados com os inseticidas por meio de pulverização em torre de Potter. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco repetições e seis tratamentos constituídos pelos cinco inseticidas e pela testemunha, sendo que cada parcela foi composta por dez ovos ou dez larvas de terceiro instar. Avaliaram-se o período embrionário e a viabilidade de ovos tratados; sobrevivência e duração de larvas de terceiro instar; sobrevivência e duração dos estágios de desenvolvimento larval e pupal, razão sexual e o total de ovos colocados pelas fêmeas provenientes de ovos e larvas de terceiro instar tratados. Os bioensaios foram conduzidos a 25 ± 2º C, UR 60 ± 10% e fotofase de 12h. O inseticida triflumurom 0,048 foi seletivo a ovos do predador e levemente nocivo a larvas de terceiro instar. Espinosade 0,24 foi levemente nocivo a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar, e clorfenapir 1,2; clotianidina 0,33 e imidaclopride 0,33 + ß-ciflutrina 0,042 foram prejudiciais a ovos e larvas de terceiro instar de C. sanguinea.

SELECTIVITY OF INSECTICIDES USED IN THE COTTON CROP TO EGGS AND THIRD-INSTAR LARVAE OF CYCLONEDA SANGUINEA. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of synthetic insecticides used in the cotton crop on eggs and third-instar larvae of the ladybeetle Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). The products used in g a.i. L-1 of water were triflumuron 0.048 (Certero 480 SC), spinosad 0.24 (Tracer 480 SC), chlorfenapyr 1.2 (Pirate 240 SC), chlothianidin 0.33 (Focus 500 WP) and imidacloprid 0.33 + ß-cyfluthrin 0.042 (Connect 100 + 12.5 SC). Distilled water was used as a control. Both eggs and larvae were distributed in Petri dishes and treated with the insecticides by spraying in a Potter’s tower. A fully randomized experimental design, with five replications and six treatments consisting of five pesticides and one control was used. Each plot consisted of ten eggs or third-instar larvae. The embryonic period and viability of the treated eggs; survival and duration of third-instar larvae; survival and duration of larval and pupal stages of development; sexual ratio, and the total number of eggs laid by the surviving mated females from treated eggs and third-instar larvae were evaluated. The tests were carried out at 25 ± 2º C, RH 60 ± 10% and 12h-photophase. Triflumuron 0.048 was innocuous to the predator’s eggs and slightly harmful to third-instar larvae. Spinosad 0.24 was slightly harmful to eggs and third-instar larvae, whereas chlofernapyr 1.2, chlothianidin 0.33 and imidacloprid 0.33 + ß-cyfluthrin 0.042 were harmful to eggs and third-instar larvae of C. sanguinea.