Functional oil in the feeding of heat-stressed Japanese quail.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate a blend of functional oils (FO) composed of copaiba and garlic essential oils, pepper oleoresin and cashew nut liquid to mitigate the effects of heat stress on productivity, egg quality, organ morphology of the gastrointestinal tract, serum biochemical profile, nutrient metabolism and body temperature of Japanese quail. A completely randomized design was used in a 3 × 2 factorial scheme (without additive; 300 and 500 mg FO/kg of feed x birds raised in a thermal comfort (TC) and heat stress (HS) environment), with 6 replicates of 8 birds per plot. The birds under HS had lower feed intake (P = 0.0000), egg mass (P = 0.0000), laying rate (P = 0.0000) and higher percentage of infertile non-commercial eggs (P = 0.0004), lower head temperature amplitude (P = 0.0000) and higher average of body temperature (P = 0.0312). HS worsened the external and internal quality of the eggs. Birds kept in HS showed higher values of cholesterol (P = 0.0000) and glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (P = 0.0272). The use of 300 and 500 g FO/ton of feed improved the feed conversion (P = 0.0000) and egg mass (P = 0.0000) of the quail bred under HS, respectively, by 8.4 and 7.2% and increased the relative weight of liver (P = 0.0064) and pancreas (P = 0.0492). The use of such additives also provided a higher % of yolk (P = 0.0018) and reduced the percentage of albumen (P = 0.0029) of the eggs produced in TC, in addition to reducing the amplitude of head temperature (P = 0.0484) of birds bred under HS. The breeding of Japanese quail under HS results in negative impacts on the production, physiological and qualitative aspects of the eggs. The use of 300 g/ton of FO in the diet of Japanese quail leads to improvements in feed conversion, increased liver capacity in nutritional metabolism and results in eggs with a higher proportion of yolks, being, therefore, an alternative for feeding quail in a hot climate.

Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal improves quail growth performance.

The aim of the present study was to determine the nutritional value of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae meal for quail (experiment I) and the dose-response effects of BSF levels on growth performance, relative organ weight, and body composition of growing quails (experiment II). In experiment I, 100 35-day-old quail were distributed in a completely randomized design, with two treatments (reference and test diet) and 10 replicates. The experimental period consisted of 5 days of adaptation, followed by 5 days of total excreta collection. The experimental feed consisted of a reference diet and a test diet formulated with 850 g/kg reference diet and 150 g/kg BSF. In experiment II, 1000 1-day-old quail were distributed in a completely randomized design, with five dietary levels of BSF (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 g/kg). At 42 days of age, birds were slaughtered, and the relative organ weight and body composition were determined. Apparent metabolizable energy values corrected for nitrogen retention of BSF meal were 13.8 MJ/kg. Across the starter (1-14 days) and overall period (1-42 days), increasing BSF levels had a quadratic effect on body weight and body weight gain. Feed conversion ratio was quadratically affected during the starter phase and linearly reduced over the overall period. Additionally, the BSF levels linearly decreased the small intestine's relative weight at 42 days and had a quadratic effect on the rate of protein deposition. We concluded that the inclusion of 100 g/kg BSF meal improves feed conversion ratio for growing quail.

Elaboração de mortadela de cms de codornas poedeiras de descarte enriquecidas com pó de casca de ovos / Development of mortadella from msm of discarded laying quails enriched with eggshell powder / Elaboración de mortadela de cms de codornices ponedoras descartadas enriquecidas con polvo de cáscara de huevo

O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver mortadela de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS) de codornas poedeiras (Coturnix japonica) de descartes enriquecida com diferentes níveis de pó de casca de ovo e avaliar os aspectos físicos, químicos, microbiológicos, sensoriais, juntamente com a aceitação e intenção de compra. Produziu-se quatro produtos, com diferentes níveis de inclusão de pó de casca de ovos sendo eles: tratamento 1 = mortadela controle, com 0%; tratamento 2 = mortadela com adição de 2%; tratamento 3 = mortadela com adição de 4% e tratamento 4 = mortadela com adição de 6% de pó de casca de ovo. Os produtos foram submetidos as análises microbiológicas, composição química, pH e sensorial. Os resultados foram satisfatórios, visto que todos os tratamentos estavam aptos ao consumo humano. A inclusão de pó de casca de ovo aumentou o teor de umidade, porém quando adicionado 2%, o produto apresentou melhor aceitação e menor valor calórico. Conclui-se que adicionando o pó de casca de ovo em mortadelas elaboradas com CMS de codornas de poedeiras de descarte ocorreu redução do valor calórico, apresentando melhor qualidade nutricional e aceitação para os atributos avaliados quando incluído 2% de pó de casca de ovo, levando o produto a possibilidade de comercialização, assim como, se tornando uma excelente alternativa de alimento.

The objective of this study was to develop mortadella from mechanically separated meat (MSM) of discarded laying quails (Coturnix japonica) enriched with different levels of eggshell powder and to evaluate the physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory aspects, along with acceptance and purchase intent. Four products were produced with varying levels of eggshell powder inclusion: treatment 1 = control mortadella, with 0%; treatment 2 = mortadella with 2% addition; treatment 3 = mortadella with 4% addition; and treatment 4 = mortadella with 6% addition of eggshell powder. The products were subjected to microbiological, chemical composition, pH, and sensory analyses. The results were satisfactory, and all treatments were suitable for human consumption. The inclusion of eggshell powder increased the moisture content; however, when 2% was added, the product showed better acceptance and lower caloric value. It was concluded that adding eggshell powder to mortadella made with MSM from discarded laying quails reduced the caloric value, resulting in better nutritional quality and acceptance for the evaluated attributes when 2% eggshell powder was included, making the product commercially viable and an excellent alternative food.

El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar mortadela a partir de carne mecánicamente separada (CMS) de codornices ponedoras (Coturnix japonica) descartadas, enriquecida con diferentes niveles de polvo de cáscara de huevo, y evaluar los aspectos físicos, químicos, microbiológicos y sensoriales, junto con la aceptación y la intención de compra. Se produjeron cuatro productos con diferentes niveles de inclusión de polvo de cáscara de huevo: tratamiento 1 = mortadela control, con 0%; tratamiento 2 = mortadela con adición del 2%; tratamiento 3 = mortadela con adición del 4%; y tratamiento 4 = mortadela con adición del 6% de polvo de cáscara de huevo. Los productos fueron sometidos a análisis microbiológicos, composición química, pH y pruebas sensoriales. Los resultados fueron satisfactorios, y todos los tratamientos fueron aptos para el consumo humano. La inclusión de polvo de cáscara de huevo aumentó el contenido de humedad; sin embargo, al agregar el 2%, el producto mostró una mejor aceptación y menor valor calórico. Se concluyó que al añadir polvo de cáscara de huevo en mortadelas elaboradas con CMS de codornices ponedoras de descarte se redujo el valor calórico, presentando mejor calidad nutricional y aceptación para los atributos evaluados cuando se incluyó un 2% de polvo de cáscara de huevo, lo que hace al producto viable para comercialización y una excelente alternativa alimentaria.

Arginine requirement for egg production in Japanese quail.

The objective of this study was to determine the ideal arginine intake for egg production in Japanese quail using the dilution technique. A completely random design was used, with 8 treatments (seven concentrations of arginine plus a control diet) and ten replicates, totaling 80 Japanese quails. The digestible arginine levels included in the study were 0.361%, 0.603%, 0.843%, 1.084%, 1.204%, 1.311%, and 1.460%. The variables analyzed were feed intake, egg production (EP), egg weight, egg output (EO), feed conversion ratio, and body weight were performed using a mixed model. When the effect of arginine levels (P ≤ 0.05) was detected, the model's broken line linear-plateau (BL), quadratic-plateau (BLq), and the first intercept of the BLq in the plateau of BL were adjusted to determine the ideal arginine intake. It observed that the arginine levels modified the quail responses (P < 0.001). Egg production was 10% with the 0.361% arginine in diet and recovered (97%) with the 1.311% arginine diet. The BL and BLq models estimated 232 mg/quail per day and 351 mg/quail per day for EO, respectively. The first intercept obtained was 290 mg/quail per day or 1,411%, which was considered the optimum level arginine intake for EO in Japanese quail.

Beak trimming in japanese quails at initial phase is an alternative to reduce the negative effects of feather pecking

Regarding the lack of standardized methods for beak trimming to reduce feather pecking in Japanese quail, the present study aimed to compare two ages and 3 methods of beak trimming, evaluating the performance, egg quality and feather pecking. One-day-old Japanese quails (n = 770; 22 birds cage-1), at the initial phase, and 36-day-old (n = 630; 18 birds cage-1), at the production phase, were assigned to a completely randomized design, consisting of 7 treatments with 5 replicates. The treatments were: non-trimmed (NT), cauterization of approximately 1/3 at 14 days-of-age (CAUT 14) and at 28 days-of-age (CAUT 28), moderately trimmed to approximately 1/3 beak at 14 days-of-age (MOD 14) and at 28 days-of-age (MOD 28), severely trimmed to 1/3-1/2 beak at 14 days-of-age (SEV 14) and at 28 days-of-age (SEV 28). Data were analyzed using Minitab®. The results indicated that beak trimming methods applied did not influence the performance and egg quality. Quails subjected to MOD 28 and SEV (14 and 28) presented lower feed conversion per egg mass compared to NT. However, MOD 14 and SEV were more efficient in preventing feather pecking behavior.(AU)

Magnesium in the water of Japanese quails kept under comfort zone and under thermal stress / Magnésio na água de codornas japonesas mantidas em zona de conforto e sob estresse térmico

The objective was to evaluate the increasing levels of magnesium in the water supplied to laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica), kept in climatic chambers under thermoneutral temperature and thermal stress, on their performance and morphometry of their organs. The birds were distributed in a completely randomized design, 2x4 factorial arrangement, 2 temperatures (24 and 32 ºC) and 4 levels of magnesium in the water (50, 150, 250 and 350 mg L-1), with six replicates and eight birds per experimental unit. The data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability level. The magnesium levels in the water did not affect (P > 0.05) the production performance and morphometry of the organs, with less water consumption at the magnesium level of 150 mg L-1, and birds kept at 32 °C had a reduction in feed consumption and feed conversion, but without affecting organ morphometry. Japanese quails in the production phase can consume water with magnesium levels up to 350 mg L-1 without having their production performance and morphometry of organs affected and raised in an environment with temperatures of up to 32 °C.(AU)

O objetivo foi avaliar os níveis crescentes de magnésio na água fornecida a codornas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) em postura, mantidas em câmaras climáticas sob temperatura termoneutra e estresse térmico, sobre o desempenho e morfometria dos órgãos das aves. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, arranjo fatorial 2x4, 2 temperaturas (24 e 32 ºC) e 4 níveis de magnésio na água (50, 150, 250 e 350 mg L-1), com seis repetições e oito aves por unidade experimental e os dados submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Os níveis de magnésio na água não afetaram (P > 0,05) o desempenho produtivo e a morfometria dos órgãos, com menor consumo de água ao nível de 150 mg L-1 de magnésio e, as aves mantidas a 32 °C tiveram uma redução no consumo de ração e conversão alimentar, mas sem afetar a morfometria dos órgãos. Codornas japonesas em fase de produção podem consumir água com níveis de magnésio de até 350 mg L-1 sem ter o desempenho produtivo e a morfometria dos órgãos afetados e criados em ambiente com temperatura de até 32 °C.(AU)

Performance and biometry of the gastrointestinal tract in growing Japanese quails fed bee pollen / Desempenho e biometria do trato gastrointestinal de codornas japonesas em crescimento alimentadas com pólen apícola

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of bee pollen in the diet of growing Japanese quails on productive performance, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines. A total of 650 one-day-old female Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments according to the dietary levels of bee pollen (0.0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, and 1.6%), five replicates, and 26 birds per experimental unit. At the end of the experimental period (35 days of age), the performance and relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs and length of small and large intestines were evaluated. The dietary inclusion of bee pollen did not influence (P > 0.05) performance, relative weight of proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, liver, and large intestine, as well as the length of small and large intestines. However, a linear reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the relative weight of small intestine as dietary bee pollen levels increased. The inclusion of bee pollen from 0.4 to 1.6% in the diet of growing Japanese quails did neither improve productive performance nor alter the biometry of digestive organs.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de diferentes níveis de pólen apícola nas dietas de codornas japonesas em crescimento sobre o desempenho produtivo, peso relativo dos órgãos do trato gastrointestinal e comprimento do intestino delgado e grosso. Um total de 650 codornas japonesas, fêmeas, de um dia de idade, foram distribuídas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com cinco tratamentos de acordo com os níveis dietéticos do pólen apícola (0,0; 0,4; 0,8; 1,2 e 1,6%), cinco repetições e 26 aves por unidade experimental. Ao final do período experimental (35 dias de idade), o desempenho e o peso relativo dos órgãos do trato gastrointestinal e o comprimento do intestino delgado e grosso foram avaliados. A inclusão dietética de pólen de abelha não influenciou (P > 0,05) o desempenho, peso relativo do proventrículo, moela, pâncreas, fígado e intestino grosso, bem como o comprimento do intestino delgado e intestino grosso. Entretanto, uma redução linear (P < 0,05) foi observada no peso relativo do intestino delgado de acordo com o aumento dos níveis de pólen apícola. A inclusão dietética de 0,4 a 1,6% de pólen apícola para codornas japonesas em crescimento não melhorou o desempenho produtivo e não alterou a biometria dos órgãos digestivos.(AU)

Location, distribution, and quantification of myenteric plexus neurons of the jejunum of quails fed with different levels of commercial Macleaya cordata extract / Localização, distribuição e quantificação dos neurônios do plexo mioentérico do jejuno de codornas de postura alimentadas com diferentes inclusões do extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata

Coturniculture has been promising, progressing from a subsistence to a technical activity due to its quick production, low breeding investment, and rapid economic return. After the restriction of antimicrobials as growth promoters, some studies aimed to evaluate alternative products that would make the farming of healthy birds viable without impacting their performance, with commercial Macleaya cordata extract being one of these substitutes. The functions of the gastrointestinal tract are coordinated mainly by the enteric nervous system, and the myenteric plexus is responsible for the reflex control of contractile activities of the external muscles. Thus, this study located and demonstrated the distribution of the myenteric plexus, quantifing the total population of myenteric neurons (Giemsa+) and the subpopulation of myenteric nitrergic neurons (NADPH-d+), and evaluated the effects of commercial Macleaya cordata extract on these populations of quail jejunum neurons. A total of 240 one-day-old female laying quails were distributed into four treatments, with four repetitions of 15 birds each. The test groups (T1, T2, and T3) were treated with commercial Macleaya cordata extract throughout the experimental period using the following doses: T1 - test group, basal diet added with 150 ppm of the extract in the feed; T2- test group, basal diet added with100 ppm of the extract in the feed; T3 - test group, basal diet added with 50 ppm of the extract in the feed; and T4 - control group, basal diet with no added extract. The study included histological analysis, Giemsa+, and NADPH-d+ myenteric neuron staining. The results showed that the myenteric plexus is located between longitudinal layer fibers and in the transition region between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic, with the myenteric population organized into ganglia and [...].(AU)

A coturnicultura tem apresentado características promissoras, deixando de ser uma atividade de subsistência e ocupando patamares tecnificados devido a sua precocidade produtiva, baixo investimento de criação e rápido retorno econômico. A partir da restrição da utilização de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento, estudos foram direcionados com o objetivo de se avaliar produtos alternativos que viabilizassem a criação de aves saudáveis, sem comprometer seu desempenho, sendo o extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata um destes substitutos. As funções do trato gastrintestinal são coordenadas principalmente pelo sistema nervoso entérico, sendo o plexo mioentérico responsável pelo controle reflexo das atividades contráteis da musculatura externa. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo localizar e demonstrar a distribuição do plexo mioentérico, quantificar a população total de neurônios mioentéricos (Giemsa+), e a subpopulação de neurônios mioentéricos nitrérgicos (NADPH-d+), além de avaliar os efeitos do extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata sobre estas populações de neurônios do jejuno de codornas. Foram alojadas 240 codornas de postura, fêmeas, com um dia de idade, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições de 15 aves cada. Os grupos testes (T1, T2 e T3) foram tratados com extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata durante todo o período experimental conforme as doses indicadas, sendo: T1 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 150 ppm do extrato na ração; T2 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 100 ppm do extrato na ração; T3 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 50 ppm do extrato na ração, e T4 - grupo controle, com dieta basal isenta do extrato. Foram realizadas análise histológica e a marcação dos neurônios mioentéricos Giemsa+ e NADPH-d+. Os resultados demonstraram que o plexo mioentérico está localizado entre as fibras do [...].(AU)

Location, distribution, and quantification of myenteric plexus neurons of the jejunum of quails fed with different levels of commercial Macleaya cordata extract / Localização, distribuição e quantificação dos neurônios do plexo mioentérico do jejuno de codornas de postura alimentadas com diferentes inclusões do extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata

ABSTRACT: Coturniculture has been promising, progressing from a subsistence to a technical activity due to its quick production, low breeding investment, and rapid economic return. After the restriction of antimicrobials as growth promoters, some studies aimed to evaluate alternative products that would make the farming of healthy birds viable without impacting their performance, with commercial Macleaya cordata extract being one of these substitutes. The functions of the gastrointestinal tract are coordinated mainly by the enteric nervous system, and the myenteric plexus is responsible for the reflex control of contractile activities of the external muscles. Thus, this study located and demonstrated the distribution of the myenteric plexus, quantifing the total population of myenteric neurons (Giemsa+) and the subpopulation of myenteric nitrergic neurons (NADPH-d+), and evaluated the effects of commercial Macleaya cordata extract on these populations of quail jejunum neurons. A total of 240 one-day-old female laying quails were distributed into four treatments, with four repetitions of 15 birds each. The test groups (T1, T2, and T3) were treated with commercial Macleaya cordata extract throughout the experimental period using the following doses: T1 - test group, basal diet added with 150 ppm of the extract in the feed; T2- test group, basal diet added with100 ppm of the extract in the feed; T3 - test group, basal diet added with 50 ppm of the extract in the feed; and T4 - control group, basal diet with no added extract. The study included histological analysis, Giemsa+, and NADPH-d+ myenteric neuron staining. The results showed that the myenteric plexus is located between longitudinal layer fibers and in the transition region between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic, with the myenteric population organized into ganglia and isolated in the region of neuronal fiber bundles. The commercial Macleaya cordata extract showed no quantitative changes in the myenteric Giemsa+ population and myenteric NADPH-d+ subpopulation, however, the groups that consumed the extract showed greater NADPH-d+ neuron activity compared to the control group, implying that the food remained longer in the intestinal lumen, therefore, enabling greater nutrient use and resulting in increased productive performance.

RESUMO: A coturnicultura tem apresentado características promissoras, deixando de ser uma atividade de subsistência e ocupando patamares tecnificados devido a sua precocidade produtiva, baixo investimento de criação e rápido retorno econômico. A partir da restrição da utilização de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento, estudos foram direcionados com o objetivo de se avaliar produtos alternativos que viabilizassem a criação de aves saudáveis, sem comprometer seu desempenho, sendo o extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata um destes substitutos. As funções do trato gastrintestinal são coordenadas principalmente pelo sistema nervoso entérico, sendo o plexo mioentérico responsável pelo controle reflexo das atividades contráteis da musculatura externa. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo localizar e demonstrar a distribuição do plexo mioentérico, quantificar a população total de neurônios mioentéricos (Giemsa+), e a subpopulação de neurônios mioentéricos nitrérgicos (NADPH-d+), além de avaliar os efeitos do extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata sobre estas populações de neurônios do jejuno de codornas. Foram alojadas 240 codornas de postura, fêmeas, com um dia de idade, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições de 15 aves cada. Os grupos testes (T1, T2 e T3) foram tratados com extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata durante todo o período experimental conforme as doses indicadas, sendo: T1 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 150 ppm do extrato na ração; T2 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 100 ppm do extrato na ração; T3 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 50 ppm do extrato na ração, e T4 - grupo controle, com dieta basal isenta do extrato. Foram realizadas análise histológica e a marcação dos neurônios mioentéricos Giemsa+ e NADPH-d+. Os resultados demonstraram que o plexo mioentérico está localizado entre as fibras do estrato longitudinal, e na região de transição entre os estratos longitudinal e circular da túnica muscular, estando a população mioentérica organizada em gânglios, e também isoladamente na região dos feixes das fibras neuronais. O extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata não alterou quantitativamente os neurônios da população mioentérica Giemsa+ e da subpopulação mioentérica NADPH-d+, mas os grupos que consumiram o extrato apresentaram maior atividade dos neurônios NADPH-d+ em relação ao grupo controle, permitindo inferir que o alimento permaneceu maior tempo no lúmen intestinal e, portanto, possibilitou um maior aproveitamento dos nutrientes, podendo refletir em melhor desempenho produtivo.

Location, distribution, and quantification of myenteric plexus neurons of the jejunum of quails fed with different levels of commercial Macleaya cordata extract / Localização, distribuição e quantificação dos neurônios do plexo mioentérico do jejuno de codornas de postura alimentadas com diferentes inclusões do extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata

Coturniculture has been promising, progressing from a subsistence to a technical activity due to its quick production, low breeding investment, and rapid economic return. After the restriction of antimicrobials as growth promoters, some studies aimed to evaluate alternative products that would make the farming of healthy birds viable without impacting their performance, with commercial Macleaya cordata extract being one of these substitutes. The functions of the gastrointestinal tract are coordinated mainly by the enteric nervous system, and the myenteric plexus is responsible for the reflex control of contractile activities of the external muscles. Thus, this study located and demonstrated the distribution of the myenteric plexus, quantifing the total population of myenteric neurons (Giemsa+) and the subpopulation of myenteric nitrergic neurons (NADPH-d+), and evaluated the effects of commercial Macleaya cordata extract on these populations of quail jejunum neurons. A total of 240 one-day-old female laying quails were distributed into four treatments, with four repetitions of 15 birds each. The test groups (T1, T2, and T3) were treated with commercial Macleaya cordata extract throughout the experimental period using the following doses: T1 - test group, basal diet added with 150 ppm of the extract in the feed; T2- test group, basal diet added with100 ppm of the extract in the feed; T3 - test group, basal diet added with 50 ppm of the extract in the feed; and T4 - control group, basal diet with no added extract. The study included histological analysis, Giemsa+, and NADPH-d+ myenteric neuron staining. The results showed that the myenteric plexus is located between longitudinal layer fibers and in the transition region between the longitudinal and circular layers of the muscular tunic, with the myenteric population organized into ganglia and [...].

A coturnicultura tem apresentado características promissoras, deixando de ser uma atividade de subsistência e ocupando patamares tecnificados devido a sua precocidade produtiva, baixo investimento de criação e rápido retorno econômico. A partir da restrição da utilização de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento, estudos foram direcionados com o objetivo de se avaliar produtos alternativos que viabilizassem a criação de aves saudáveis, sem comprometer seu desempenho, sendo o extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata um destes substitutos. As funções do trato gastrintestinal são coordenadas principalmente pelo sistema nervoso entérico, sendo o plexo mioentérico responsável pelo controle reflexo das atividades contráteis da musculatura externa. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo localizar e demonstrar a distribuição do plexo mioentérico, quantificar a população total de neurônios mioentéricos (Giemsa+), e a subpopulação de neurônios mioentéricos nitrérgicos (NADPH-d+), além de avaliar os efeitos do extrato comercial da Macleaya cordata sobre estas populações de neurônios do jejuno de codornas. Foram alojadas 240 codornas de postura, fêmeas, com um dia de idade, distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos, com quatro repetições de 15 aves cada. Os grupos testes (T1, T2 e T3) foram tratados com extrato comercial de Macleaya cordata durante todo o período experimental conforme as doses indicadas, sendo: T1 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 150 ppm do extrato na ração; T2 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 100 ppm do extrato na ração; T3 - grupo teste, com dieta basal adicionada de 50 ppm do extrato na ração, e T4 - grupo controle, com dieta basal isenta do extrato. Foram realizadas análise histológica e a marcação dos neurônios mioentéricos Giemsa+ e NADPH-d+. Os resultados demonstraram que o plexo mioentérico está localizado entre as fibras do [...].

How the diurnal hours affects maintenance behavior in Japanese quail concerning rearing modification systems

This study was carried out to investigate the impact of times of day on the behavior of Japanese quail concerning managerial modifications systems. A total of 120 one-day-old quail chicks were used in this study. 60 chicks were housed in cage systems; distributed into 3 subgroups (20 birds on each), a normal cage group, a cage with cover as wire floor with plastic cover from the top and third cage group "Edinburgmodification cage", as a normal cage except that the front portion has dust bather filled with washed builder sand or fine sawdust. The other floor managerial modifications included 60 birds distributed into three subgroups. The first-floor group was considered "normal", as 20 birds were housed using an 80×50 floor system with 5cm or 10 cm dry, clean soft sawdust sprinkling with slaked lime, the second-floor group was named "A grill group". The feed was offered to the quail in a plastic feeder covered with the grill to reduce feed wastageand the third-floor group offered feed to the quail in a longitudinal constructed feeder with six holes separated by wire. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, where two factors affect the behavior of quails and from our study, we suggested that there were non-significant differences in the ingestive behavior of quail regarding the daylight effect. Most standing frequencies were conducted midday at most managerial modifications. Crouching time also increased in the early morning with the normal floor group and constructed feeder. We conclude that various times of the day and managerial modifications greatly alter maintenance behavior in most quail chicks. Abnormal behavior was comparatively higher in the morning.(AU)

How the diurnal hours affects maintenance behavior in Japanese quail concerning rearing modification systems

This study was carried out to investigate the impact of times of day on the behavior of Japanese quail concerning managerial modifications systems. A total of 120 one-day-old quail chicks were used in this study. 60 chicks were housed in cage systems; distributed into 3 subgroups (20 birds on each), a normal cage group, a cage with cover as wire floor with plastic cover from the top and third cage group "Edinburgmodification cage", as a normal cage except that the front portion has dust bather filled with washed builder sand or fine sawdust. The other floor managerial modifications included 60 birds distributed into three subgroups. The first-floor group was considered "normal", as 20 birds were housed using an 80×50 floor system with 5cm or 10 cm dry, clean soft sawdust sprinkling with slaked lime, the second-floor group was named "A grill group". The feed was offered to the quail in a plastic feeder covered with the grill to reduce feed wastageand the third-floor group offered feed to the quail in a longitudinal constructed feeder with six holes separated by wire. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA, where two factors affect the behavior of quails and from our study, we suggested that there were non-significant differences in the ingestive behavior of quail regarding the daylight effect. Most standing frequencies were conducted midday at most managerial modifications. Crouching time also increased in the early morning with the normal floor group and constructed feeder. We conclude that various times of the day and managerial modifications greatly alter maintenance behavior in most quail chicks. Abnormal behavior was comparatively higher in the morning.

Influence of fennel in Japanese quail diet over egg quality and behavior aspects / Influência da erva-doce na dieta de codornas japonesas sobre a qualidade dos ovos e aspectos comportamentais

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Pimpinella anisum (fennel) on the performance, stress, and quality of Japanese Quail eggs in the second laying cycle (73 to 77 weeks). One hundred sixty-eight female quails from Japanese sub-species (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at 73 weeks of age, divided and submitted to four treatments (0; 250; 500 and 750mg of fennel/kg of feed) were used in a randomized block design. (RBD), with seven replications and six birds per experimental plot, totaling 28 plots. Performance, behavioral, and egg quality parameters were evaluated. Bird performance was not influenced (p>0.05) by the treatments tested. The highest egg weight and albumen weight were found in birds fed 750 mg of fennel, while a higher albumen height was observed for the estimated dose of 669 mg (p<0,05). The estimated doses of 554.09 mg, 634.10 mg, and 613.10 mg of fennel were efficient in reducing agitated behaviors by riding, pecking, and stirring, respectively. However, non-aggressive variables were not influenced by the addition of fennel to the diet (p>0.05). The tonic immobility test had a decreasing linear effect (p<0.05), which indicates a lower time in seconds in tonic immobility to birds receiving 750 mg of fennel. Fennel added to the diet did not interfere with performance, but it influenced essential parameters related to egg quality and was able to alter characteristics related to bird behavior.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da Pimpinella anisum(erva-doce) sobre o desempenho, estresse e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas no segundo ciclo de postura (73 a 77 semanas). Foram utilizadas 168 codornas fêmeas da subespécie japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 73 semanas de idade, divididas e submetidas a quatro tratamentos (0; 250; 500 e 750mg de erva-doce/kg de ração), em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com sete repetições e seis aves por parcela experimental, totalizando 28 parcelas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, comportamentais e qualidade dos ovos. O desempenho das aves não foi influenciado (p>0,05) pelos tratamentos testados. O maior peso dos ovos e peso do albúmen foram encontrados nas aves alimentadas com 750 mg de erva-doce, enquanto a maior altura do albúmen foi observada pela dose estimada de 669 mg (p<0.05). As variáveis comportamentais agressivas foram consideradas diferentes entre os níveis analisados (p<0,05). As doses estimadas de 554,09 mg, 634,10 mg e 613,10 mg de erva-doce foram eficientes na redução dos comportamentos agitados montando, bicando e agitada, respectivamente. No entanto as variáveis não agressivas não foram influenciadas pela adição de erva-doce na dieta (p>0,05). O Teste de imobilidade tônica teve efeito linear (p<0,05) decrescente, que indica um menor tempo em segundos em imobilidade tônica para as aves que receberam 750 mg de erva-doce. A erva-doce adicionada à dieta não interfere no desempenho, porém melhorou à qualidade dos ovos e foi capaz de alterar características relacionadas ao comportamento das aves.(AU)

Genetic growth potential characterization in the Japanese quail: a meta-analysis.

The description of the growth of the Japanese quails is necessary to characterize the genetic potential of these birds raised in different countries. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the genetic potential of Japanese quails by conducting a meta-analysis considering studies conducted in different countries. Only data about the subspecies Coturnix coturnix japonica were considered; studies regarding Coturnix coturnix coturnix were not examined. The criteria investigated were BW (W), age (t), year of publication and location of the study. Each set of genetic material within a publication was coded as one study. The Gompertz function was used to interpret the growth of laying quails; thus, each study was represented by Gompertz parameters. The W and t data were applied to estimate the values of Gompertz growth parameters, including BW at maturity (Wm), BW at birth (Wi), maturity rate (B) and inflection point (IP). The age at which the maximum growth rate was achieved (t*) was calculated considering the parameters Wm, Wi and B. To estimate these parameters, random regression was used to randomize the parameter Wm. The parameters estimated for each assay were used in exploratory, grouping, and principal component analyses. The values of Wi ranged from 4.1 to 11.6 g. The values of B ranged from 0.0393 to 0.1039/day, and consequently, the values of t* and IP ranged from 14 to 31 days and 9.21 to 31.03 g, respectively. These results show that there is considerable variability in the growth potential of Japanese quails. To better understand this variation, two groups were examined: Brazil and other countries, according to the grouping of Wi, Wm, B and t*; parameter B was the variable that presented the highest specificity, indicating that both groups modified the maturity rate. For the principal component analysis, the year of publication showed a relationship with the growth parameters but only for studies performed in Brazil. For studies carried out in other countries, the changes in growth parameters were not related to the year of publication. In Brazilian studies, there was a decrease in the maturity rate, but the weight at maturity was higher. Therefore, it appears that different strategies of genetic selection were adopted in Brazil compared to other countries.

Nutritional value and inclusion levels of residual annatto seed meal in diets for Japanese quails / Valor nutricional y niveles de inclusión de harina residual de semilla de achiote en dietas para codorniz Japonesa / Valor nutritivo e níveis de inclusão do farelo residual da semente de urucum em dietas para codornas Japonesas

Abstract Background: Residual annatto seed meal (RASM) is a byproduct after extraction of bixin in the cosmetic industry and may be used in animal diets. Objective: Two experiments were carried out to determine the nutritive value and effect of RASM inclusion levels in the diets of Japanese quails. Methods: For the digestibility experiment, 160 Japanese quails were distributed in a randomized study with two treatments and 10 replicates with eight birds each. The treatments consisted of a reference diet and a test diet containing 75% of the reference diet and 25% of RASM. For the performance assay, 192 Japanese quails were used in a randomized study with six treatments and four replicates with eight birds each. Treatments consisted of a control corn-based diet (Contr1) and another diet based on sorghum + canthaxanthin (Contr2), and four diets based on sorghum with increasing inclusion levels of RASM (0, 3, 6, and 9%). Results: Digestibility of dry matter and crude protein, metabolization coefficient of gross energy, and retention of calcium and phosphorus were 41.05, 43.12, 47.97, 25.49, and 30.35%, respectively. RASM inclusion did not influence bird productivity; however, feed conversion worsened in treatments with 0-6% RASM inclusion relative to that in Contr1. Yolk color increased due to RASM treatment. Conclusion: RASM may be included in sorghum-based diets for quails at 9%, with improvement in yolk color and no negative effects on productivity and egg quality.

Resumen Antecedentes: La harina de la semilla de achiote (RASM) es un subproducto de la extracción de bixina por la industria cosmética y puede ser usada en alimentación animal. Objetivo: Se realizaron dos experimentos para determinar el valor nutritivo y los efectos de la inclusión de RASM en dietas para codorniz. Métodos: Para el experimento de digestibilidad, 160 codornices japonesas fueron distribuidas en un estudio al azar con dos tratamientos y 10 repeticiones con ocho aves cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta referencia y una dieta de prueba, la cual estuvo compuesta por 75% de la dieta referencia y 25% de RASM. Para el ensayo de desempeño, 192 codornices japonesas fueron usadas en un estudio al azar con seis tratamientos y cuatro repeticiones con ocho aves cada uno. Los tratamientos consistieron en una dieta control a base de maíz (Contr1) y otra a base de sorgo + cantaxantina (Contr2) y cuatro dietas a base de sorgo con niveles de inclusión de RASM (0, 3, 6 y 9%). Resultados: Los coeficientes de digestibilidad de materia seca y proteína bruta, el coeficiente de metabolización de la energía bruta y la retención de calcio y fósforo fueron 41,05; 43,12; 47,97; 25,49 y 30,35%, respectivamente. La inclusión de RASM no influyó la productividad de las aves; entretanto la conversión alimenticia empeoró debido a los tratamientos con 0-6% RASM comparado con el tratamiento Contr1. El color de la yema aumentó debido a la RASM. Conclusión: RASM puede ser incluido en dietas a base de sorgo para codornices en un 9%, debido a la mejora en el color de la yema, además de no tener ningún efecto negativo en el desempeño productivo y calidad del huevo.

Resumo Antecedentes: O farelo residual da semente de urucum (RASM) é um subproduto da extração da bixina pela indústria cosmética e pode ser usado na alimentação animal. Objetivo: Dois experimentos foram conduzidos para determinar o valor nutritivo e os efeitos de inclusão do FRSU em dietas para codornas Japonesas. Métodos: Para o experimento de digestibilidade, 160 codornas Japonesas foram distribuídas em um estudo casualizado com dois tratamentos e 10 repetições com oito aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta referência e uma dieta teste, a qual era composta por 75% da dieta referência e 25% de RASM. Para o ensaio de desempenho, 192 codornas Japonesas foram usadas em estudo ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições com oito aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em uma dieta controle a base de milho (Contr1) e outra à base de sorgo com cantaxantina (Contr2) e quatro dietas a base de sorgo com níveis de inclusão de RASM (0, 3, 6 e 9%). Resultados: Os coeficientes de digestiblidade de matéria seca e proteína bruta, coeficiente de metabolização da energia bruta e retenção de cálcio e fósforo foram 41,05; 43,12; 47,97; 25,49 e 30,35%, respectivamente. A inclusão do FRSU não influenciou a produtividade das aves; entretanto, a conversão alimentar piorou devido aos tratamentos com 0-6% FRSU comparado com o tratamento Contr1. A cor da gema aumentou devido ao FRSU. Conclusão: RASM pode ser incluido em dietas baseadas em sorgo para codornas em 9%, devido a mehoria na cor da gema e nenhum efeito negativo no desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovo.

Influence of fennel in Japanese quail diet over egg quality and behavior aspects / Influência da erva-doce na dieta de codornas japonesas sobre a qualidade dos ovos e aspectos comportamentais

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of Pimpinella anisum (fennel) on the performance, stress, and quality of Japanese Quail eggs in the second laying cycle (73 to 77 weeks). One hundred sixty-eight female quails from Japanese sub-species (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at 73 weeks of age, divided and submitted to four treatments (0; 250; 500 and 750mg of fennel/kg of feed) were used in a randomized block design. (RBD), with seven replications and six birds per experimental plot, totaling 28 plots. Performance, behavioral, and egg quality parameters were evaluated. Bird performance was not influenced (p>0.05) by the treatments tested. The highest egg weight and albumen weight were found in birds fed 750 mg of fennel, while a higher albumen height was observed for the estimated dose of 669 mg (p0.05). The tonic immobility test had a decreasing linear effect (p<0.05), which indicates a lower time in seconds in tonic immobility to birds receiving 750 mg of fennel. Fennel added to the diet did not interfere with performance, but it influenced essential parameters related to egg quality and was able to alter characteristics related to bird behavior.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito da Pimpinella anisum(erva-doce) sobre o desempenho, estresse e qualidade dos ovos de codornas japonesas no segundo ciclo de postura (73 a 77 semanas). Foram utilizadas 168 codornas fêmeas da subespécie japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica) com 73 semanas de idade, divididas e submetidas a quatro tratamentos (0; 250; 500 e 750mg de erva-doce/kg de ração), em delineamento em blocos casualizados (DBC), com sete repetições e seis aves por parcela experimental, totalizando 28 parcelas. Foram avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, comportamentais e qualidade dos ovos. O desempenho das aves não foi influenciado (p>0,05) pelos tratamentos testados. O maior peso dos ovos e peso do albúmen foram encontrados nas aves alimentadas com 750 mg de erva-doce, enquanto a maior altura do albúmen foi observada pela dose estimada de 669 mg (p0,05). O Teste de imobilidade tônica teve efeito linear (p<0,05) decrescente, que indica um menor tempo em segundos em imobilidade tônica para as aves que receberam 750 mg de erva-doce. A erva-doce adicionada à dieta não interfere no desempenho, porém melhorou à qualidade dos ovos e foi capaz de alterar características relacionadas ao comportamento das aves.

Dried Cassava Residue in Laying Quail Feeding

This study evaluated the performance, egg quality, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs, and the intestinal morphometry of laying quails fed diets containing levels of dried cassava residue (DCR). A total of 120 150-day-old Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0% of DCR), four replicates, and six birds per experimental unit. The dietary inclusion of DCR did not affect (p>0.05) performance, internal egg quality, yolk color, and the values of villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio for the segments of the small intestine. However, a linear increase (p 0.05) was found for eggshell thickness, relative weight of the gizzard, and small intestine with increased dietary levels of the residue. For the relative weight of the pancreas, a quadratic effect (p 0.05) was observed, with the lower relative weight estimated at 4.04% DCR inclusion. Comparing to the control group (0% of DRC inclusion) the quails fed 5% of DRC showed a lower relative weight of the pancreas. The inclusion of up to 10% of dried cassava residue in laying quails diets does not interfere with the performance. Among the organs of gastrointestinal tract, the inclusion of dried cassava residue increased the relative weight of gizzard and small intestine. In addition, it improves eggshell quality by increasing eggshell thickness.(AU)

Dried Cassava Residue in Laying Quail Feeding

This study evaluated the performance, egg quality, relative weight of the gastrointestinal organs, and the intestinal morphometry of laying quails fed diets containing levels of dried cassava residue (DCR). A total of 120 150-day-old Japanese quails were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0.0; 2.5; 5.0; 7.5; and 10.0% of DCR), four replicates, and six birds per experimental unit. The dietary inclusion of DCR did not affect (p>0.05) performance, internal egg quality, yolk color, and the values of villus height, crypt depth, and villus height/crypt depth ratio for the segments of the small intestine. However, a linear increase (p 0.05) was found for eggshell thickness, relative weight of the gizzard, and small intestine with increased dietary levels of the residue. For the relative weight of the pancreas, a quadratic effect (p 0.05) was observed, with the lower relative weight estimated at 4.04% DCR inclusion. Comparing to the control group (0% of DRC inclusion) the quails fed 5% of DRC showed a lower relative weight of the pancreas. The inclusion of up to 10% of dried cassava residue in laying quails diets does not interfere with the performance. Among the organs of gastrointestinal tract, the inclusion of dried cassava residue increased the relative weight of gizzard and small intestine. In addition, it improves eggshell quality by increasing eggshell thickness.

Aspectos reprodutivos e desempenho de diferentes linhagens de matrizes de codornas japonesas / Reproductive aspects and performance of differents strains of Japanese quail breeders

Objetivou-se avaliar parâmetros reprodutivos e o desempenho de diferentes grupos genéticos de codornas japonesas com diferentes pesos iniciais de produção. O delineamento experimental utilizado para os dados de desempenho zootécnico das aves foi inteiramente casualizado, com esquema fatorial 3 x 2 (três linhagens: UEM1, UEM2 e Comercial (COM), e duas classes de peso: leves e pesadas), totalizando seis tratamentos, com oito repetições cada, portanto 48 parcelas. Cada parcela continha oito aves (dois machos e seis fêmeas), num total de 384 codornas. Foi analisado: a idade ao primeiro ovo, idade aos 50% de produção, idade de pico de produção e persistência de pico em semanas. O desempenho foi analisado por meio da produção de ovos, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e mortalidade. Ainda, foi estudado a produção de ovos incubáveis. A linhagem COM apresentou maior peso vivo às seis semanas de idade, sendo UEM 1 e UEM 2 semelhantes entre si. Para a idade ao primeiro ovo, o grupo COM se equiparou UEM 1, sendo a UEM 2 foi mais tardia. Já para a variável idade aos 50% de produção de ovos a linhagem COM apresentou-se mais precoce em relação às demais linhagens. Não foi observado efeito do peso das codornas sobre a idade do primeiro ovo. Não houve efeito de interação entre linhagem e peso inicial das aves para nenhuma das variáveis de desempenho reprodutivo estudadas. Ainda, pode-se observar que não houve diferença entre os grupos genéticos ou peso corporal inicial para produção de ovos, quando considerado o período de 6 a 26 semanas de idade. Não houve diferença entre os grupos genéticos para consumo de ração durante o período de 20 semanas estudado e não houve efeito do peso inicial de produção sobre essa variável (P>0,05). A conversão alimentar kg/dz, melhorou pelos grupos das linhagens UEM 1 e UEM 2. Para a peso de ovos incubáveis o grupo comercial apresentou maior peso...(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the performance and reproductive parameters of different genetics groups of Japanese quails with different initial weights. The experimental design was completely randomized, with a factorial 3 x 2 (three strains (UEM1, UEM2 and Commercial (COM)) and two weight classes (light and heavy), totaling six treatments. Was used with eight replications, totaling 48 plots. Each plot contained eight birds (two males and six females), with a total of 384 quails. The COM line presented higher live weight at six weeks of age, being UEM 1 and UEM 2 similar to each other. For age at first egg, the COM group equated EMU 1, with EMU 2 being later. For the variable age at 50% of egg production, the COM strain was earlier than the others. No effect of quail weight was observed on the age of the first egg. There was no interaction effect between strain and initial weight of the birds for any of the reproductive performance. Also, it can be observed that there was no difference between the genetic groups or initial body weight for egg production, when considered the period from six to 26 weeks of age. There was no difference between the genetic groups for feed intake during the 20-week period studied and there was no effect of the initial weight of production on this variable. For the results of the feed conversion index kg/eggs, it can be observed that the best results were presented by the groups of the EMU 1 and EMU 2 strains. It was possible to conclude that genetic improvement of Japanese laying quails requires better adjusts and that an unimproved commercial strain may present similar results to the improved lineages.(AU)

Inclusion of kaolin in the feed of Japanese quails during the production phase / Inclusión de caolín en el alimento de codornices japonesas durante la fase de producción / Inclusão de caulim na alimentação de codornas japonesas durante a fase de produção

Abstract Background: Kaolin may improve quail performance by maintaining intestinal integrity and improving nutrient absorption. Objective: To evaluate the overall performance, egg quality, moisture, nitrogen and calcium content in the excreta, intestinal morphology and financial analysis of kaolin in Japanese quail feed during the production phase. Methods: A total of 192 Japanese quails, distributed in a completely randomized design with four treatments and six repetitions with eight birds each, were used. Kaolin levels added to the diet were 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5%. Results: Kaolin reduced feed consumption. Additionally, egg production, feed conversion and viability increased. Moisture, nitrogen and calcium in the excreta decreased. Height and width of the intestinal villi increased with increasing levels of kaolin in the diet. Kaolin had no effect on egg quality. Inclusion level of 1.5% kaolin allowed for greater economic gains. Conclusion: Kaolin improved performance, intestinal morphology, and reduced the moisture, nitrogen and calcium contents in the excreta. Egg quality remained unchanged with the addition of kaolin, and the best economic response resulted with the addition 1.5% kaolin.

Resumen Antecedentes: El caolín puede mejorar el rendimiento de la codorniz al mantener la integridad intestinal y una mayor absorción de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar el rendimiento general, calidad del huevo, humedad, contenido de nitrógeno y calcio en la excreta, morfología intestinal, y realizar un análisis financiero de la inclusion de caolín en el alimento de codorniz japonesa durante la fase de producción. Métodos: Se utilizaron un total de 192 codornices japonesas, distribuidas en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y seis repeticiones con ocho aves cada una. Los niveles de caolín agregado a la dieta fueron 0; 1,5; 3,0; y 4,5%. Resultados: El caolin redujo el consumo de alimento, hubo una mejora en el porcentaje de huevos producidos, la conversión del alimento y la viabilidad, Los niveles de humedad, nitrógeno y calcio en la excreta disminuyeron, la altura y el ancho de las vellosidades intestinales aumentaron con la inclusión de niveles crecientes de caolín. No hubo efecto sobre la calidad del huevo. Los niveles de inclusión de 1,5% de caolín permitieron mayores ganancias económicas. Conclusión: El caolín mejoró el rendimiento, la morfología intestinal y redujo los contenidos de humedad, nitrógeno y calcio en las excretas. La calidad de los huevos producidos se mantuvo sin cambios con la adición de diferentes niveles de caolín, y el mejor nivel de inclusion de caolín -según el análisis económico- fue de 1,5%.

Resumo Antecedentes: O caulim pode melhorar o desempenho de codornas mantendo a integridade intestinal e maior absorção de nutrientes. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho global, a qualidade do ovo, a umidade, o teor de nitrogênio e cálcio na excreta, a morfologia intestinal e a análise financeira do caulim em codornas japonesas durante a fase de produção. Métodos: Foram utilizadas 192 codornas japonesas, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, com oito aves cada. Os níveis de caulim adicionados à dieta foram 0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5%. Resultados: O consumo de ração foi reduzido, houve melhora na porcentagem de ovos produzidos, conversão alimentar e viabilidade, os níveis de umidade, nitrogênio e cálcio nas excretas diminuíram, a altura e a largura das vilosidades intestinais aumentaram com a inclusão de níveis crescentes de caulim. Não houve efeito na qualidade do ovo. Os níveis de inclusão de 1,5% de caulim permitiram maiores ganhos econômicos. Conclusão: O caulim melhorou o desempenho, a morfologia intestinal e reduziu os teores de umidade, nitrogênio e cálcio na excreta. A qualidade dos ovos produzidos permaneceu inalterada com a adição de diferentes níveis de caulim, e o melhor nível de caulim, de acordo com a análise econômica, foi de 1,5% como aditivo para as codornas japonesas.